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NEW PLYMOUTH BOYS HIGH SCHOOL YEAR 10 LATIN COURSE Unit I

You may use this book during the year. DO NOT write in it. It must be returned in the same condition as you received it. M. Atkinson HOD Languages

Unit I
Page Roman Conquest and the Army (early army, army reform, composition, gear) Roman Conquest and the Army (system of command) Roman Conquest and the Army (army under Augustus, jobs, legionary emblems) How much English Do You Know Grammar: there is/are; a certain; relative pronoun, uses of quam Translation: No Slave Should Possess a Weapon Some Soccer Mottoes Grammar: hic, haec, hoc; impersonals expressions; irregular verbs Translation: An Officer Keeps His Discipline to the End The Army in Camp (essentials, layout, guarding the camp) The Army in Camp (breaking camp) The Army on the March (marching order, battle, assault, blockade, siege) The Roman Navy (classis, corvus, main job); The Wisdom of Rome Latin Words & Phrases Grammar (adjectives); British Coins Periods of Roman History Translation: The Death of Cicero Latin Diminutives Translation: An Elephant Attack Some Sharp Wit from Cicero Grammar (other question words, negative commands, superlatives) Did You Know? Grammar (Cases _ nom, voc, acc, gen, dat, abl) Venenum - Poison Translation: Caesar is Captured by Pirates Noun Families Grammar (Parts of Speech on NCEA Word Lists) Prepositions Ten Steps and You can Translate Dona Militaria; Medicine (Hipporates, Alexandria & Herophilus, Martial) Medicine (Fight against Gers, Medical Corps) Medicine (Notable Doctors; Some Cures) Pliny Comments; Medicinal Properties of Plants & Insects Medicine (Surgeons Knew, They Could Grammar (Pronouns; Possessive Adjectives) Latin Today Translation: Heal Yourself Britain before Caesar The Romans in Britain (Julius Caesars Invasions, Province of Britain Caligula Did Not Like This The Romans in Britain (Town and Villas) Grammar (Reflexive Pronouns, Demonstratives) A Little Bit of Humour Translation: Caesar Lands in Britain Gaius Julius Caesar (Way to Power) Gaius Julius Caesar (the 1st Triumvirate) Crassus; Pompey the Man Gaius Julius Caesar (Three Gain, Caesars Strength, Caesar & Pompey, Dictator) The Death of Pompey (English and Latin) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

3 Conquering the Mediterranean; Latin Alive Today; Omens of the Night Translation: Cleopatra and Caesar David Beckhams Latin Tattoos Translation: Cleopatra and Mark Antony Translation: The Death of Cleopatra and Mark Antony Omens of Caesars Death Translation: A Soldiers Resolution Does Not Work The Roman Legionary Revision Caesar Assassination (Suetonius) Translation: The Murder of Caesar The Key Competencies; Pie Jesu; Values of Rome Compare the Values of NZ Curriculum; Latin Used Today Service to the State; Wilfred Owens Poem; Roman Law & 12 Tables Ovid & Martial Comment Grammar (Present Participle) Charlotte Higgins the new Cicero Translation: Verginius Pleads for His Daughter Answers: How Much English Do You Know? Verb Endings Irregular Verbs Noun Endings Adjectives Comparative & Superlative Adjectives; Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives; Relative Pronouns; is, ea id hic, haec, hoc ille, illa, illud 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

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Come, fight for Rome!

Roman Conquest and the Army

The Early Army No Roman institution could match the army for prestige. Rome owed its success to its army and to its technological skills, which had turned it from a small city into a world power. In early Roman times there was no professional army. Whenever there was a war within the Italian peninsular in the 4th and 5th centuries BC, men of military age (between 17 and 46) who owned their own property were conscripted as follows: the patricians formed the officers legati, I cannot fight anymore I have a farm! the cavalry the knights equites, and the plebs the infantry pedites. This had a severe impact on the majority of the men who were peasant farmers, and filled the ranks of the infantry. They had to provide their own weapons and equipment, and at first did not receive any pay, but eventually as the campaigns grew longer they did. As Romes conquest grew, this conscription system broke down and the number of available citizens decreased. Peasant farmers could no longer serve in the army for months on end while trying to run their own small farm or to advance their careers. Army Reform The uncle of Julius Caesar, the consul Gaius Marius, introduced radical reforms at the end of the first century. He abolished the volunteer and the property qualification system, and made the army exercitus professional. Recruits signed up as soldiers for a twenty year career. Weaponry, armour, pay and equipment were now provided by the state, but the cost of food was deducted from a soldiers pay. Marius and the Eagle Marius got rid of the different standards the legions carried into battle, which covered a variety of real and mythical beasts like wild boars, wolves and the Minotaur. He wanted the eagle to be the great symbol of Romes power. From 104BC each legion carried a standard with a silver eagle into battle. However they didnt last long legions later went back to their own symbols plus that of the eagle. Marius Mules Having professional soldiers meant keeping them busy when there was no fighting, rather than sending them home. Marius therefore used his soldiers to build roads and bridges. The soldiers became known as Marius mules. Composition of the Army The cohort of three maniples manipuli (two centuries - ordines) became the military unit. There were ten cohorts cohortes in a legion; one cohort had 6 centuries centuriae, one century 10 tents contubernia, and one tent 8 men. There were 80 men to a century not 100 as you might expect. The legion was raised up from 5,000 to 6,000 men, called legionaries, though a legion rarely attained its full strength of 6,000, being continually reduced by casualties of war as well as by ordinary illness, natural death and military leaves of absence. Gear and Equipment Equipment was standardised. A Roman legionary typically carried around 27.2 to 36.3 kilograms (60-80 lbs.) of equipment on the march. A t-shaped frame was used to carry the soldier's sarcinae (load, bundle, pack). Bundles of rations, clothing, tools, etc., were tied to or hung from this frame.

5 When his gear couldn't be carried on mules or in wagons, the Roman legionary packed in addition to his weapons:

Make sure you have!

shield and helmet covers kit bag, a leather bag for carrying various items cooking pots; two stakes for the palisade; dish or mess tin; mattock or pick-axe; turf-cutter; sickle; basket; grinding mill, for grinding up corn spare thongs, gear for cleaning and polishing armour; bathing and shavingparaphernalia, rations (grain, bacon, cheese, etc.) for a fortnight .

The legionary's ration is thought to have been 1-3 pecks of wheat a month, which was probably supplemented with beef and such vegetables and fruit as could be found. The main drink of the army was acetum (sour-wine), which when watered down was referred to as posca. Legionaries liked to combine dough with honey, the Roman source of sugar, and then bake the result on hot stones surrounding their camp fires. System of Command The command of each legion was exercised by one of six tribunes commanding in turn. Under these were 60 centurions, each commanding a century. This professional army trained in a system of drill movements, giving it the advantages of simplicity and manoeuvrebility. The Roman army marched in eight ranks or rows ordines. In battle the legions traditionally formed up in three lines: the spearmen hastati at the front, the principes men in their prime behind them and a reserve of veterans or third rankers triarii taking up the rear. This new system created a precedent for later ambitious men. Under the conscription system, men had fought for Rome, now under the Marian system their allegiance was given to their military commander. Full-time soldiers relied on military success for their advancement. Ambitious generals like Julius Caesar, could gain the devotion of their men, not just by winning battles but also by rewarding them he almost doubled their pay from 120 denarii a year to 225 denarii. This led to a century of military figures controlling Rome and to the horrors of civil war.

6 Mark Antonys Silver Coins Mark Antony issued vast numbers of silver coins to pay his troops. Each coin had a picture of a war galley on one side and a legionary standard on the other. To make the silver go further the coins were debased with more than the usual amount of copper, thus reducing the value of the coins. Because Antonys coins were not that valuable, they remained in circulation for years alter his death. Today they are relatively cheap to buy. The Army under Augustus When Augustus restored peace and order he reduced the numbers of legions from about sixty to twenty-eight. The Praetorian Guard (emperors personal bodyguard) also became a large permanent fixture of elite troops, but was later disbanded by Constantine the Great, as it became too destabilising a force. The army of the empire was stationed almost entirely on the frontiers. Augustus replaced many temporary military camps with well-protected headquarters, some of which were to form the nucleus of important cities of the future. In addition to the legion there were the auxiliary troops auxilia of cavalry and light-armed infantry. Auxiliary troops were recruited from the provincials who had a longer period of service and lower pay. On retirement they became eligible for Roman citizenship, which they could pass on to their children. All soldiers on retirement were given an allotment of land in a colonia. The Armys Main Job was to: make sure all the people of the provinces obeyed Roman orders, guard the frontiers, build and maintain the roads and forts intended for communication and defence, take over new territories beyond the frontiers Legionary Emblems The standards, signa were a recognition signal and a rallying point for soldiers in the chaos of a battle field. Not merely did they represent the honour of the unit, as with later regimental colours, but they represented the honour of Rome herself. To lose a standard was the worst thing that could happen. Crassus lost the standards when he was fighting the Parthians in 53B.C. Varus lost his in AD9 in the Teutoburger Forest. One of the reasons therefore for the Roman campaign in Germania was to recover these lost standards. Aquila Imago Signa

The aquila

A gold eagle was carried when the whole legion was on the march An image of the emperor or a member of his family. A standard for an individual century. Pliny the Elder suggests the republican army had five different animal standards, the eagle, the wolf, the Minotaur, the horse and the boar. The one standard that came close to resembling what we recognize as a flag today was the vexillum. It was a small square piece of cloth attached to a cross-bar carried on a pole. Generally Roman cavalry carried it but the infantry also made use of it.

Vexilla

7 Answers: How Much English Do You Know? In the left hand column are 40 English words that are derived from Latin words in this unit. Choose and write down the word or phrase from the other columns that best gives its English meaning. giving out decomposing dignified / decent addictive 1 decorous 2 praiseworthy loud aggressive responsive laudable 3 burdensome easily borne distinctive decorative onerous 4 death of a sister death of piece of labelling instinct to kill necrosis tissue 5 upper class lack of money smallness of mediocre paucity number 6 voluntary first -rate of a trumpet compulsory of ones own will 7 being wise thinking over being aware secretive cognisant 8 add up reduce to nothing consider write notes annihilate 9 loyalty precision insurance emission of light fidelity 10 odious poisonous proper smelly hateful 11 humility hill-top humbleness 12 fugitive runaway prisoner pensioner dependent 13 ventilate blow away causing air to pump up causing rain circulate 14 retain hold in place blow up win back put up 15 pugnacious cowardly squashed in likes to fight likes sport 16 vulnerable remarkable like a baby weak easily wounded 17 dolorous smelly discoloured painful name of girl 18 audacious forgiven daring hard of hearing cheerful 19 corpulent bulky of body army officer capital type of guard 20 desperate robber hopeful with no hope calm 21 verbose full of humour full of words empty mischievous 22 juvenile of a youth in court sickly funny 23 sumptuous impoverished foul sparing no expense reserved 24 incipient ending never seen taken in beginning 25 punitive hostile giving punishment angry very small 26 dismiss send away speak rudely long letter far away 27 plurality being only one lung infection large number corkscrew 28 pecuniary of cattle of the heart legal of money 29 insular taped up heat resistant of an island left alone 30 ridicule of a lion of a play despairing making fun of 31 vespers motorbike evening prayers cooking dish sermon 32 morbid unwholesome deadly happy not clever 33 oppress publish surround lift up overwhelm 34 brevity flying club shortness lack of breath meekness 35 vigil writers pen keeping calm keeping awake short letter name 36 auxiliary helpful to of the military reasonable sent off 37 simultaneous at the same time pretending loud useful 38 equestrian upper class questionable of horses of like mind 39 littoral legible of the shore of the alphabet planetary 40 aperture starter order clothing opening

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delectat

There is/ there are The third person from the verb esse is used with this meaning, particularly when the est/sunt/erat/erant starts the sentence and is followed by the subject. e.g in this story: erant in Sicilia multi servi. = There were in Sicily many slaves. non erat in Italia satis cibi. = There was not enough food in Italy est nullo servo telum = There is to no slave a weapon (No slave has a weapon! est servo telum! = There is to the slave a weapon (The slave has a weapon! A certain/ a certain (one): quidam, quaedam, quoddam This can be used as an adjective with a noun (or as a pronoun by itself see later) e.g. in the story below it is used as an adjective pastor quidam = a certain shepherd A Relative Pronoun This joins two sentences together by the words, who / which / that e.g. He saw the boy who was sitting behind the door puerum vidit qui post ianuam sedebat. The relative pronoun ALWAYS refers back to the NOUN before it i.e. the boy. Therefore in Latin the pronoun must be the same gender as the noun but its case comes from its own sentence. The pronoun who = masculine, because boy is masculine, and nominative because it is the subject of the verb sitting. In the story below: res magnificas, quae invenerant = magnificent things which they had found Uses of Quam quam + an adjective + an exclamation mark = How.! e.g. in story below: quam splendidum est hic aper = How splendid this boar is! quam after a comparative adjective (ends in ior, -ior, -ius) = than in a comparison. e.g. est stultior quam asinus = He is more stupid than a donkey! = The boy is taller than his father. puer est altior quam pater quam can also = whom / which as a relative pronoun object see above and chart on Relative Pronouns at the back of this booklet.

