INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are embedded
with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with
other devices and systems over the internet. These devices range from ordinary household objects to
sophisticated industrial tools. With more than 7 billion connected IoT devices today, experts are
expecting this number to grow to 10 billion by 2020 and 22 billion by 2025

Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain electronics
embedded within their architecture in order to communicate and sense interactions amongst
each other or with respect to the external environment. In the upcoming years, IoT-based
technology will offer advanced levels of services and practically change the way people lead
their daily lives. Advancements in medicine, power, gene therapies, agriculture, smart cities,
and smart homes are just a very few of the categorical examples where IoT is strongly
established.
IoT is network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded in everyday
objects, enabling them to send and receive data.
Over 9 billion ‘Things’ (physical objects) are currently connected to the Internet, as of now. In
the near future, this number is expected to rise to a whopping 20 billion.
Main components used in IoT:
• Low-power embedded systems: Less battery consumption, high performance are the
inverse factors that play a significant role during the design of electronic systems.
• Sensors : Sensors are the major part of any IoT applications. It is a physical device that
measures and detect certain physical quantity and convert it into signal which can be
provide as an input to processing or control unit for analysis purpose.
1. Different types of Sensors :
2. Temperature Sensors
3. Image Sensors
4. Gyro Sensors
5. Obstacle Sensors
6. RF Sensor
7. IR Sensor
8. MQ-02/05 Gas Sensor
9. LDR Sensor
10. Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
• Control Units : It is a unit of small computer on a single integrated circuit containing
microprocessor or processing core, memory and programmable input/output
devices/peripherals. It is responsible for major processing work of IoT devices and all
logical operations are carried out here.
• Cloud computing: Data collected through IoT devices is massive and this data has to be
stored on a reliable storage server. This is where cloud computing comes into play. The
data is processed and learned, giving more room for us to discover where things like
electrical faults/errors are within the system.
• Availability of big data: We know that IoT relies heavily on sensors, especially in real-time.
As these electronic devices spread throughout every field, their usage is going to trigger a
massive flux of big data.
• Networking connection: In order to communicate, internet connectivity is a must where
each physical object is represented by an IP address. However, there are only a limited
number of addresses available according to the IP naming. Due to the growing number of
devices, this naming system will not be feasible anymore. Therefore, researchers are
looking for another alternative naming system to represent each physical object.
There are two ways of building IoT:
1. Form a separate internetwork including only physical objects.

2. Make the Internet ever more expansive, but this requires hard-core technologies such as
rigorous cloud computing and rapid big data storage (expensive).
In the near future, IoT will become broader and more complex in terms of scope. It will
change the world in terms of

“anytime, anyplace, anything in connectivity.”

IoT Enablers:
• RFIDs: uses radio waves in order to electronically track the tags attached to each physical
object.
• Sensors: devices that are able to detect changes in an environment (ex: motion detectors).
• Nanotechnology: as the name suggests, these are extremely small devices with
dimensions usually less than a hundred nanometers.
• Smart networks: (ex: mesh topology).

Working with IoT Devices :

• Collect and Transmit Data : For this purpose sensors are widely used they are used as per
requirements in different application areas.
• Actuate device based on triggers produced by sensors or processing devices : If certain
condition is satisfied or according to user’s requirements if certain trigger is activated then
which action to performed that is shown by Actuator devices.
• Receive Information : From network devices user or device can take certain information
also for their analysis and processing purposes.
• Communication Assistance : Communication assistance is the phenomena of
communication between 2 network or communication between 2 or more IoT devices of
same or different Networks. This can be achieved by different communication protocols
like : MQTT , Constrained Application Protocol, ZigBee, FTP, HTTP etc.
Working of IoT

Characteristics of IoT:
• Massively scalable and efficient
• IP-based addressing will no longer be suitable in the upcoming future.
• An abundance of physical objects is present that do not use IP, so IoT is made possible.
• Devices typically consume less power. When not in use, they should be automatically
programmed to sleep.
• A device that is connected to another device right now may not be connected in another
instant of time.
• Intermittent connectivity – IoT devices aren’t always connected. In order to save
bandwidth and battery consumption, devices will be powered off periodically when not in
use. Otherwise, connections might turn unreliable and thus prove to be inefficient.
• Desired Quality of any IoT Application :
• Interconnectivity
It is the basic first requirement in any IoT infrastructure. Connectivity should be guaranteed
from any devices on any network then only devices in a network can communicate with each
other.
• Heterogeneity
There can be diversity in IoT enabled devices like different hardware and software
configuration or different network topologies or connections but they should connect and
interact with each other despite of so much heterogeneity.
• Dynamic in nature
IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to the changing surroundings like different
situation and different prefaces.
• Self adapting and self configuring technology
For example surveillance camera. It should be flexible to work in different weather conditions
and different light situations (morning, afternoon, or night).
• Intelligence
Just data collection is not enough in IoT, extraction of knowledge from the generated data is
very important. For example, sensors generate data, but that data will only be useful if it is
interpreted properly. So intelligence is one of the key characteristics in IoT. Because data
interpretation is the major part in any IoT application because without data processing we
can’t make any insights from data . Hence big data is also one of the most enabling
technology in IoT field.
• Scalability
The number of elements (devices) connected to IoT zone is increasing day by day. Therefore,
an IoT setup should be capable of handling the expansion. It can be either expand capability in
terms of processing power, Storage, etc. as vertical scaling or horizontal scaling by multiplying
with easy cloning
• Identity
Each IoT device has a unique identity (e.g., an IP address). This identity is helpful in
communication, tracking and to know status of the things. If there is no identification then it
will directly effect security and safety of any system because without discrimination we can’t
identify with whom one network is connected or with whom we have to communicate. So
there should be clear and appropriate discrimination technology available between IoT
networks and devices.
• Safety
Sensitive personal details of a user might be compromised when the devices are connected to
the Internet. So data security is a major challenge. This could cause a loss to the user.
Equipment in the huge IoT network may also be at risk. Therefore, equipment safety is also
critical.
• Architecture
It should be hybrid, supporting different manufacturer’s products to function in the IoT
network.

