Chapter II

Unpacking the Self

Introduction
"Man is a transitional being? This body is a bridge." (Sri Arubindo).

Physical self refers to the body, a marvellous container and complex, finely tuned,
machine with which we interface with our environment and fellow beings. The Physical self is
the concrete dimension, the tangible aspect of the person that can be directly observed and
examined. 
William James considered body as the initial source of sensation and necessary for
the origin and maintenance of personality. It is an element of spiritual hygiene of supreme
significance.

The body was designed to move and work. Bodies love to be active. It allows you to
act in the external world, it is an extremely important part of yourself. Your body, your
emotions, and your thought form a whole that differentiates you from everyone else.

Nowadays, the media, advertisements, and society are so powerful that they can
make girls look like a model or make boys to become attractive as Hollywood actors. The
body is the best piece of technology we have. You want to change a part of it? Well of
course, everything can be improved. But that doesn’t mean you have to despise what is
already is. Physical self esteem accept your body . https://exploringyourmind.com/physical-self-esteem-
accept-body/retrieved July 4, 2019

5 The Physical Self

At the end of the lesson, the student must have:
1. understood the transfer of characteristic which is essential to the development of
the physical self;
2. appreciated the physical characteristics acquired from parents;
3. examined one’s self as impacted by the physical appearance;
4. discussed the effect of body image in self esteem;
5. give importance on a positive attitude in the development of self esteem;
6. make a plan of the activity on how to improved body image and self
esteem.
 A. The Self as Impacted by the Body

ACTIVITY 1

MIRROR, MIRROR ON THE WALL . . . . . .

Characterizing myself

• Look at yourselves at the mirror and identify the physical

and non-physical characteristics you have inherited from
your parents.
• Fill out the chart at the next page.

My characteristics most My characteristics most My characteristics not

similar to my father similar to my mother Similar to those of my father
or mother
 Analysis/Processing Questions

1. Compare the traits written on the first two columns.

What characteristics are most dominant to you? Father or Mother?
__________________________________

2. In the list of physical characteristics that you’ve inherited, what characteristic did
you like best and what characteristic you liked least?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. Are you happy with your inherited physical characteristics? ___________

4. What is the impact of your inherited physical traits to yourself?

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Abstraction

2 Factors in the development of the Physical self

1. Heredity ( Nature) is the transmission of traits or characteristics from
parents to offspring. It provides the raw materials of which the
individual is made up. Through the genes, hereditary potentials like
physical, mental, social, emotional, and moral traits are passed down
to generations.

2. Environment ( nurture) is the sum total of the forces or experiences that a

person undergoes from conception to old age. It also includes family,
friends, school, nutrition and other agencies one is in contact with.
The Beginning of Life
Life begins at fertilization. Fertilization
refers to the meeting of the female sex cell
and the male sex cell. These sex cells are
developed in the reproductive organs called
gonads. The male sex cell called spermatozoa
is produced in the male gonads called testes.
On the other hand, the female sex cells called
ova are produced in the female gonads
known as ovaries. The fertilized egg cell
known as zygote contains all the hereditary https://www.biologyonline.com
potentials from the parents. The zygote goes
to the uterus and grows for 280 days or 36 weeks.

Both male and female chromosomes contain several thousands of genes which are
the true carrier of hereditary characteristics of the parents. Within the gene is a substance
called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is the code of heredity. It contains information and
instruction about the newly created organism and programs the traits that should be
inherited. At the instant of fertilization, your baby's genes and sex are set. If the sperm has a Y
chromosome, your baby will be a boy. If it has an X chromosome, the baby will be a girl.

The fertilized egg stays in the fallopian tube for about 3 to 4 days. But within 24 hours of
being fertilized, it starts dividing fast into many cells. It keeps dividing as it moves slowly
through the fallopian tube to the uterus. Its next job is to attach to the lining of uterus. This is
called implantation. Within 3 weeks, the cells begin to grow as clumps, and the baby's first
nerve cells have already formed.

Maturation is the unfolding of the inherent traits. It is a process by which we change,

grow, and develop throughout life.

https://www.parenting.firstcry.com
 Stages in the Life Span

Development Stage Age

Pre-natal period Conception to birth
Infancy Birth to end of the second week
Babyhood End of the 2nd week to end of the
2nd year
Early childhood or pre-school age Two to 6 years
Late childhood or elementary age 6 to 10/12 years
Puberty or pre adolescence 12 to 13 or 14 years
Adolescence 13 or 14 to 18 years
Early Adulthood 18 to 40 years
Middle Age/Middle Adulthood 40 to 60 years
Old Age or Senescence 60 years to death

Application and Assessment

1. Examine yourself and think how much does looks or physical appearance affects
you?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. What can you do in order to maintain/improve yourself?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Do you agree or not agree with changing physical appearance through using the new
technology like plastic surgery? Why?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
Reflection:

In not less than 50 words, express your gratitude to your parents in receiving the
inherited characteristics that you possess now.

https://www.quotespedia.org
 A. Body Image and Self Esteem

ACTIVITY
Let’s read a story . . . .