9 No Slave Should Possess a Weapon

Sicilia erat provincia Romana. erant in Sicilia multi servi. hi servi in agris laborabant; frumentum civibus Romanis semper dabant quod non erat in Italia satis cibi. servi Siciliae rebellionem interdum fecerunt, sed Romani servos semper superaverunt. denique praetor Romanus declaravit: est nullo servo telum! saepe praetores severissimi erant, ante omnes Domitius. decorum est dominis res magnificas, quae invenerant, ad praetorem ferre. olim itaque domini aprum ingens tulerunt. quam splendidum est hic aper! exclamavit Domitius, quis eum necavit? pastor quidam responderunt domini, hunc aprum necavit. Domitius pastorem arcessivit. pastor ad praetorem statim accurrit, quod laudem praemiumque sperabat. quo modo tu hunc magnificum aprum necavisti? inquit Domitius. gladio, respondit pastor. tum Domitius clamavit capite eum!; in crucem tollite! erat servo telum!
Sicilia, -ae (f) frumentum, -i (n) rebellio, -ionis (f) interdum (adv) denique (adv) praetor, -oris (m) Sicily grain rebellion sometimes finally praetor (man of law) severus, -a,-um Domitius, -i (m) aper, -pri (m) accurro, -ere, crux, crucis (f) severe Domitius boar to run up cross

Some Soccer Mottoes Arsenal Manchester City Real Madrid victoria concordia crescit (victory grows from agreement) superbia in proelio (with pride in battle) AD Plus Ultra (for more beyond). This motto is closely associated with the Pillars of Hercules, which according to Roman mythology were built by Hercules, near the Straits of Gibraltar, marking the edge of the then known world. According to mythology the pillars bore the warning nec plus ultra (also non plus ultra, "nothing further beyond"), serving as a warning to sailors and navigators to go no further. It is the motto of Spain but which Real Madrid has adapted. nil satis nisi optimum (nothing enough unless the best) consilio et animis (with a plan and minds) audere est facere (to dare is to do)

Everton Sheffield Wednesday Tottenham Hotspur

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hic, haec, hoc = this This is used mainly as an adjective but it is also a pronoun (by itself no noun) as in the story below: e.g. hi coniuratii = these conspirators ne hoc quidem = not even this ne + NOUN quidem = not even E.g in the story below ne hoc quidem = not even this. Impersonal expressions + Infinitive These expressions have no personal subject and the verb is always 3rd person ending singular (it). The tense of the verb however can change. These expressions always take an infinitive. Here are some with a neuter adjective + est: necesse est ..... it is necessary to ... facile est... it is easy to ... difficile est ... it is difficult to .... melius est ... it is better ... decorum est ... it is proper/right ... periculosum est ... it is dangerous ... tutum est ... it is safe ... tutius est ... it safer ... AND some more with other verbs in the 3rd person + infinitive: (mihi) placet it pleases (me) .... (me) oportet I must (it is necessary that I ...) (mihi) licet I am allowed (it is allowed to me ...)

Irregular Verbs (see chart at the back of this booklet) There are not very many irregular verbs in Latin (apart from sum, esse, fui) and they are only irregular in the present tense. Most irregular verbs have no supine, eg: volo, velle, volui to want nolo, nolle, nolui to refuse / not want malo, malle, malui to prefer AND: eo, ire, ii, itum to go fio, fieri, factus sum to become fero, ferre, tuli, latum to carry

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An Officer Keeps his Discipline to the End This is a story of an officer in the Praetorian Guard in the time of Nero. He did not like Nero because he had murdered his mother and wife and was rumoured to have started the Great Fire of Rome in 64AD.

Subrius, vir severrimus, erat tribunus Praetorianus. semper milites vituperabat. vos milites, nihil, inquiebat, ex disciplina facitis. Subrius cum aliis tribunis Praetorianis paucisque senatoribus, coniurationem fecit. hi coniurati Neronem interficere volebant, quod Nero tam crudelis erat. sed Nero coniurationem cognovit et coniuratos comprehendit. deinde Nero quis, inquit, coniurationem coepit. senatores, quod timebant, omnia patefecerunt. Subrius diu nihil dixit. tandem culpam suam declaravit. Nero rogavit: cur sacrimenti ad me immemor fuisti? Subrius respondit. nemo tibi fidelior fuit quam ego. sed nunc te odi quod matrem et uxorem necavisti. statim Nero Subrium capitis damnavit et eum Veianio tradidit. Veianus, postquam Subrium ex urbe duxit, milites scrobem effodere iussit, sed milites scrobem humilem fecerunt. ne hoc quidem, inquit Subrius, ex disciplina fecistis!
Subrius, -i (m) severus, -a,-um tribunus, -i (m) Praetorianus, -a, -um vitupero, -are disciplina, -ae (f) coniuratus, -i (m) Nero, -onis (m) comprehendo, -ere Subrius severe tribune Praetorian to curse, blame discipline conspirator Nero to arrest patefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum culpa, -ae (f) sacrimentum, -i (n) immemor (adj) + Gen fidelis, -is, -e odi Veianus, -i (m) scrobis, -is (f) effodio, -ere humilis, -is, -e to reveal blame oath forgetful of faithful I hate Veianus grave, hole to dig shallow

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Public International Law What would the Romans have done? This was a question in1922 for the LLB examination on Public International Law how times have changed! What are the essentials of acquisition of territory by occupation? X, an uncommissioned shipowner, navigates his ship to an island hitherto unoccupied, claims it in the name of his State, lands certain stores, and returns to his own country and informs the authorities of his act. No steps are taken by his Government. The island is unfitted for permanent residence but is a good base for fisheries. A year later X returns to the island and finds that an authorised official of another State has landed, has also deposited stores, and has hoisted his national flag and posted a proclamation of annexation. Discuss.

The Army in Camp Essentials Whenever the army stopped it made camp which followed an exact layout, each man knowing his own job. Scouts exploratores were sent out in advance to find a site which had to have: a good water supply and preferably be on a slight slope. Layout Prerequisites The ground had to be levelled before being pegged out in a square or rectangle by surveyors. The generals tent praetorium had to be in the centre. It housed the general and his staff as well as the standards, treasury and a place for taking the auspices. Beside this were the paymasters tent quaestorium and the forum where the men could be addressed. A ditch fossa, about two metres deep and three metres wide, had to be dug around the site and the earth thrown up to form a wall vallum, usually topped by a palisade. The mens tents had to be set up in fixed positions leaving a space of 60 metres intervallum wide between tents and the rampart. A wall with towers at regular intervals had to be built. The towers had raised platforms to support various artillery engines. There had to be a broad gate in each of the camps four walls. Permanent camp was similar to the temporary camp but the outer wall and interior buildings were made of stone. These buildings included granaries, hospital, administrative block and generals house. A bath building might be situated outside the camp.
Roman Tower

Guarding the Camp The camp was guarded day and night. The length of a watch vigilia varied with the length of the days and nights during the year, the hours of darkness being always divided into four watches. Pickets of horse and foot guarded the gates and outposts stationes, while sentries patrolled the walls and the praetorium.

13 Trumpet Call for Breaking Camp A Roman writer, Josephus, says that the first trumpet signalled breaking camp and the taking down of the tents; a second trumpet meant the gathering of equipment and preparation for the march and a third trumpet rounded up stragglers. Finally in answer to the heralds enquiry, made three times, the men raised their right hands and shouted that they were ready to march. The Army on the March Marching Order On the march, the arrangement of a Roman army varied according to the tactical situation, but it usually followed this pattern: a reconnaissance group of cavalry and light infantry the army at a convenient distance marching in a column of centuries. the baggage following each legion. several cohorts, detailed by the last legion serving as a rear guard for the entire army. During a normal marching day a Roman army covered no more than twelve to fifteen miles, since it was necessary to halt early in the afternoon to make camp for the night. In an emergency the marching period was lengthened. Battle Action A Roman general preferred to draw his army up in a triple line of battle on higher ground than the enemy. The legions advanced slowly until they were about 180 metres from the enemy; then they: broke into a run; hurled their javelins at about 15 metres from the enemy; charged with drawn swords into the enemy ranks; fell back and were replaced by the second line of troops as they began to tire. These two lines alternately relieved each other while the third line was kept in reserve. Assault, Blockade and Siege The Romans were as effective at capturing fortified places as they were at fighting in the field. The three methods used were assault, blockade and siege. In an assault the enemy was driven from the walls by a barrage from archers, slingers and heavy artillery consisting of machines called: catapults that were capable of throwing javelins, arrows and darts; scorpions - that were large bows mounted on a portable frame; onagers and ballistas that hurled large stones; battering rams (arietes) - that were moved into position under cover of movable wooden sheds (vineae) placed end to end; scaling ladders and movable towers (turris ambulatoria) that were moved forward on rollers, testudo (tortoise) - that was a storming party with shields locked together over their heads advancing to scale the walls; an agger a rampart that began about 150 metres from the the wall, extended with a gradual incline toward it until the rampart topped the fortifications. It served as a broad roadway along which the legions could advance to the top of the enemys walls. This was used in a formal siege see Massada and in a blockade strong fortifications were erected around the city so that no reinforcements or supplies could enter. The inhabitants were thus forced to surrender. If the city was a seaport, ships were also used to enforce the blockade.

14 The Roman Navy The Classis The Roman fleet classis, despite its name of top rank / elite, never commanded the esteem that the army had. The military virtues of the army were discipline, order, duty, and loyalty. Sailors, mainly all non Italians, were referred to as milites, as in the army, and were commanded in the same fashion as legionaries. For the first two centuries of the Republic, Rome did not have a navy. It only built one to engage with its first overseas power, the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. The Senate ordered a fleet of 100 quinqueremes long warships with five banks of oars, to be built in just sixty days. The Corvus The Romans were successful against the Carthaginians due to the fact that they adapted their ship design so that they could fight on their own terms the grappling hook corvus was used to lock onto the opponent ship so that Roman fighting men could board it.
Roman invention of corvus

The Navys Main Job The navy guaranteed freedom of trade for Rome, ensuring that the Mediterranean did in fact remain Mare Nostrum our sea. For the pirates had at one stage wrecked havoc on the Roman economy until Pompey swept the whole of the Mediterranean and successfully eliminated them. Roman naval bases were at: Misenum, near Naples the main one the Rhine and the English Channel. The Wisdom of Rome Freedom suppressed and again regained bites with keener fangs than freedom never endangered. Cicero, On Moral Obligations. Men do not care how nobly they live, but only how long, although it is within the reach of every man to live nobly, but within no mans power to live long... Seneca, Letters to Lucilius
Cicero

No one can live happily who looks to himself alone and transforms everything into a question of his own utility: you must live for your neighbour, if you wish to live for yourself. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius

Be like the cliff against which the waves continually break, but it stands firm and tames the fury of the waters around it. Marcus Aurelius, Meditations

Marcus Aurelius

15 Latin Words and Phrases Vigiles Urbani: These were a force or around 7,000 freedmen set up by Augustus as a police and fire-brigade. They policed and patrolled the streets by night and day with buckets of water, pumps, axes and hooks. Their legacy remains in the name, for the local Italian police forces today are called Vigili Urbani. in digito clavus: Two familiar words make up this description of physical discomfort - digitus means toe/finger in Latin and clavus is a nail (the word clove derives from this because of the shape of the plant). One of the most distinctive sounds in ancient Rome was the clatter of soldiers boots as they marched through the streets. Their boots, much like sandals had nails fitted in the soles, (like sprigs) which enabled them to march long distances over difficult terrain. The writer Juvenal complains of a sore foot stomped on in the street by a solders hobnail boots.