As a quick note, IoT incorporates trillions of sensors, billions of smart systems, and millions of
applications.
Application Domains: IoT is currently found in four different popular domains:
1) Manufacturing/Industrial business - 40.2%
2) Healthcare - 30.3%
3) Security - 7.7%
4) Retail - 8.3%
Modern Applications:
1. Smart Grids and energy saving
2. Smart cities
3. Smart homes/Home automation
4. Healthcare
5. Earthquake detection
6. Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
7. Smartphone detection
8. Water flow monitoring
9. Traffic monitoring
10. Wearables
11. Smart door lock protection system
12. Robots and Drones
13. Healthcare and Hospitals, Telemedicine applications
14. Security
15. Biochip Transponders(For animals in farms)
16. Heart monitoring implants(Example Pacemaker, ECG real time tracking)

Why is Internet of Things (IoT) so important?

Over the past few years, IoT has become one of the most important technologies of the 21st
century. Now that we can connect everyday objects—kitchen appliances, cars, thermostats,
 baby monitors—to the internet via embedded devices, seamless communication is possible
between people, processes, and things.

By means of low-cost computing, the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile technologies,
physical things can share and collect data with minimal human intervention. In this
hyperconnected world, digital systems can record, monitor, and adjust each interaction
between connected things. The physical world meets the digital world—and they cooperate.

What technologies have made IoT possible?

While the idea of IoT has been in existence for a long time, a collection of recent advances in a
number of different technologies has made it practical.

• Access to low-cost, low-power sensor technology. Affordable and reliable sensors are
making IoT technology possible for more manufacturers.
• Connectivity. A host of network protocols for the internet has made it easy to connect
sensors to the cloud and to other “things” for efficient data transfer.
• Cloud computing platforms. The increase in the availability of cloud platforms enables both
businesses and consumers to access the infrastructure they need to scale up without
actually having to manage it all.
• Machine learning and analytics. With advances in machine learning and analytics, along
with access to varied and vast amounts of data stored in the cloud, businesses can gather
insights faster and more easily. The emergence of these allied technologies continues to
push the boundaries of IoT and the data produced by IoT also feeds these technologies.
• Conversational artificial intelligence (AI). Advances in neural networks have brought
natural-language processing (NLP) to IoT devices (such as digital personal assistants Alexa,
Cortana, and Siri) and made them appealing, affordable, and viable for home use.

What is industrial IoT?

Industrial IoT (IIoT) refers to the application of IoT technology in industrial settings, especially
with respect to instrumentation and control of sensors and devices that engage cloud
technologies.
Recently, industries have used machine-to-machine communication (M2M) to achieve wireless
automation and control. But with the emergence of cloud and allied technologies (such as
analytics and machine learning), industries can achieve a new automation layer and with it
create new revenue and business models. IIoT is sometimes called the fourth wave of the
industrial revolution, or Industry 4.0. The following are some common uses for IIoT:
• Smart manufacturing
• Connected assets and preventive and predictive maintenance
• Smart power grids
• Smart cities
• Connected logistics
• Smart digital supply chains

What are IoT applications?

IoT Intelligent Applications are prebuilt software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications that can
analyze and present captured IoT sensor data to business users via dashboards. We have a full
set of IoT Intelligent Applications.
IoT applications use machine learning algorithms to analyze massive amounts of connected
sensor data in the cloud. Using real-time IoT dashboards and alerts, you gain visibility into key
performance indicators, statistics for mean time between failures, and other information.
Machine learning–based algorithms can identify equipment anomalies and send alerts to users
and even trigger automated fixes or proactive counter measures.

With cloud-based IoT applications, business users can quickly enhance existing processes for
supply chains, customer service, human resources, and financial services. There’s no need to
recreate entire business processes.

What are some ways IoT applications are deployed?

The ability of IoT to provide sensor information as well as enable device-to-device
communication is driving a broad set of applications. The following are some of the most
popular applications and what they do.

Create new efficiencies in manufacturing through machine monitoring and product-quality

monitoring.
Machines can be continuously monitored and analyzed to make sure they are performing
within required tolerances. Products can also be monitored in real time to identify and address
quality defects.