The following story was told to Ava Feuer and edited for length and clarity.

If you had told me five years ago that this would be my life, I wouldn’t
have believed you. Not only did I not think I deserved my relationships or
accomplishments, but I also never believed I could even make those things
happen for myself. Let me explain: When I was in the third grade, my parents
told me that they were getting divorced. I know that their divorce wasn’t about
me, but I still mark it as the first time I felt my confidence waver. I always
thought they were totally fine, and the fact that I had missed whatever warning
signs made me completely unsure of myself.
Unfortunately, it didn’t get much easier as I got older. When I started high
school, I was super reserved and lived in constant fear of judgment. No matter
what I said or did, I was afraid it would be wrong. After a few years of this, I
decided to apply for an independent study — thinking it would help me perform
better in school — and I ended up
finishing high school from home. I graduated a year early, which was great and
all, but I still wonder whether I made the right choice. From time to time, I see
people who I was acquaintances with in high school, and it reminds me that I
don’t really have any friends from that time. On the other hand, being alone
forced me to learn to be with — and become good friends with — myself.
I’m 22 years old now. I’ve been married for three years, and my husband
and I have a two-and-a-half-year-old daughter named Adeline. A lot of women
say their confidence wavers after becoming a parent — I guess they feel that, in
a way, they lose a sense of themselves — but for me, it’s been quite the
opposite. As soon as I got pregnant with Adeline, I knew that I didn’t want her to
feel the way I had felt about myself almost my whole life. I didn’t want her to
think, I can’t do that because I’m not smart enough, or I can’t do that because I
don’t have friends. In short: I didn’t want what held me back to hold her back, so
I gave myself no choice but to go after what I wanted and to be happy.
It's important to me that she sees me as a confident woman, so I became
very careful not to speak negatively about myself or perpetuate the idea that I
wasn't good enough. I want her to always know that if you want to do
something, you just have to believe in yourself and do it, because otherwise, it’s
not going to happen. People can’t do that for you. You have to do it for yourself.
 To be that strong, confident woman for my daughter, one major thing I
had to overcome was my fear of showing people my teeth. I really tried not to
open my mouth much, so I either kept quiet or looked down when I spoke —
rarely making eye contact. I know it was probably in my head, but I felt like
everybody’s eyes went straight to my teeth. So when I saw a social media ad
for SmileDirectClub invisible aligners, I immediately started to figure out how
we could swing it. From start to finish, my teeth were straight in just four
months. Now, I’ve started making eye contact when I talk to people —
whether that be to prospective friends, clients at the kids' hair salon where I’m
a manager, or store owners I approach to sell Adeline’s Bow Line, my
collection of children's clothes and accessories. I don’t know whether it was
my confidence coming through or what, but I was able to access my inner
positive voices instead of just the negative ones.
Turns out, putting yourself down takes up a lot of brain space, and that
limits the room to actually act on your hopes and dreams. It took away the
power to go after what I want. When I thought I couldn’t do certain things, I
figured there was no reason to try. But when I put myself in the positive
mindset of believing that I can, it's so much easier to throw caution to the
wind and just go for it.
I used to wonder, If I post this selfie, is everybody going to think I’m
obsessed with myself?  But no, it’s okay. I’m allowed to like myself. It’s good
to be humble, but no one should frown upon people being confident in
themselves. Celebrating myself and my success doesn’t mean I have some sort
of perfect life. I just know that even if you don’t feel like you’re enough, it’s
worth acting like you are because eventually, you’ll believe it.

Analysis/Processing Questions:

1. What lesson did you learn from the story?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. What are your abilities or parts of your body that you’re proud of? Why
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
 3. Does this abilities help boost your self confidence? Why?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Abstraction

Body image is based on your thoughts and

feelings about the way your body looks. Sometimes the
way you think other people are judging your appearance
can affect your body image. Poor body image comes from
negative thoughts and feelings about your appearance, and
a healthy body image is made up of thoughts and feelings
that are positive. Body image is a major factor in self-
esteem, which is the way you think and feel about yourself
as a person. insearchofmecafe.com

The effects of body image on self-esteem

can be especially powerful during the teenage years.
Although it’s perfectly normal to have negative
thoughts and feelings towards yourself
once in a while, finding ways to be positive is
the key to building a healthy body image and
positive self-esteem.