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Adjectives Remember that adjectives describe a NOUN and therefore have to match that noun so that the two can fit together. Adjectives usually come AFTER the noun they describe. There are only a few adjectives like this, that, that come in front. Make sure you get the right adjective for the noun. e.g. mea soror minima ingentem leonem necavit. Adjectives must match the noun they describe. They must be the SAME gender, case and number! e.g. tribuni praetoriani; villam maritimam; aequo animo; puellas bellas

British Coins Current new pence boast in honour of Elizabeth II, D.G. REG.F.D or dei gratia regina fidei defensor (by the grace of God, queen and defender of the faith. The English pound coins edge reveals decus et tutamen (honour and protection, used as a reassurance that the coin isnt clipped as they used to be in the 17th century when the phrase ws first used on a coin) comes from Virgils Aeneid V and the full line is donat habere viro, decus et tutamen in armis.

16 Periods of Roman History See also Yr 9 Unit 1 Overview of Roman History on school website. Century Important Dates Information Descendants of Aeneas rule Alba Longa 753 BC Period of Kings 700 BC Romulus founds Rome 753 BC Numa founds state religion Tullus Hostilius warrior king Ancus Martius extends Roman power Tarquinius Priscus great builder Servius Tullius reorganises people Tarquinius Superbus tyrant, expelled 510BC Long series of wars ending with the defeat of Pyrrhus in 275 BC. Rome now controlled all of Italy. The first Carthaginian War 264 241 BC Second Carthaginian War 218 202 BC Rome becomes the superpower of the Mediterranean world 202 133 BC A century of revolution and civil wars: Sulla & Marius; Caesar & Pompey; Octavius & Antony. Octavius is master of the Roman world 31BC and founds the empire; in 27BC he is given the name Augustus.

600 BC 500 BC 400 BC

BC 510

300 BC Period of the Republic

200 BC

BC 275 BC 264 BC 241 BC 218 BC 202

BC 133

100 BC

BC 31

tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento (hae tibi erunt artes), pacique imponere morem, parcere subiectis et debellare superbos.' Remember, Roman, it is for you to rule the nations with your power, (that will be your skill) to crown peace with law, to spare the conquered, and subdue the proud. Aeneid. VI

17 The Death of Cicero Mark Antony sends troops to kill Cicero, who attempts to escape but eventually resigns himself to death.

ubi Cicero Antonium effugere non poterat, ad villam maritimam iit. inde per mare saepe navigare temptavit, sed venti adversi eum in portu tenebant. tandem Cicero fugere noluit et ad villam, quae non procul a mari aberat, revenit. servi pugnare volebant, sed Cicero eos iussit lecticam deponere et fortunam suam aequo animo ferre. tandem milites Antonii eum ceperunt. Cicero cervicem militibus dedit qui caput ceciderunt. manus quoque ceciderunt. milites caput inter manus in foro posuerunt. multi Romani lacrimabant, quod eloquentiam Ciceronis laudaverant.
Cicero, -onis (m) Antonius, -i (m) maritimus, -a, -um adversus, -a, -um Cicero Antony seaside adverse lectica, -ae (f) aequo animo cervis, -icis (f) eloquentia, -ae (f) litter with a calm mind neck eloquence

Latin Diminutives In English the suffix _ette indicates a smaller size of something a diminutive: E.g. cigarette is a small cigar. In Latin the suffix endings that show a word is a diminutive of another word are: ulus, -a,-um; olus, -a, -um and -ellus, -a,-um In Latin diminutives are used to express Either: AFFECTION or SMALLNESS of SIZE.e.g. filiola = (dear) little daughter; Caligula got the nickname little boots as a child from caliga, a boot.
Pliny the Elder

The sword shaped leaves of a certain flower inspired Pliny to name that flower gladiolus (little sword); ocelli (little eyes) from oculus, an eye. Or: MOCKERY e.g homunculus (puny little weed of a man) from homo a man. The diminutive of puer is puerulus; the feminine form puerula is the origin of puella, a girl.

18 An Elephant Attack
eheu. me miserum!

elephantus in proelio graviter vulneratus erat. itaque vehementer saeviebat et ad aciem Romanam procedebat. subito fecit magnum impetum in militem quendam, qui iam territus tremebat. elephantus hominem miserum sub pede premebat. unus ex amicis, qui eum auxilium ferre volebat, audacter igitur bestiam oppugnare constituit. elephantus tamen hoc vidit. corpus militis reliquit et amicum irate petebat. deinde proboscidem sustulit et eum rapuit. miles de vita sua desperabat. gladium cepit et proboscidem elephanti verberare coepit. itaque elephantus, dolore motus, militem deposuit. elephantus cum magna difficultate effugit et ad ceteras bestias se recepit.
elephantus, -i (m) saevio, -ire, -ii, -itum Romanus, -a, -um elephant to rage Roman proboscis, -idis, (f) trunk premo, -ere, pressi, pressum to crush

Some Sharp Wit from Cicero Publius Cornelius Lentulus Dolabella, the husband of Ciceros daughter, was a man of small stature. Cicero, when he saw him wearing a long sword, asked: who has tied my son-in-law to his sword? P.Cornelius Lentulus Dolabella, Tulliae, Ciceronis filiae maritus, vir parvae staturae erat. Cicero, cum eum longo gladio accinctum vidisset, interrogavit: "Quis generum meum ad gladium alligavit?"

19

Be a Copy Cat and Copy These Grammar Notes! gratias!

me delectat

Other Question Words: quot? = how many? quis? = who? quo modo? = how? quotiens? = how often quo? = to where? cur? = why?

quando? quid? quantus, -a, -um? qualis, -is, -e? unde? ubi?

= when = what? = how great/big? = what kind of? = from where? = where?

NB Watch out for ubi without a question mark and referring to time = when. Negative Commands in Latin (Dont!...) A command NOT to do something to ONE person is NOLI + INFINITIVE: e.g. noli laborare!; noli ire!; noli spectare! A command NOT to do do something to MORE THAN ONE person is NOLITE + INFINITVE: e.g. nolite laborare!; nolite ire!; nolite spectare! Superlative Adjectives in Latin An adjective has THREE grades (positive, comparative and superlative). The superlative changes the meaning of an ordinary adjective (positive) in English to: very ....; the most ....; or simply ....est on the end of the adjective. In Latin a superlative adjective always ends: in .....issimus, -a, -um e.g. fortissimus, -a, -um = very brave in .... illimus, -a, -um if the positive adjective ends in ilis, -is, -e e.g. facillimus, -a, - um = very easy; in ...errimus, -a, -um if the positive adjective ends in er, -a, -um e.g. miserrimus, -a, -um = very sad Find the FOUR superlative adjectives in the next story! Make sure you translate them correctly.

Did You Know? There are a million and a half species of plants and animals in the world, all named in Latin. That is a lot of Latin!

20

Be a Copy Cat and Copy These Grammar Notes!

gratias! me valde delectat.

Cases Each noun in Latin has six cases or functions, both singular and plural, as follows: Nominative Case the singular nominative case is always the first part of a noun given on a word list e.g. feles, -is (c) cat. The nominative case is used for the subject of the verb (verb and subject = your married couple who go together) e.g. The cat likes mice! Vocative Case is used when addressing someone or something by their name e.g. Cat, be quiet! You will be fed. In form it is identical to the nominative case except for the singular masculine 2nd declension which ends in e and not us. Accusative Case is used for all objects, in other words the nouns that get hit by the action of the verb e.g. the cat ate the rat. venenum malo. It is also used after certain prepositions. Genitive Case is used to show who or what owns something and is the word in English after of.. or with the apostrophes ors apostrophe eg. The cats claws are sharp or the claws of the cat are sharp. Dative Case is used with any kind of verb of speaking or giving TO someone or something. E.g. One mouse gave the cheese to the other mouse Ablative Case - is used after certain prepositions and is used by itself to mean by / with / from e.g. One mouse was filled with hope; the other mouse was overcome by love / the cat died from hunger.
eheu! mortuus sum!

Venenum = Poison This is the drink of the goddess of love, Venus. It had a range of meanings from love potion, charm to remedy and poison. Its English derivative is venom. There were people in ancient Rome who specialised in selling drugs to cure and to kill. The most famous poisoner was Locusta who concocted poisons for Nero and increased their potency if their result was not at first immediate.
Venus

21 Caesar is Captured by Pirates

Iulius Caesar, iuvenis iter facere Rhodum constituit, ubi habitabat philosophus, a quo philosophiam discere voluit. dum hieme Rhodum navigat, piratae navem oppugnaverunt, et eum ad insulam quandam adduxerunt. ibi dux piratarum pecuniam rogavit. Caesar igitur iussit servum suum ad amicos ire et pecuniam comparare. postquam servum dimisit, Caesar sollicitus non erat. plurimos dies in insula mansit. piratae saepe declarabant: servus tuus redire non audebit et te necabimus. Caesar nihil dixit aliud quam hoc: mox vos omnes puniam. piratae eum ridebant, quod captivum tam eloquentem numquam antea audiverant. sed Caesar liberatus est, et de piratis supplicium celeriter sumpsit.
Caesar, -aris (m) Rhodus, -i (f) philosophus i (m) philosophia, -ae (f) Caesar Rhodes, town in Greece philosopher philosophy pirata-ae (m) sollicitus, -a, -um supplicium i (n) pirate worried revenge

Noun Families There are FIVE noun families in Latin. It is easy to work out which family a noun belongs to if you look at its second part. A noun on any word list or dictionary will always have two parts and a gender given, e.g puer, -i (m) boy; puella, -ae (f) girl. Each family has a different set of endings for its second part. You can see this below from these soldiers standing to attention in their families. Families

II

III IV V

Endings

AE

IS

US

EI

22

ecce, ecce ...ad nauseam!

Parts of Speech on NCEA Word Lists

Nouns:
These have TWO parts and a gender e.g. puella, -ae (f) girl

Verbs:
These have FOUR parts and the English meaning starts with to .... e.g. amo, -are, -avi, -atum to love An irregular verb does not have a 4th part e.g. adsum, adesse, afui to be present

Adjectives:
These have THREE parts e.g. bonus, -a, -um good, or facilis, -is, -e easy. Sometimes, if the masculine and feminine columns are the same, only two parts are given e.g. facilis, -e easy.

Prepositions:
These are little words that denote direction to or from a place or say where something is. Prepositions are followed by either (+ Acc) or (+Abl) e.g. per (+Acc) through

Adverbs:
These describe the verb saying how / when / where / why. In Latin adverbs have NO parts e.g. ita thus, semper always, hic here

Conjunctions:
These join sentences together (co-ordinating conjunctions) or attach a sentence to a main sentence (subordinating conjunctions). Conjunctions have NO parts and are usually written with (conjunction) beside them on the word list. Common Prepositions Prepositions used with the Ablative Case Prepositions used with the Accusative a/ab by, from Case: cum with ad to / towards de down from, about ante before e, ex out of apud among / at the house of pro in front of, on behalf of, for circum around sine without contra against extra outside inter among, between intra inside per through post after, behind praetor past, except prope near propter on account of, because of trans across ultra beyond Prepositons that can take EITHER the accusative case OR the ablative case in (with accusative) = into; (with ablative) = in super over sub under
See the light!

23

TEN STEPS AND YOU CAN TRANSLATE!

a) b) c)

d)

7 8 9 10

Look at the the WHOLE sentence. Make sure you break at commas, after each verb, before conjunctions and before relative pronouns (qui quae quod). Circle all prepositional phrases and translate them LAST. Make sure you include any adjective of genitive noun attached to them (Mother & baby & nappy!) Take each section in turn up to each break. DO NOT move words out of clauses. If a section starts with a conjunction (sed, postquam, quod etc) translate the conjunction first followed by its clause. In each section GO to the verb and DO NOT move from this stepping stone until you have worked out the person ending the tense ending whether it is a verb of speaking/giving. If it is, it will be followed by a noun in the dative case. Is it a command? MATCH the subject (noun in nominative case) with the verb they make a matching COUPLE (both must be the SAME NUMBER. Is there an adjective with the noun? If YES multi-task and translate it before the noun. Go to the object (noun in the accusative case) it ends in M if singular and S if plural. Watch out for a neuter noun, especially in the plural = A (if in doubt use your word list to check the gender of the noun). Is there an adjective with this noun? If YES multi-task and translate it before the noun. Have you a verb of speaking/giving? If YES look for another NOUN in the DATIVE case = TO. Watch out for any adjective or participle agreeing with this noun. Are there any nouns left that you have NOT translated? If YES are they attached to another noun and are they in the GENITIVE case? = of. /s or s. Go back to the circled prepositional phrases and translate them watching out for adjectives. Review the whole sentence. Does it make sense? Make sure you have NOT left words out and have NOT added extra words. If NOT then check your cases and the main verb.

24 Dona Militaria Various gifts or military decorations were given to a Roman soldier who had distinguished himself in war. In itself it was not worth a lot but its value came from its association with an act of bravery, much like our military medals today. The commonest decoration was the hasta pura, a lance without a point on it, which was awarded for wounding an enemy. For other courageous acts a bracelet armilla, of a twisted necklace torques of gold could be awarded. The the various types of crown corona were highly prized:

laurel leaves

corona obsidionalis (wreath made of grass) for freeing a besieged army corona civica (wreath made of oak leaves) for saving a life of a comrade in battle corona muralis (crown in form of a city wall) for being first over the wall corona vallaris (crown in form of a rampart) for being first to break into an enemys camp corona aurea ( crown of gold) for distinguished conduct in a campaign corona navalis (wreath with little ship prows) for being first to board an enemy ship corona triumphalis ( crown of bay leaves) worn by victorious general in a triumphal procession. Medicine Hippocrates The most famous Greek doctor Hippocrates (490BC) had an excellent reputation and of course left us the Hippocratic Oath which all doctors graduating have to take. Many doctors were Greek and they simply followed another doctor around, picking up his skills.

Alexandria and Herophilus Soon after its foundation, Alexandria in Egypt became famous as the centre of science and learning. Its famous museum and library attracted clever men from all over the known world who began to make discoveries in all the sciences and medicine. Herophilus, the most famous Alexandrian anatomist: gave a detailed description of the brain, explained the differences between tendons and nerves, arteries and veins, described the optic nerve and the eye, including the retina measured the frequency of the pulse and used this to diagnose fever stressed the importance of hygiene, diet, exercise and bathing.

Aesculapius, god of healing

Martials Complains of the Medical Profession Often a Roman doctors reputation was founded on how few of his patients died. I was feeling ill, but you, Symmachus, came to me straightaway, closely accompanied by 100 trainees. A hundred icy hands frozen by the North wind touched me. I did not have a fever, Symmachus, but now I do. languebam: sed tu comitatus protinus ad me venisti centum, Symmache, discipulis centum me tetigere manus aquilone gelatae: non habui febrem, nunc habeo. The Fight against Germs

25 The Romans did not yet really understand how germs related to disease. They did not know that germs can be carried by insects like mosquitoes or animals like rats. However they did use many of the techniques/strategies that killed germs and prevented epidemics, (techniques not reinvented until much later) which included: boiling their tools before use; not reusing the same tool on a patient before reboiling; washing wounds with acetum, which is actually a better antiseptic than Joseph Lister's carbolic acid (Joseph Lister rediscovered antiseptics in the 1860's, based on Louis Pasteurs brand-new germ theory of disease); placing forts away from insect infested swamps; installing drains and sewers to transport sewage away from the men;
Rattus rattus - black rat

inventing sophisticated permanent hospitals, with specialized rooms for different tasks, and with isolation of some patients from others to reduce the spread of disease; ensuring hospitals had central heating and good ventilation which helped patients.

Military Medical Corps Medicine was a trial and error process, but the doctors were observant and carefully noted down any treatment that worked and this knowledge was passed on and could be successfully utilized by the next doctor. The fifteen-year civil war that followed the assassination of Julius Caesar led to significant medical innovations. The war was fought between the best armies of the world and yielded such high levels of injury that the newly emerged emperor, Augustus, formed a professional military medical corps. Before this, doctors had fairly low status (because they were mainly Greek?) Augustus, gave all physicians that joined his new army medical Roman scalpels corps dignified titles, land grants, and special retirement benefits! Medical professionals hereafter were required to train at the new Army Medical School and could not practise unless they passed. This increased the success rates in treatments and the reputation of doctors. For the next five hundred years, fueled by the motivations and opportunity for medical advancement supplied by the many battles, and supported by the powers that be, this serious group advanced the study and practice of medicine to a level not seen again until late in the nineteenth century.

How A Doctor Earnt His Reputation Often a Roman doctors reputation was founded on how few of his patients died. Martial has this witty poem about a doctor, named Diaulus: Recently Diaulus was a doctor, now he is an undertaker. What he does now as an undertaker, he had done also as a doctor. nuper erat medicus, nunc est vispillo Diaulus: quod vispillo facit, fecerat et medicus.

26 Some Notable Doctors

Roman Forceps

Galen 130-200 AD) - the most well known Roman doctor described many of the medical instruments used by both Roman and Greek doctors. Under Emperor Augustus, he compiled informative medical texts and manuals and left behind detailed writing about physiology and surgical processes, including the various surgical instruments then in use. Pedanios Dioscorides (65 A.D.) - wrote a text on Herbal Medicine that was referred to for the next 1500 years and is still in use today in alternative Medicine. Soranus of Ephesus wrote on Obstetrics and Gynaecology. PLINY COMMENTS Pliny the Elder reminds us that even though doctors experiments on patients were often fatal, the medical profession protected them from prosecution - it is the patients fault. This is the only profession where anyone is immediately believed who declares he is a doctor, when surely no untruth could be more dangerous. Nevertheless, we arent bothered by that; each one of us is seduced by the sweet hope of being healed. And there is no law which punishes the ignorance which endangers us. They learn from our dangers, and their experiments lead to deaths; and only doctors can commit murder with impunity. Indeed the blame goes to the victim, who is chastised for self indulgence and lack of restraint. Minor surgery was regularly practised: Tonsils are covered by a thin layer of skin. If they become hardened after inflammation, they should be scratched round with a finger and drawn out. If they cannot be drawn out in this way, they should be gripped with a hook and cut out with a scalpel. The hollow should then be rinsed out with vinegar, and the wound smeared with something to check the blood.

Some Cures? The lack of scientific knowledge is reflected in some suggested Roman remedies - malaria was believed to come from bad night air (malus aer). On the other hand, Roman doctors used cures that have since been substantiated: burnt sponge for goitre (ashes of sponge contain iodine); red hot stone held against a wound to cauterise it, chewing of castor oil berries for constipation, and chewing sage for ulcers. Medicinal Properties of Some plants and Insects The cyclamen could prevent furhter loss of hair in balding men if they sniffed it. The peony flower was considered to have magical curative properties. Bees were thought to be the messengers of the gods and their presence signified good fortune.

27 Surgeons Knew that arteries and veins carried blood; how to use tourniquets, arterial clamps, and ligatures to stem blood flow; how to carry out amputation to prevent deadly gangrene, though this was done as a last resort and how to reset broken bones with splints, and stitch up wounds. And They Could make incisions, tie veins and arteries; attempt difficult or very difficult operations such as: operations for cartaracts, removal of tonsils and reduction of swelling on the brain. Although the quality of medical treatment in Roman Roman Bone Drills the ancient world naturally varied from one doctor to another, it is probably true that the standards of the best doctors were not improved upon in Western Europe until about the 20th century.
Bone Levers

Join the Mouseketeer in Writing Down gratias These Grammar Notes! bene fecisti!
Pronouns He, She, It A pronoun stands pro for /in place of a noun. These are little words like, he, she, it, they, him, her or them. In Latin the pronouns are expressed in three genders (masculine feminine and neuter) by the words is, ea, id = he, she, it. For their cases and English meanings see the chart at the back of this book. Check how they are used in the next story e.g cives eum amabant = The citizens used to love him. eum non novit = He did not know him. Possessive Adjectives These always go with a noun usually in front of it and take the gender and case of their noun. In Latin they are: meus, -a, -um my tuus, -a, -um your (of one person) suus, -a, -um his/ her/ their (refers back to something belonging to the person of the verb) noster, -stra, -strum our vester, -stra, strum your (of more than one person)

28 Latin Today Abbreviations of Latin words are used in the writing of prescriptions by doctors. Here are some. See if you can work out what they mean or stand for. The full Latin is given in brackets to help you. Aq (aqua) Dil. (dilue) h.s. (hora somni) M.(misce) R/ (recipe) o.s. (oculus sinister) p.c. (post cibos) s. (sine) ut dict (ut dictum) t.i.d. (ter in die) gtt. (guttae) cap. (capiat) o.d. (oculus dexter) a.c. (ante cibos) c. (cum)

Heal Yourself This is a story told about the great comic actor Roscius, a friend of Cicero.

Roscius erat actor notissimus. magnas divitias quoque habebat. cives eum magnopere amabant quod semper ridebant. cotidie in forum ibat, ubi cum amicis sermonem habebat; post meridiem ad thermas ibat et tum ad theatrum procedebat. tandem, vespere appropinquante, domum revenit, ubi magnifice cenavit. sed Roscius tristissimus erat; neque sciebat cur tam tristis esset. dolorem non removere poterat. postremo sibi dixit, morbus gravissimus mentem meam opprimit. itaque, Roscius auxilium ab medico petivit. quaeso, inquit, meam dolorem remove! medicus tamen, quod semper occupatissimus erat, Roscium in theatro numquam viderat. eum igitur non novit. tibi necesse est, inquit, saepe ridere. i ad theatrum et comedias specta! ille Roscius te sanare potest.
Roscius, -i (m) actor, -oris (m) sermo, -onis (m) meridies, -ei (m) thermae, -arum (fpl) theatrum, -i (n) vespere appropinquante Roscius actor conversation noon baths theatre with evening approaching esset postremo (adv) medicus, -i (m) quaeso comediae (f.pl) sano, -are he was finally doctor please comedies to cure

29 Britain before Caesar Men had lived in Britain for many thousands of years before Caesars invasions. They had used, at first, only wooden, stone or bone tools and weapons and lived in caves or pits. Their existence depended on hunting and fishing and gathering wild fruit and berries. By 3,000 BC however, the time of Neo-lithic or New Stone Age, man had gained some knowledge of pottery and building in wood. They had also begun to grow crops and to make woollen cloth, and had put into use the horse, cow, sheep, goat and dog. Shortly after 2,000 BC there were important newcomers to the British Isles from across the North Sea, called the Beaker Folk. They were a highly intelligent people, speaking an IndoEuropean language and were the first in Central and Western Europe to use metals. They were responsible for developing trade (tin from Cornwall, gold from Ireland and amber beads) with other parts of Europe. So we have in Greek writers the first references to Britain. Herodotus mentions Cassiterides, the tin islands and Aristotle even has the names Albion and Ierne for Britain and Ireland. From about 600 BC a regular trade route developed from Cornwall to Massilia (Marseilles). Celtic tribes established themselves in Gaul, northern Italy and Spain, and even raided Rome itself in 390BC. The Celts began to arrive in the British Isles after 700BC and there was a continuous immigration for nearly 800 years. These invaders included: the Morini; the Parisii (300 BC) the Belgae (75BC) who came from a part of France called Gallia Belgica by the Romans. The Belgic tribes of south-east Britain were the most civilised in the country and applied their knowledge of iron and other metals, not only to make beautiful objects, but also for making farm tools, especially a new kind of plough which could break up the heavy clay soils of the valleys. The Britons kept sheep and cattle and grew corn. Towns began to appear. There was trade with the continent and coins were minted. The Britons were an artistic people and fond of personal adornment. Metal pins, beads, bracelets and necklaces, some of very fine gold and enamel work have been found. The Britons settled in family groups under tribal kings. Each small tribe was ruled by a chieftain, each kingdom by a King or Queen. No-one had any idea of loyalty to the country as a whole, and there was continual bitter warfare between the tribes. Their warriors who delighted in fighting were armed with long slashing swords and heavy spears. They were driven into battle in light wooden chariots essedarii pulled by two horses yoked together to a central shaft. It was their custom when going into battle to paint their bodies with woad, a purple vegetable dye. An influential class among the Britons were the Druids who were the priests, poets, teachers and judges of the people. Their religion was a cruel one which included human sacrifice. The Druids were men of intelligence and learning who influenced the people in the western part of the Roman Empire and beyond. They practised a rough kind of medicine and surgery, and educated the young. They taught the Britons to believe in many gods, and in the survival of the soul after death.