Body image is determined by 4 factors:

ormc.org
1. How you SEE your body is your perceptual body image. This is not always a
correct representation of how you actually look. For example, a person may perceive
themselves as overweight when they are actually underweight.
2. The way you FEEL about your body is your affective body image. This relates to
the amount of satisfaction or dissatisfaction you feel about your shape, weight, and
individual body parts.
3. The way you THINK about your body is your cognitive body image. This can lead
to preoccupation with body shape and weight.
4. Behaviors in which you engage as a result of your body image encompass your
behavioral body image. When a person is dissatisfied with the way he/she looks, they may
isolate themselves because they feel bad about their appearance.
The “body image cheat sheet,” gives you a better understanding of how you
perceive your own body and thoughts? Did any of the four aspects resonate with you ?
(Collin McShirley retrieved from https://www.psychalive.org/ June 28, 2019)
 Self Esteem relates to how much you like
yourself and how you recognize or appreciate your
individual character, qualities, skills and
accomplishments. People with low self-esteem may
not always feel confident about themselves or how
they look. It is often hard for them to see that they
are an important and capable person.
People with good self-esteem often have a
positive and confident attitude about their body and
mind, and can recognized their strengths as well as
personal value and worth. A high self esteem is youtube.com
correlated with healthy social relationships, being
emotionally and socially adjusted, cheerfulness, and overall happiness. On the other hand, a
low self esteem is associated with negative outcomes like depression, anxiety, antisocial
behaviour, and poor personal adjustment (Murray, 2005; Trzesniewski et. al.2006).

Kids have a bigger role in developing their own self-esteem. Working hard to finish
a project or assignment, getting a higher grade on a math test, or trying out for a new
sport are all things kids can be proud of for trying. Some kids are not very athletic, but
they might be good readers or know how to do magic tricks or are really good friends or
help other people out — these are all accomplishments that help kids feel good about
themselves.

A kid’s family and other people in his or her life — like coaches, teachers, and
classmates — also can boost self-esteem. They can help a kid figure out how to do things
or notice his or her good qualities. They can believe in the kid and encourage him or her
to try again when something doesn’t go right the first time. It’s all part of kids learning to
see themselves in a positive way, to feel proud of what they’ve done, and to be confident
that there’s a lot more they can do.

Importance of Good Self Esteem

Good self-esteem is important for everyone because it helps you keep a

Positive outlook on life and makes you feel proud of the person you are, both inside and
out. Most teens with good self-esteem find life much more enjoyable. They tend to have
better relationships with peers and adults, find it easier to deal with mistakes or
disappointments and are more likely to stick with a task until they succeed.
 Good self-esteem gives you the: COURAGE to try new things; POWER
to believe in yourself; and CONFIDENCE to make healthy choices for your mind and body
now and throughout your life.

Here are a few other things that you can try to increase your self-esteem:

 Make a list of the stuff you’re good at. It can be anything from drawing or singing
to playing a sport or telling a good joke. If you’re having trouble with your list, ask
your mom or dad to help you with it. Then add a few things to the list that you’d like
to be good at. Your mom or dad can help you plan a way to work on those skills or
talents.

 Give yourself three compliments every day. Don’t just say, “I’m so great.” Be
specific about something good about yourself, like, “I was a good friend to Jill today”
or “I did better on that test than I thought I would.” While you’re at it, before you go
to bed every night, list three things in your day that really made you happy or that
you feel thankful for.

 Remember that your body is your own, no matter what shape, size, or color
it is. If you are worried about your weight or size, you can check with your doctor to
make sure you’re healthy. Remind yourself of things about your body that are cool,
like, “My legs are strong and I can skate really well.”

 Remember that there are things about yourself you can’t change. You should
accept and love these things — such as skin color and shoe size — because they are
part of you.

 When you hear negative comments in your head, tell yourself to

stop. Remind yourself of things you’re good at and if you can’t think of anything, ask
someone else! You can also learn a new skill (for example, karate, dance, a musical
instrument) so you can feel good about that.

Ways to improve your body image

One of the best ways to feel

good about your body is to work on a
healthy one. Exercising and eating
nutritious food are key to developing a
strong and fit body, and a positive
attitude towards yourself. Keep a
positive attitude in the development of a
positive self-esteem

gograph.com
Ways on how to keep a positive attitude

 Focusing on your unique qualities.