30 The Romans in Britain Julius Caesars Invasions He took the first step to conquer Britain, because he: believed that Britain was rich in minerals and pearls expected the sale of prisoners of war would also make the expedition profitable wanted to punish the southern British tribes who had helped their kinsmen in Gaul against him. His first attempt in 55BC was not a full scale invasion, because he was forced to go back to Gaul when his ships were badly damaged by September gales and winter was fast approaching.He was impressed by the Britonss use and speed of their war chariots. The next year he sailed with five legions and 2,000 cavalry from the port of Boulogne. With this force he took the Thames and forced the submission of Cassivellaunus, the leader of a group of British tribes. However his plans for a final conquest of Britain were thwarted by uprisings in Gaul, and it was nearly 90 years before the Romans again attacked Britain. Caligula Did Not Like This Once, after a victory, when an essedarius (war charioteer) was applauded for setting free the slave who was his driver, Caligula was so annoyed at the gesture that, leaving the amphitheater in a huff, he tripped on the fringe of his toga and fell headlong down the steps, fuming that "The people that rule the world give more honour to a gladiator for a trifling act than to their deified emperors or to the one still present with them" (Suetonius, Life, XXXV.3). The Romans first met these chariots when Caesar invaded Britain. They did not get stuck in sand as were very light weight. The Province of Britain In 43 AD the Emperor Claudius gave the order which initiated the Roman invasion and subsequent occupation of Britain. Aulus Plautius, one of his best generals defeated the Britons in a battle on the river Medway. Claudius came to make a triumphal entry into Camulodinum. Most of the tribes of the south and east then submitted. Claudius returned to Rome, leaving behind his general as governor of the new province of Britannia. The west and north of Britain had yet to be conquered and the Roman army was divided between the three, one part going north, one north-west, and one south-west. The rapid advance of the armies was possible because of the good roads which the troops made. After the campaigns were over a permanent army of occupation remained in the north and west of Britain numbering about 56,000 men. The Roman army remained in Britain until the first part of the 5th century AD when the empire was crumbling under the attacks of the barbarians.

31 Towns The degree to which civilisation spread to various parts of Roman Britain can best be seen in the towns and villas of the island. Scattered about southeast England were numerous small towns, all more or less Roman in character. Some seem to have been market towns or posting stations located along Roman roads. Noteworthy are: London (Londinium) - purely Roman and probably did not exist before the coming of the Romans. Its inhabitants were highly Romanised and there are many indications that Latin was the spoken language. Towns such as Exeter and Canterbury were allowed to remain organised on a tribal basis with local government matters left in the hands of the tribal aristocracy. Even on such towns as these, however, Rome imposed her ideas of town planning. And Villas An adaptation of the Roman villa came to be a status symbol in Britain. These houses were not copies of those built in Italy at that time, nor were they normally the homes of Italians settled in Britain. They were the homes of native landowners. They contained such modern features as baths and central heating. Landowners who lived in these villas were better housed than any other Britons until the 17th century.
gratias. bene fecisti!

Join the Mouseketeer in Writing Down These Grammar Notes

Reflexive Pronouns These go back to the (he / she/ they) subject of the sentence e.g. Feles se necavit = The cat killed itself (= not another he) Demonstrative Adjectives / Pronouns: (pages 44-45) These can be used by themselves as a pronoun i.e standing for a noun. Or they can be used as an an adjective to describe a noun. See pronoun chart hic haec hoc = this ille illa illud = that iste ista istud = that of yours ipse ipsa ipsum = self i.e. himself/herself/yourself/myself . This does not add ANY meaning to the sentence. It is only used for EMPHASIS

Demonstrative adjective only:

A Little Bit of Humour For Those Who Know A Latin teacher ordered a bottle of Hock in a restaurant and while he was waiting for the waiter to bring it to him, he absent-mindedly declined the demonstrative adjective hic, haec, hoc, hunc, hanc, hoc ..... When the wine had still not arrived twenty minutes later, he called over the waiter, and asked, Didnt I order Hock? Yes, sir, you did, replied the witty waiter, but then you declined it.

32 Caesar Lands in Britain Caesar set sail from Gaul on 27th August 55BC and crossed to Dover Harbour. In the middle of the afternoon a westerly wind carried Caesars transports seven miles along the coast to a beach between Walmer Castle and Deal. It was here that the Romans forced their way ashore.

iam hiems paene erat, tamen Caesar in Britanniam ire contendit, quod Britanni auxilium hostibus nostris dabant. voluit modo insulam adire, genus hominum inspicere, loca, portus aditusque cognoscere, omnia quae Gallis erant incognita. nemo enim praetor mercatores ad Britanniam adire. nihil notum est praeter oram maritimam atque illas regiones, quae sunt contra Galliam. itaque Caesar iter ad locum fecit, qui brevissimum traiectum in Britanniam offerebat. huc naves undique convenire iussit. tertia vigilia naves solvit. equites in onerarias naves posuit et sequi iussit. hora diei quarta, Caesar cum primis navibus ad Britanniam pervenit. ibi in omnibus collibus copias armatas hostium conspexit. ubi igitur ventum et aestum uno tempore secundum obtinuit, signum dedit et ancoras sustulit. circiter septem milia passuum ab illo loco processit et naves in aperto et plano litore constitit.
Caesar, -aris (m) inspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum aditus, -us (m) Galllus, -i (m) incognitus, -a, -um Britannia, -ae (f) maritimus, -a, -um Gallia, -ae (f) Caesar to examine approach a Gaul not known Britain coastal Gaul traiectus, -us (m) crossing oneraria navis (f) transport boat sequi to follow aestus, -us (m) tide obtineo, -ere, -ui to obtain ancora, -ae (f) anchor tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum to lift up, raise planus, -a, -um flat, even

Gaius Julius Caesar The Way to Power Gaius Julius Caesar spent his life in the midst of political and military actions which led to the decline of the Roman Republic and to dictatorship and, shortly after his death, to the Roman Empire. At nineteen Caesar was captured by pirates and ransomed. While a captive he told the pirates that he would return and destroy them. He did. At the time of his birth (102 or 100BC) his uncle Marius had turned back an invasion of Teutonic tribes. Marius was the champion of the populares (popular party) and later engaged in civil wars with Sulla, the leader of the optimates (patrician party). Marius defeat meant danger for his nephew too, Yet, Caesar escaped and from 82 to 78BC he served with his army in Asia.

33 On his return to Rome, Caesar practiced law for a time, and then he studied oratory on the island of Rhodes. He really won his way into high office through his ability as an orator and by the courting of the people through lavish displays of generosity. In 68BC he was appointed quaestor in Spain. As such he was assistant to the governor and also gained experience in conducting military campaigns. As aedile in 65BC Caesar provided Rome with sumptuous spectacles and festivals. To do this he went heavily into debt, but the money was well spent. In 63BC the people showed Caesar their appreciation by electing him Pontifex Maximus. Caesar returned to Spain as praetor in 62BC and the following year he was governor of Farther Spain. Having thus complied with the cursus honorum he intended to run for the office of consul. Encountering opposition from the Senate he allied himself with Crassus, a man of great wealth and influence, and with the popular military leader Pompey. How To Make Your Millions Crassus Way One of the ways he got rich quick was to train up slaves to be builders and architects. When Crassus got whiff of a house on fire, hed rush around and offer the owner a deal not to be refused. The terrified owner usually sold up, as even a bad price was better than nothing. Crassus then had the fire put out and redeveloped the site for rent. The end result was eventually that Crassus owned a huge part of Rome and became its first millionaire.
Oh, dont be so crass!

The Death of Crassus Crassus had invaded Parthia (modern Iran and Iraq) with a huge force, but was defeated at the battle of Carrhae and the standards were lost. Twenty thousand Roman legionaries were killed and then thousand captured. Crassus head was taken to the king of Parthia who was watching a performance of a play that featured a decapitation. The leading actor resourcefully grabbed the generals head and used it as a prop! The First Triumvirate The marriage of Pompey to Caesars daughter, Julia, helped to cement relations between Caesar and Pompey. Caesar, Pompey and Crassus formed a coalition known as the First Triumvirate, for the purpose of dividing among them the government of the Roman world. Caesar became consul in 59BC, and in 55BC Pompey and Crassus shared the consulship. The same triumvirate secured the passage of laws that were to their advantage (These three generals defined the shape of Roman history down to the 40s BC. They all led armies, jockeyed for power, worked together and against each other depending on circumstances, and all had violent deaths). Pompey the Man! Pompey, the Great, was a legend in his own time and ever afterwards! Pompey had risen to the top through his own talents, having started off merely as an equestrian like Cicero. Pompey was the first equestrian to ride in a triumphal chariot, but his chariot was pulled by elephants, a sight never before seen in Rome. He cleared the Mediterranean of pirates and to commemorate this event, paraded a costly portrait of himself made in pearls. Was he the one who made precious stones and pearls fashionable? At the same time he introduced fluorspar (calcium fluoride) translucent ornamental vessels to Rome. He also had shipped to Rome from Greece an elementary computer which has only just been found.

34 The Three Gain Caesar was by now well established in the favour of the people. At the end of his consulship, passage by the Senate of the Lex Vatinia made Caesar, for the unusually long period of five years, governor of the three provinces: Illyricum, Cisalpine Gaul and Transalpine Gaul. This term was later extended to ten years when the triumvirate came to a new agreement at Luca in 56BC. He left for Gaul in 58BC with four legions, five staff officers legati and a quaestor. Pompey and Crassus also gained: becoming consuls in 55BC as mentioned above, followed by five year governorships of Spain and Syria respectively. were granted funds for powerful armies like Caesar. Caesars Strengths Caesars military ability was equal to his talent as a politician and statesman. his careful planning usually prevented unexpected crises; he could keep control of the situation, even when a crisis did arise -many later generals, among them Napoleon himself, have studied Caesars strategy, trying to learn from his he selected his subordinates for their ability, and then trusted them. His chief legatus, Labienus, was a gifted staff officer, to whom Caesar could confidently assign the most dangerous and difficult tasks. he led from the front the last military commander in history to do so Caesar and Pompey During the period from 58BC to 49BC Caesar extended his province by conquering and pacifying the whole of Gaul in a series of brilliant campaigns. He also crossed the Rhine into Germany and carried out two invasions of Britain. At the same time he was creating enemies in Rome who tried to block his candidacy for the consulship by persuading the Senate to insist that he should at first disband his army and come to Rome as a private citizen. By now Crassus had been killed in Syria and Pompey had joined the Senate in its opposition to Caesar -Julia had died in 54BC. Using as an excuse the fact that the Senate had acted unconstitutionally by passing its resolution in spite of opposition from the two tribunes of the people, Caesar led his army across the Rubicon, the boundary of his province. Thus began the civil war between Caesar and Pompey. Nowadays the phrase crossing the Rubicon is used to mean theres no going back, whatever the situation. Caesar drove Pompey and his other enemies from Italy and then pursued them to Greece where he defeated them at Pharsalus in 48BC. Pompey fled to Egypt where he was assassinated. However Caesar had to inflict further defeats on the Senatorial parties in Africa and Spain before he could regard himself as undisputed master of Rome. Caesar the Dictator During his few years as dictator Caesar brought much needed stability to the empire after many years of conflict between ambitious generals who had used their military might for their own advancement. It had become quite clear the Republican constitution which had worked so well while Romes power was confined to Italy was no longer suited to an empire which extended over much of the known world. Caesar introduced several laws which improved the situation by providing stronger central government. He did not call himself king (a title detested by the Romans) but in the eyes of many he was monarch in all but name, undoubtedly he thought he was saving Rome from anarchy. A plot was formed against him by some committed Republicans who neither trusted nor understood him. Though

35 jealousy motivated some of them, there is no doubt that others, including his friend Brutus, were honest patriots, hoping to revive the Republic. Brutus was actually very ruthless -he had got himself exempt from a cap on interest rates, lent out money at a ruinous 48% to people and then reinforced repayments by murdering city councillors. The Death of Pompey Pompeys end was not great! He might have preferred the honourable option of committing suicide than what he got. He was murdered in Egypt by Pothinus and Achillas, two members of the Egyptian court of the pro-Caesar boy-king Ptolemy XIII. He was killed and his head severed on the shores of Egypt. Caesar turned up in hot pursuit only to be proudly shown Pompeys head. Ptolemy hoped this would please Caesar and support him in his dispute with his sister Cleopatra. He got that wrong. Caesar was disgusted at Pompeys treatment and had Pothinus executed. He placed Cleopatra on the Egyptian throne by giving the crown to her other brother Ptolemy XIV whom she married (brother sister marriages were normal for Egyptian rulers. Fortunately for Caesar Ptolemy was killed in an attempt to attack the Roman force Caesar had brought with him. For good measure Cleopatra became Caesars mistress and had a son by him, Caesarion.

Cleopatra

Pompeys Death Latin Version

ubi Pompeius ad Aegyptum navigabat, silentium subito eum commovit. tamen timorem sermone celare temptavit. se vertit ad Septimium, centurionem, nonne, inquit, te cognovi? nonne quondam simul militabamus? Septimius tacite adnuit. silentium iterum cadere incepit, donec ad litus pervenerunt. Pompeius surgere voluit et manum Philippi, liberti sui, prensavit, sed Septimius eum gladio necavit. Pompeius intellexit se moriturum esse. faciem toga velavit et omnes ictus fortiter accepit. tum in harenam mortuus cecidit. sic Pompeius, Romanus insignis mortuus est.
Aegyptus, -i (f) silentium, -i (n) Septimius, -i (m) donec Pompeius, - (m) Philippus, -i (m) dies natalis (m) prenso, -are sermo, -onis (m) Egypt silence Septimius until Pompey Philippus birthday to take hold of conversation milito, -are adnuo, -ere, -ui harena, -ae (f) velo, -are Pompeius, - (m) sexagisimus-a-um sollicitudo, -inis (f) ictus, -us (m) to be soldiers to nod sand to cover Pompey sixtieth worry strike/blow

36 Conquering the Mediterranean The feat of conquering the Mediterranean is a mind blowing achievement. No other society ancient or modern has managed anything like it. The Egyptians were not able to; the Greeks were never united and did not have a political system that even rivalled Romes to be able to and were conquered themselves by the Romans in 168BC.

non sum stultus!

Latin Alive Today

Anatomical Names Germany appointed a group of experts who devised after seven years a much needed consistent system of names for the parts of the body. Each part was given only one name and related parts were given names that were similar. All the names were in Latin and were grammatically correct. This list was adopted by the Swiss Anatomical Society at Basle and published in 1895. Since then it has been adopted by all countries and used internationally. Fibula, directly from the Latin fibula, a Roman clothing clasp or brooch: in essence, an ancient safety pin. The fibula and the tibia of the leg, when taken together, represent the clasp with the much thinner fibula representing the clasp's pin.

Roman fibula (clasp) ca. 3rd-4th century A.D.

The bone on the left is the fibula.

Omina Noctis Omens of the Night The Romans were a superstitious lot, spending much time examining their dreams for possible omens sent by the gods. The poet Tibullus commented that the human race is doomed to worry. The Romans saw dreams as having a curious knack of foretelling the future: Pliny the Elder investigated the case of a soldier who contracted a serious illness from a dog-bite, but was cured by the application of a remedy revealed to his mother in a dream. Augustus was saved at Philippi by a timely dream which advised him not to stay sick in his tent (he was prone to illness). The dream proved true as the camp was surprised and his tent cut to pieces.

37 Cleopatra and Caesar

Caesar, postquam Pompeium Magnum in bello civile superaverat, dictator factus est. Pompeius ad Aegyptum fugit. ibi Pothinus, libertus Ptolemaei, eum necavit. Caesar igitur Ptolemaeo non credebat. itaque, Caesar Alexandriam advenit et Cleopatram arcessivit. sed difficile erat Cleopatrae ad Caesarem venire, quod milites Ptolemaei vias urbis complebant. Alexandria tamen canales habebat; nam flumen, quod per urbem fluebat, in multos rivos dividit. itaque Cleopatra in scapham conscendit et cum uno comite (Apollodorus) ad aulam Ptolemaei navigavit. postquam Cleopatra in tapeta se convolverat, Apollodorus eam in umeros sustulit et ad Caesarem portavit. hic dolus Caesarem valde delectavit.
Caesar, -aris (m) Pompeius Magnus (m) civilis, -is, -e Aegyptus, -i (f) Pothimus, -i (m) Ptlolemaeus, -i (m) Alexandria, -ae (f) Caesar Pompey the Great civil Egypt Pothinus Ptolemy Alexandria Cleopatra, -ae (f) canal, -is (m) rivus, -i (m) Apollodorus, -i (m) scapha, -ae (f) aula, -ae (f) tapeta, -ae (m) convolvo, -ere Cleopatra canal stream Apollodorus little boat palace carpet to roll up

David Beckhams Latin Tattoos David Beckham has many tattoos on this body. He has attributed the many tattoos to his obsessive-compulsive disorder, and claims to be addicted to the pain of the needle.

April 2002 - Roman numeral VII (7) on his right forearm. May 2003 - Latin phrase "Perfectio In Spiritu", meaning "Spiritual Perfection", on his right arm. May 2003 - More Latin, "Ut Amem Et Foveam" or "So That I Love And Cherish", on his left arm. 2003 - Classical art design on his right shoulder

38

Picture from the book How to Insult, Abuse and Insinuate in Classical Latin: Michelle Lovric, Nikiforos Doxiadis Mardas Cleopatra and Mark Antony Cleopatra declares that she can beat Mark Antony in a competition to see who can consume the most expensive dinner party dish.

postquam Antonius cibum exquisitum in mensas posuerat: quid melius est, inquit, quam haec cena? tamen Cleopatra, quae duas margaritas maximas possidebat, respondit: ego centiens HS in una cena edere possum. postridie, Cleopatra et Antonius sponsiones inter se fecerunt. tum Cleopatra cenam magnificam in mensas posuit. Antonius ridens pretium cenae postulavit. Cleopatra ei respondit: haec cena adhuc tibi donum est. mox ego sola centiens HS edam. itaque Cleopatra servos suos iussit mensam secundam ferre. servi ante eam posuerunt vas aceti quod acetum margaritas dissolvere poterat. tum Cleopatra removit unam margaritam e duabus, quae de auribus pendebant. deinde margaritam in acetum imposuit et bibit. iudex tamen sponsionis, amicus Antonii, alteram margaritam cepit, quam Cleopatra etiam bibere parabat, et clamavit, Cleopatra Antonium superavit.
margarita, -ae (f) Cleopatra, -ae (f) Antonius, -i (m) exquisitus, -a, -um magnificentia, -ae (f) centiens HS sponsio, -ionis (f) vas, vasis (n) acetum, -i (n) dissolvo, -vere, -vi, -utum pearl Cleopatra (queen of Egypt) Antony (a mans name) exquisite, choice magnificence 100 thousand sesterces bet dish vinegar to dissolve

39 The Death of Cleopatra and Antony Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium 31 BC and becomes sole ruler of the Roman world.

Antonius, qui Asiam et Orientem tenebat, Cleopatram, reginam Aegypti, uxorem duxit. inde ingens bellum civile excitavit. Cleopatra, quae cupiebat etiam in urbe Roma regnare, auxilium dabat. Octavianus autem Antonium in pugna navali apud Actium, qui locus in Epiro est, superavit. tum Antonius in Aegyptum fugit. omnes milites eius ad Octavianum transierunt. ipse se gladio necavit. Cleopatra post mortem Antonii aspidem ad pectus suum applicavit et veneno eius mortua est. ita Octavianus, postquam bella per totum orbem confecit, Romam rediit, et rempublicam per quadraginta et quattuor annos solus regnavit.
Antonius, -i (m) Asia, -ae (f) Oriens, -tis (m) Cleopatra, -ae (f) civilis, -is, -e Octavianus, -i (m) Antony Asia East Cleopatra civil Octavian navalis, -is, -e Actium, -i (n) Epirus, -i (m) aspis, -dis (f) pectus, -oris (n) applico, -are naval Actium Epirus asp breast to apply

videre est credere

Omens of Caesars Death The Romans loved the idea of bad and good omens and especially liked to watch out for clues through soothsayers that bad things were coming. Caesar is said to have sacrificed an animal that turned out to have no heart, but much more ominously a soothsayer, named Spurinna, warned him that some great danger would come to him not later than the Ides of March. Caesar had a dream he was in heaven, and on the morning of 15th March, he hesitated to go out, leaving late.

40 A Soldier s Solution Does Not Work.

Manlius arma sua semper curabat, quod centurio omnes milites arma curare iusserat. cotidie igitur Manlius gladium purgabat et poliebat, sed gladium splendidum facere non poterat. galea erat sordida, quoque scutum. tandem Manlius arma ad centurionem tulit. caudex! inquit centurio, haec arma sunt sordidissima. volo meam faciem sicut in speculo videre. noli redire nisi cum armis bene nitidis! deinde centurio Manlium verberavit. Manlius dolore motus, celeriter fugit. tandem ad contubernium festinavit et amicum petivit. salve, inquit. arma tua splendidissima semper sunt. da mihi tua arma. mox Manlius ad centurionem revenit et ei arma ostendit. hercle, inquit centurio, haec arma sunt splendidissima. mea facies sicut in speculo videre possum. tu bene fecisti. dehinc semper tua arma tam bene polita videre volo.
Manlius, -i (m) purgo, -are, -avi, -atum polio, -ire, -ivi, -itum galea, -ae (f) sordidus, -a, -um caudex, -icis (m) Manlius to clean to polish helmet dirty blockhead speculum, -i (n) nitidus, -a, -um contubernium, -i (n) hercle (adv) dehinc (adv) politus, -a, -um mirroir shining bright tent by Hercules from now on polished

Revision - The Roman Legionary 1. gladius 2. lorica 3. pugio 4. pilum 5. caligae 6. bracae / fasciae 7. galea 8. scutum 9. umbo 10. cingulum 11. balteus