 Focusing on your education. Learning
gives you the power to make a
difference in your life and in the lives of
others.
 Participating in a variety of sports or
activities. This can be a great way to
stay healthy and fit.
 Taking up a new hobby or learning to play innov8sportzcic.co.uk
an instrument. Find your hidden talent.
 Setting and reaching new goals. It will help you work through different challenges
throughout your life.
 Being an inspiration to others. If you thought of your own ways to cope with social
situations and find confidence, you may find it rewarding to share advice and offer
encouragement to others.
Building a healthy body image and positive self-esteem can be hard work because it
takes time to become confident. As you work to improve your body image, you will
experience self-acceptance and learn to recognize the qualities, skills and talents that make
you special.

travelbydarcy.com
 Application and Assessment

1. How do you see, feel and think about your body?

_______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

2. Are you contented with your physical appearance? Why and why not?

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

3. Make a weekly plan of the activity in order to become physically fit.

Days Activity

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday Rest Day/Family Day

4. Plan a menu on how to stay healthy and maintain body image and self esteem.

Days Breakfast Lunch Dinner

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday
 6 The Sexual Self
At the end of the lesson, the student must have:

1. Demonstrated knowledge on the developmental aspect of the

reproductive system;
2. explained the human sexual behaviour;
3. create a plan on how to disseminate Sexually Transmitted Diseases and
method of contraception.

ACTIVITY
Let’s sing a song . . . . .

If I were a Boy If I were a boy

If I were a boy I think I could understand
Titibo -Tibo How it feels to love a girl
Even just for a day
I'd roll out at bed in the morning I swear I'd be a better man
And throw on what I wanted and go I'd listen to her
Drink beer with the guys 'Cause I know how it hurts
And chase after girls When you lose the one you wanted
I'd kick it with who I wanted (wanted)
And I'd never get confronted for it 'Cause he's taken you for granted
'Cause they'd stick up for me (granted)
And everything you had got
If I were a boy destroyed
I think I could understand
How it feels to love a girl It's a little too late for you to come
I swear I'd be a better man back
I'd listen to her Say it's just a mistake
'Cause I know how it hurts Think I'd forgive you like that
When you lose the one you If you thought I would wait for you
wanted You thought wrong
'Cause he's taken you for But you're just a boy
granted You don't understand
And everything you had got Yeah, you don't understand, oh
destroyed How it feels to love a girl someday
If I were a boy You wish you were a better man
I would turn off my phone You don't listen to her
Tell everyone it's broken You don't care how it hurts
So they'd think that I was Until you lose the one you wanted
sleepin' alone 'Cause you've taken her for granted
I'd put myself first And everything you had got
And make the rules as I go destroyed
'Cause I know that she'd be faithful
Waitin' for me to come home (to But you're just a boy
come home)
 Analysis/Processing Questions

1. What is the message of the song?

________________________________________________________________

2. Can you cite the physical differences of male and female? List down the
differences below.

Male Physical Characteristics Female Physical Characteristics

3. When do we usually observe the changes for males and females?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. Were you able to experience the same changes? When?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
 Abstraction

The reproductive system is necessary for the production of new living organisms.
The ability to reproduce is a basic characteristic of life. In sexual reproduction, two
individuals produce offspring that have genetic characteristics from both parents. The
primary function of the reproductive system is to produce male and female sex cells and to
ensure the growth and development of offspring.

Structures of the female reproductive system include:

 Labia majora - Larger lip-like external structures that cover and protect sexual
structures.
 Labia minora - Smaller lip-like external structures found inside the labia majora.
They provide protection for the clitoris and for the urethra and vaginal openings.
 Clitoris - Sensitive sexual organ located in front of the vaginal opening. It contains
thousands of sensory nerve endings and responds to sexual stimulation.
 Vagina - Fibrous, muscular canal leading from the cervix (opening of the uterus) to
the external portion of the genital canal.
  Uterus - Muscular internal organ that houses and nurtures female gametes
after fertilization. Also called the womb, the uterus is where a developing fetus
resides during pregnancy.
 Fallopian tubes - Uterine tubes which transport egg cells from the ovaries to the
uterus. Fertilization typically occurs in these tubes.
 Ovaries - Female primary reproductive structures that produce gametes and sex
hormones. There is one ovary on each side of the uterus.