41 Caesars Assassination as Reported by Suetonius These warnings and a touch of ill health, made him hesitate for some time whether to go ahead with his plans, or whether to postpone the meeting. Finally Decimus Brutus persuaded him not to disappoint the Senate, who had been in full session for an hour or more, waiting for him to arrive. It was about ten oclock when he set off for the House. As he went, someone handed him a note containing details of the plot against his life, but he merely added it to the bundle of petitions in his left hand, which he intended to read later. Several victims were then sacrificed, and despite consistently unfavourable omens, he entered the House, deriding Spurinna the soothsayer as predicting falsely. The Ides of March have come, replied Spurinna, but they have not yet gone. As soon as Caesar took his seat, the conspirators crowded around him as if to pay their respects. Tillius Cimber, who had taken the lead, came up close, pretending to ask a question. Caesar made a gesture of postponement, but Cimber caught hold of his shoulders. This is violence! Caesar cried, and at that moment one of the Casca brothers slipped behind him and with a sweep of his dagger stabbed him just below the throat. Caesar grasped Cascas arm and ran it through with his stylus; he was leaping away when another dagger caught him in the breast. Confronted by a ring of drawn daggers, he drew the top of his gown over his face, and at the same time ungirded the lower part, letting it fall to his feet so that he would die with both legs decently covered. Twenty three dagger thrusts went home as he stood there. Caesar did not utter a sound after Cascas blow had drawn a groan from him; though some say that when he saw Marcus Brutus about to deliver the second blow, he reproached him in Greek with: You too, my son? The Murder of Caesar

simulac Caesar sedebat, conspirati eum circumvenerunt. statim Tillius Cimber ei appropinquavit, quasi aliquid rogare volebat, sed Caesar aliud tempus proposuit. Cimber togam Caesaris apprehendit qui clamavit sed haec vis est. tum alius e conspiratis Caesarem paulum infra iugulum vulneravit. dum Caesar surgere temptabat, aliud vulnus accipit. omnes enim conspirati pugionibus strictis eum petebant. itaque Caesar toga caput obvolvit atque ita tribus et viginti plagas tacitus accepit. postquam conspirati effugerunt, Caesar aliquamdiu iacebat, donec servi eum domum rettulerunt.
Caesar, -aris (m) conspiratus, -i (m) Tillius Cimber (m) propono, -ere, -sui, -situm apprehendo, -ere, -di, -sum pugio, -ionis (m) strictus, -a, -um Caesar conspirator Tillius Cimber to suggest to seize dagger drawn paulum (adv) a little infra (+acc) below iugulum, -i (n) throat toga, -ae (f) toga obvolvo, -ere, vi,utum to cover over plaga, -ae (f) blow aliquamdiu (adv) for some time donec (conjunc) until

42 The Key Roman Competencies There must be ideals and standards existing in a society or a satirist cannot measure a decline, and point out how far behaviour falls short of what it should be, not that the Roman satirists ever set out to improve the society they were making fun of. Early Repbulican Rome certainly had standards, based on values which the later Romans believed had made their city great. The believed loss of these values during the late Repbulic and early Empire was often lamented. The key concept was duty, the Latin pietas, owed by Romans as their duty to: gods state family and followers. Pie Jesu Complete text of the Andrew Lloyd Webber version: Pie (the vocative of the word pius) is conventionally translated as "sweet", but normally means "dutiful," "godly," "faithful", or "kind." Requiem (accusative of requies) is often translated as "peace", although that would be pacem, as in "Dona nobis pacem" (Give us peace). Pie Jesu (4x) Qui tollis peccata mundi Dona eis requiem (2x) Agnus dei (4x) Qui tollis peccata mundi Dona eis requiem (2x) Sempiternam (2x) Kind Jesus You, who takes away the sins of the world, Grant them rest. Lamb of God You, who takes away the sins of the world, Grant them rest. Eternal (rest).

A Roman must honour the gods show courage and skill in war, and be willing to sacrifice his life for the common good control and care for his family. Roman nobles had in addition to serve the state through a career as a magistrate and senator. This was called a life in the sun as opposed to a life in the shade that of a writer look after dependents, such as clients clientes as their patronus Values of Rome Personal qualities were also highly regarded. Courage was expected in all situations. Also important were: temperance moderation in all things. thrift extravagance was frowned on honesty lying and stealing were unacceptable self-control obedience to authority loyalty to family and state a sense of fairness and justice an awareness of personal dignity and honour generosity to the poor, the weak and to those defeated in war

43 Compare the Values from the NZ Curriculum Students will be encouraged to value:

excellence, by aiming high and by persevering in the face of difficulties innovation, inquiry, and curiosity, by thinking critically, creatively, and reflectively diversity, as found in our different cultures, languages, and heritages equity, through fairness and social justice community and participation for the common good ecological sustainability, which includes care for the environment integrity, which involves being honest, responsible, and accountable and acting ethically and to respect themselves, others, and human rights.

Latin Used Today pro bono publico for the public gooda legal term used today that refers to work that is done without charge in the public interest. A lawyer takes a pro bono case and does not receive payment. mutatis mutandis with those things having been changed that need to be changed a term from law and commerce today that notes that changes have been made to a previous document. sine qua non without which not this was first said by Aristotle and has since passed into legal terminology to refer to an indespensable condition. sub rosa under the rose is a legal term that comes from classical mythology where Venus, the goddess of love, gave a rose to her son Cupid who in turn passed it to the god of silence, Harpocrates, to ensure that the gods various indiscretions were kept silent. In medieval times a rose was hung from the ceiling of a court, to ensure that proceedings were kept confidential. Also people who wanted their meetings to be confidential hung a red rose on the door and people gave their lovers a rose not to mention love but to ask them to keep their affair confidential until the time is right. sum univira! bonorum possessio the possession of goods Roman women had more privileges than women in other ancient societies. By Roman law a widow was entitled to her dead husbands property. If there were children then she had to divide it equally.

44 Service to the State When Caesars troops were landing in Britain they had to jump down from their ships amid the waves carrying their full gear and fight off the enemy who were attacking them from the shore at the same time. When the men hang back the standard bearer of the 10th legion urges them on to do their duty to the state.

nostri milites cunctabantur propter altitudinem maris. ille, qui aquilam decimae legionis ferebat, desilite inquit, milites, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere: ego certo meum officium reipublicae atque imperatori fecero. postquam hoc cum magna voce dixit, se ex navi proiecit et aquilam in hostes ferre coepit. tum nostri milites universi in eodem modo ex nave desiluerunt.
cunctabantur altitudo, -inis (f) prodo, -ere, prodidi, -ditum they were delaying depth to betray universus, -a, -um altogether

WILFRED OWENS

Dulce et Decorum Est

Best Known Poem of the First World War

Wilfred Owen took these words from an ode by Horace. They mean "It is sweet and right." The full saying is dulce et decorum est pro patria mori - it is sweet and right to die for your country. In other words, it is a wonderful and great honour to fight and die for your country. This memorial arch from Otago Boys High School has the words above carved into its archway.

Roman Law and the Twelve Tables (Duodecim Tabulae) During the very early days of the Republic, the Romans drew up and wrote down their first laws set up in the Forum on twelve bronze tablets and called the Twelve Tables of Laws. They were the basis of Roman law for most of Republican Rome. In Justinians time (528AD) they were re-organised, with more added, and written into the Corpus Iuris Civile, a work still in use today. Here are some excerpts: interest on a loan should not exceed one twelfth part of the principal per year; anyone will be punished who by spells causes anothers crops to fail; anyone committing a robbery by night may be lawfully killed by the owner of the premises; a father can imprison, beat, or keep at hard labour, sell or even kill his son; an obviously deformed child must be put to death; if run-off [from someone else's property] does damage, he shall be made to fix it; the penalty shall be death for a judge or arbiter legally appointed who has been found guilty of receiving a bribe for giving a decision;

45 useless and extravagant funerals are forbidden. No gold ornaments can be buried with the body; no dead man may be cremated nor buried in the City. anyone can go to anothers property and pick up the fruit that has fallen from his OWN tree; marriages between plebeians and patricians are prohibited men in the army may not wed until training is complete.

In the early days of the Republic, there were no lawyers. In fact there were no lawyers before the Romans. They have given the Western world their legal institutions today. In the 5th century BC the Greeks made oratory part of the curriculum and thus began rhetoric and the art of persuasion. During Roman times the orators and rhetoricians, who had undertaken tertiary education, were iuris prudentes wise men of the law. These men were not like our lawyers today. They did not appear in court to plead cases. During the early days of Rome, private citizens were still pleading their own cases. But soon helpers appeared advocati called to, who provided expert advice. Later in the 2nd century BC the advocate also known as causidicii, were allowed to speak for their clients. While the iuris prudentes remained respected for their learning and impartiality the causidicii became iustitia famous and received their income from grateful clients. In the great public trials, like the ones in which Cicero became famous, his role was more akin to that of an orator than to the role of a modern solicitor.

Ovid and Martial Comment The law acknowledges the angry man, but the angry man does not acknowledge the law. As Ovid says: Suppress your anger and you can overcome anything. Martial said: You cannot escape derision by deriding others. He also said: if you ridicule another and then in turn are ridiculed, you are twice at fault: first, for the whispered dirt; second, for the obvious truth.
finis!

Join the Mouseketeer in Writing Down These Grammar Notes

Present Participles These are formed from the PRESENT STEM of any verb see chart at back for how to find the present stem if you cannot remember. Turn each stem into a 3rd declension adjective by adding _____ns, ntis e.g. laborans, -ntis; sede + ns, -ntis; audiens, -ntis ENGLISH MEANING = ________ing / while _____ ing e.g. laborans, -ntis = working / while working ; sedens, -ntis = sitting / while sitting N. B. Present participles are like adjectives so they must agree with the NOUN in number, gender and case!! Find the present participle in the next story!

46

Charlotte Higgins of the Guardian Comments on Barack Obama: the new Cicero
When he accepted the Democratic party nomination, he did so before a stagey backdrop of doric columns. Republicans said this betrayed delusions of grandeur: this was a temple out of which Obama would emerge like a self-styled Greek god. (Steve Bell also discerned Romanness in the image, and drew Obama for this paper as a toga-ed emperor.) In fact, the resonance of those pillars was much more complicated than the Republicans would have it. They recalled the White House, which itself summoned up visual echoes of the Roman republic, on whose constitution that of the US is based. They recalled the Lincoln Memorial, before which Martin Luther King delivered his "I have a dream" speech. They recalled the building on which the Lincoln Memorial is based - the Parthenon. By drawing us symbolically to Athens, we were located at the very birthplace of democracy. AND More than once, the adjective that has been deployed to describe Obama's oratorical skill is "Ciceronian". Cicero, the outstanding Roman politician of the late republic, was certainly the greatest orator of his time, and one of the greatest in history. A fierce defender of the republican constitution, his criticism of Mark Antony got him murdered in 43BC. AND Like Cicero, he is a lawyer and man of letters. Like Cicero, he is a "new man" from outside the traditional political aristocracy. And, like Cicero, Barack Obama knows all the tricks of the rhetorical trade.

Verginius Pleads for His Daughter Appius Claudius falls for the beautiful Verginia. To get her he declares she belongs as a slave to one of his clients. Verginius, the girls father pleads his daughters case in the forum supported by a group of women, but when he sees he cannot win, he kills her to save her from dishonour.

tum Verginius, ubi nihil usquam auxilii vidit, ab lanio cultrum rapit. te in hoc uno modo inquit, quo possum, filia, in libertatem mitto. pectus deinde puellae transfigit et ad tribunal respectans te inquit, Appi, tuumque caput sanguine hoc consecro.
Verginius, -i (m) lanius, -i (m) culter, tri (m) pectus, -oris (n) Verginius butcher knife chest, breast transfigo, -ere, -fixi, -fictum tribunal, -alis (n) respectans Appius, -i (m) consecro, -are, -avi, atum to pierce platform looking back Appius to curse

47 Answers: How Much English Do You Know? In the left hand column are 40 English words that are derived from Latin words in this unit. Choose and write down the word or phrase from the other columns that best gives its English meaning. dignified / decent addictive giving out decomposing 1 decorous 2 praiseworthy loud aggressive responsive laudable 3 burdensome easily borne distinctive decorative onerous 4 necrosis death of a sister death of piece of labelling instinct to kill tissue 5 upper class lack of money smallness of mediocre paucity number 6 first -rate of a trumpet compulsory of ones own will voluntary 7 being wise thinking over being aware secretive cognisant 8 add up reduce to nothing consider write notes annihilate 9 loyalty precision insurance emission of light fidelity 10 odious poisonous proper smelly hateful 11 humility hill-top humbleness 12 fugitive runaway prisoner pensioner dependent 13 ventilate blow away causing air to pump up causing rain circulate 14 retain hold in place blow up win back put up 15 pugnacious cowardly squashed in likes to fight likes sport 16 vulnerable remarkable like a baby weak easily wounded 17 dolorous smelly discoloured painful name of girl 18 audacious forgiven daring hard of hearing cheerful 19 corpulent bulky of body army officer capital type of guard 20 desperate robber hopeful with no hope calm 21 verbose full of humour full of words empty mischievous 22 juvenile of a youth in court sickly funny 23 sumptuous impoverished foul sparing no expense reserved 24 incipient ending never seen taken in beginning 25 punitive hostile giving punishment angry very small 26 dismiss send away speak rudely long letter far away 27 plurality being only one lung infection large number corkscrew 28 pecuniary of cattle of the heart legal of money 29 insular taped up heat resistant of an island left alone 30 ridicule of a lion of a play despairing making fun of 31 vespers motorbike evening prayers cooking dish sermon 32 morbid unwholesome deadly happy not clever 33 oppress publish surround lift up overwhelm 34 brevity flying club shortness lack of breath meekness 35 vigil writers pen keeping calm keeping awake short letter name 36 auxiliary helpful to of the military reasonable sent off 37 simultaneous at the same time pretending loud useful 38 equestrian upper class questionable of horses of like mind 39 littoral legible of the shore of the alphabet planetary 40 aperture starter order clothing opening

48 VERB ENDINGS

Active Verbs:
e.g. amo, amAre, amavi, amatum sedEO, sedEre, sedi, sessum regO, regEre, rexi, rectum audio, audIre, audivi, auditum to love to sit to rule to hear

Conjugation
=1 =2 =3 =4

Endings add to PRESENT stem = remove re from infinitive (2nd part of verb)

Endings add to PERFECT stem = = remove i from 3rd part of verb

Person Present Meaning am/is/are 1st (I) 2nd s.

(you)

Future
will/shall -----

Imperf
was/were ..ing/ used to ----

Perfect
---ed/ has--ed

Fut. Perf
will have --ed

Pluperf
had ---ed

-..ing/ I ---

-o/eo -s -t -mus -tis -nt/unt

-bo -bis -bit -bimus -bitis -bunt

-am -es -et -emus -etis -ent

-bam -bas -bat -bamus -batis -bant

-i -isti -it -imus -istis -erunt

-ero -eris -erit -erimus -eritis -erint

-eram -eras -erat -eramus -eratis -erant

3rd

(he/she/it) 1st (we) 2nd pl (you) 3rd (they)

NB. In Conjugation 3 the present stem changes in PRESENT TENSE only from rege regi Present tense = rego, regis, regit, regimus, regitis, regunt

49 Irregular Verbs

Irregular Verbs pluperfect Verb

English Present Present Eng fut Future Eng imperf Imperfect

These are regular in the perfect, future perf and volo, velle, volui to want

sum, esse, fui to possum, posse, potui - to be be able

I am, you are, he/she is we are. you are, they are sum ,es, est sumus,estis,sunt I will be, you will be etc ero, eris, erit erimus, eritis, erunt I was, you were, he/she/it was etc eram, eras, erat eramus, eratis, erant I can, you can, he/she/it can we can, you can, they can

I want, you want, he/she/it wants we want, you want, they want possum, potes, potest volo, vis, vult, possumus, potestis, possunt volumus, vultis, volunt I will be able, you will be able etc I will want, you will want etc potero, poteris, poterit poterimus, poteritis, poterint I was able, you were able etc poteram, poteras, poterat, poteramus, poteratis, poterant volam, voles, volet, volemus, voletis, volent I was wanting, you were wanting etc volebam, volebas, volebat volebamus, volebatis, volebant

Verb
English Present Present Eng fut Future Eng imperf Imperfect

nolo, nolle, nolui to refuse

I refuse, you refuse etc nolo, non vis, non vult nolumus, non vultis, nolunt I will refuse, you will refuse etc nolam, noles, nolet nolemus, noletis, nolent I was refusing, you were refusing etc nolebam, nolebas, nolebat nolebamus, nolebatis, nolebant

malo, malle, malui to prefer

I prefer, you prefer etc malo, mavis, mavult malumus, mavultis, malunt I will prefer, you will prefer etc malam, males, malet, malemus, maletis, malent I was preferring, you were preferring etc malebam, malebas, malebat malebamus, malebatis, malebant

fero, ferre, tuli, latum to carry/bear/bring

I bring, you bring etc fero, fers, fert ferimus, fertis, ferunt I will bring, you will bring etc feram, feres, feret, feremus, feretis, ferent I was bringing, you were bringing etc ferebam, ferebas, ferebat, ferebamus, ferebatis, ferebant

Verb
English Present Present Eng fut Future

eo, ire, ii, itum to go

I go, you go etc eo, is, it imus, itis, eunt I will go, you will go etc ibo, ibis, ibit, ibimus, ibitis, ibunt English Imperfect Imperfect I was going, you were going etc ibam, ibas, ibat ibamus, ibatis, ibant

NB . Compounds of these irregular verbs follow the above pattern

50

Noun Endings
Signposts . mensa, mensAE dominus, dominI civis, civIS genu, genUS res, rEI f m m n f table master citizen knee thing Declension =1 =2 =3 =4 =5 Noun Stem mensdomincivgenr-

Singular
The two parts given of a noun are the nominative and genitive. The nominative & vocative endings are the same except for Decl 2 masc. Th other case endings add the to the noun stem.

Case Nom (subject) Voc (to address

someone) Acc (object0 Gen (s/s /of ) Dat (to/for with verbs of speaking /giving)

Decl 1 -a -a -am -AE -ae -a

Decl 2
masc neuter

Decl 3 -um -um -um -I -o -o -is/us/tas/tudo -is/us/tas/tudo -em -IS -i -e

Neut

Decl 4
m/f neut

Decl 5 -u -u -es -es

-us/er -e /er -um

-us -us -um -US -ui -u

-u -em -US -EI -u -ei -u -e

Abl

(by/with/from)

I*
* Decl 3 Neuter nouns: ending in e/al/ar have both dative and abl in i

Plural
Neuter nouns have nom, voc, acc, cases the same. The plural neuter ending for these cases isA. Increasing declension 3 nouns (rex, regis) have genitive plural in UM except for nouns which have a nominative ending in 2 consonants mons, pons, urbs, nox, arx, frons, fons, dens Non Increasing declension 3 nouns (civis, civis) have genitive plural in IUM except for the happy family - senex, iuvenis, frater, pater, mater.

Case Nom (subject) Voc (to address

someone) Acc (object0 Gen (s/s /of ) Dat (to/for with verbs of speaking/giving) Abl (by/with/from)

Decl 1 -ae -ae -as -arum -is

Decl 2
masc neuter

Decl 3
m/f neut

Decl 4
m/f neut

Decl 5 -ua -ua -es -es -es -erum -ebus

-i -i -os

-a -a -a -orum -is

-es -es

ia/a ia/a

-us -us

-es ia/a -ium/um -ibus

-us -ua -uum -ibus

-is

-is

-ibus

-ibus

-ebus

51

Declension 1 & 2 Adjectives

e.g. bonus, bona bonum miser, misera, miserum good unhappy

Adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in number, gender and case.

Singular

Plural

Case

Masc
Declines like a Decl 2 masc singular noun.

Fem
Declines like a Decl 1 singular noun.

Neut
Declines like a Decl 2 masc singular noun.

Masc
Declines like a Decl 2 masc plural noun.

Fem
Declines like a Decl 1 singular noun.

Neuter
Declines like a Decl 2 masc plural noun.

Nom Voc Acc Gen Dat Abl

-us/er -e/er -um -i -o -o

-a -a -am -ae -ae -a

-um -um -um -i -o -o

-i -i -os -orum -is -is

-ae -ae -as -arum -is -is stem

-a -a -a -orum -is -is

Declension 3 Adjectives
e.g. tristis, -e celer, celeris, celere acer, cris, cre felix, felicis sad fast fierce happy tristceleracrfelic-

Declension 3 adjectives decline like a Decl 3 noun -civis, -is, but the dative and ablative singular both end in i. Adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in number, gender and case.
Singular Plural

Case Nom Voc Acc Gen Dat Abl

Masc Fem Neut -is/er/felix -is/er/felix -e/felix -is/er/felix -is/er/felix -e/felix -em/felicem -is/felicis -i/felici -i/felici

Masc

Fem -es -es -es -ium -ibus -ibus

Neuter -ia -ia -ia

52

Comparative Adjectives
These decline like the Decl 3 noun rex, regis. ior marks it as a comparative adjective. The neuter singular = -ius.and the dative and ablative singular have and i and an e respectively.
Singular Plural

Case Nom Voc Acc Gen Dat Abl

Masc

Fem -ior -ior -iorem -ioris -iori -iore

Neut -ius -ius -ius

Masc

Fem -iores -iores -iores -iorum -ioribus -ioribus

Neuter -ioria -ioria -ioria

Superlative Adjectives
These add issimus/errimus/illimus a um to the stem

Personal Pronouns Singular Case Nom Acc Gen Dat

NB Latin English Latin English Latin English I you (sing) se himself/herself/itself tu me you himself/herself/itself te se It is not necessary to learn this part at this stage to me to you to himself/herself etc tibi sibi by/from te by/from by/from se me me himself/herself etc with me tecum with you secum with himself/herself

ego me mihi me mecum

Plural Case Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl

NB Latin

nos nos nobis nobis nobiscum

English Latin English Latin English we you (pl) themselves vos se us you themselves vos se It is not necessary to learn this part at this stage to us to you to themselves vobis sibi by/from vobis by/from by/from themselves se us you with us vobiscum with you secum with themselves

53

Possessive Adjectives
English my your (sing) Singular Latin meus, -a, -um tuus, -a, -um English our your (plural) their e.g. mi fili = my son Plural Latin noster, nostra, nostrum vester, vestra, vestrum suus, -a, -um

his/her/its suus, -a, -um (going back to subject) NB. meus, -a, um has vocative singular mi

Relative Pronouns
The relative pronoun refers BACK to the last noun and takes its gender and number from that noun. Its case is determined according to its function in the relative clause. Meanings = who/which/that. NB Genitive = of whom/whose; dative = towhom/that

Singular Case Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl

Masc Fem Neuter Masc

Plural
Fem Neuter

qui quem quo

quae quam cuius cui qua is, ea, id

quod quod quo

qui quos quorum

quae quas quarum quibus quibus

quae quae quorum

e.g. puer, quem heri vidi, adest.

= The boy, whom I saw yesterday, is here.

he/she/it or that--- Singular

This can be used as a pronoun standing instead of a m/f/n noun. It can also be used as an adjective + noun with the meaning of that---.

Case Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl

Masc

is eum

English he/it him/it

Fem

ea eam eius ei

English she/it she/it

Neut

id id

English it it

of him/his/of her/her/of it/its to him/to her/to it by/from her/it

eo

by/from him/it

ea

eo

by/from it

Plural Case Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl

Masc

ei eos eorum

English they them of them

Fem

eae eas earum eis eis

English they them of them

Neut

ea ea eorum

English those things those things of them/ of those things

to them/those things by/with/from them/those things

54

hic, haec, hoc this man/woman/thing or this---

This can be used as a pronoun or used as an adjective + noun with the meaning of this

Singular Case Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl hoc

Masc

hic hunc

English this man /this.. this man /this

Fem

haec

hanc huius huic

English this woman/this this woman/this

Neut

hoc hoc

English this thing /this this thing /this

of this man/woman/thing/ of this. to this man/woman/thing/to this by/from by/from this hac hoc this man /this woman/ this

by/from this thing /this

Plural Case Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl

Masc

hi hos horum

English these men/ these these men / these of these men/ of these

Fem

hae has harum his

English these women /these these women/ these of these women/ of these

Neut

haec haec horum

English these things /these these things/ these of these things/ of these

to these men/women/things

his
by/with/from these men/women/things

55

ille, illa, illud that man/woman/thing or that---

This can be used as a pronoun or used as an adjective + noun with the meaning of that

Singular Case Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl illo

Masc

ille illum

English that man /that.. that man /that

Fem

illa illam illius

English that woman/ that that woman/ that

Neut

illud illud

English that thing / that that thing/ that

of that man/woman/thing/ of that.

illi
to that man/woman/thing/to that by/from that by/from that illa illo man /that woman/ that by/from that thing /that

Plural Case Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl

Masc

illi illos illorum

English those men/ those those men / those of those men/ of those

Fem

illae illas illarum illis

English those women /those those women/ those of those women/ of those

Neut

illa illa illorum

English those things /those those things/ those of those things/ of those

to those men/women/things

illis
by/with/from those men/women/things