The male reproductive system consists of sexual organs, accessory glands, and a series
of duct systems that provide a pathway for fertile sperm cells to exit the body.
 Penis - Main organ involved in sexual intercourse. This organ is composed of erectile
tissue, connective tissue, and skin. The urethra extends through the length of the
penis, allowing urine and sperm to pass.
 Testes - Male primary reproductive structures that produce male gametes (sperm)
and sex hormones.
 Scrotum - External pouch of skin that contains the testes. Because the scrotum is
located outside of the abdomen, it can reach temperatures that are lower than that
of internal body structures. Lower temperatures are necessary for proper sperm
development.
 Epididymis - System of ducts that receive immature sperm from the testes. Its
function is to develop immature sperm and to house mature sperm.
 Ductus Deferens or Vas Deferens - Fibrous, muscular tubes that are continuous
with the epididymis and provide a pathway for sperm to travel from the epididymis
to the urethra
 Ejaculatory Duct - Duct formed from the union of the ductus deferens and seminal
vesicles. Each ejaculatory duct empties into the urethra.
 Urethra - Tube that extends from the urinary bladder through the penis. This canal
allows for the excretion of reproductive fluids (semen) and urine from the body.
Sphincters prevent urine from entering the urethra while semen is passing through.
 Seminal Vesicles - Glands that produce fluid to nurture and provide energy for
sperm cells. Tubes leading from the seminal vesicles join the ductus deferens to form
the ejaculatory duct.
 Prostate Gland - Gland that produces a milky, alkaline fluid which increases sperm
motility. The contents of the prostate empty into the urethra.
 Bulbourethral or Cowper's Glands - Small glands located at the base of the
penis. In response to sexual stimulation, these glands secrete an alkaline fluid which
helps to neutralize acidity from urine in the urethra and acidity in the vagina.
( Bailey, R. 2019 )
How to Determine the Sex of a Child

The sex of a child is determined at the time of fertilization of the ovum by

the spermatozoon. The differences between a male and a female are genetically determined
by the chromosomes  that each possesses in the nuclei of the cells. One pair of the 46
chromosomes determines the sex of the offspring. The males have a pair of xy sex
chromosomes and the females have an xx chromosomes. During meiosis or reduction
division of the male cell, 2 kinds of germ cells are found – ½ with X chromosomes and
another half with a Y chromosome among the 23 chromosomes contained in the germ cell.
If the newly found zygote gets both X chromosomes from either parent, the resulting
offspring will be a girl. If the XY pairs in zygote, the offspring will be a boy. Once the genetic
sex has been determined, there normally follows a succession of changes that will result,
finally, in the development of an adult male or female.
At birth the organs appropriate to each sex have developed and are in their adult
positions but are not functioning. Various abnormalities can occur during development of
sex organs in embryos, leading to hermaphroditism, pseudohermaphroditism, and other
chromosomally induced conditions. During childhood until puberty there is steady growth in
all reproductive organs and a gradual development of activity. Puberty marks the onset of
increased activity in the sex glands and the steady development of secondary sexual
characteristics.

In males at puberty the testes enlarge and become active, the external genitalia

enlarge, and the capacity to ejaculate develops. Marked changes in height and weight occur
as hormonal secretion from the testes increases. The larynx, or voice box, enlarges, with
resultant deepening of the voice. Certain features in the skeleton, as seen in the pelvic
bones and skull, become accentuated. The hair in the armpits and the pubic hair becomes
abundant and thicker. Facial hair develops, as well as hair on the chest, abdomen, and
limbs. Hair at the temples recedes. Skin glands become more active, especially apocrine
glands (a type of sweat gland that is found in the armpits and groin and around the anus).
In females at puberty, the external genitalia enlarge and the uterus commences its
periodic activity with menstruation. The breasts develop, and there is a deposition of body
fat in accordance with the usual contours of the mature female. Growth of axillary (armpit)
and pubic hair is more abundant, and the hair becomes thicker. ( retrieved from
www.britannica.com June 28, 2019)

The changes that occur during puberty is similar in sequence in all individuals but the
age which they occur differs among individuals. In males, as they reach the age of 13,
puberty is characterized by the increase in the size of the reproductive organs followed by
the appearance of hair in the pubic area, axillary, and face. The reproductive organs
continue to grow for two years until sexual maturation marked by the presence of mature
semen in the testes.
 In females, the budding of their breasts usually occurring at the age of 11 signals
their puberty stage. Menarche is the first menstrual period of females which happens two
years after the start of puberty. Hormones play an important role in the regulation of
ovulation and fertility of females.

Erogenous Zones

Erogenous zones refer to parts of the body that are primarily receptive and increase
sexual arousal when touched in a sexual manner. Some of the commonly known erogenous
zones are the mouth, breast, genitals, and anus. Erogenous zones may vary from one
person to another. Some people may enjoy being touched in a certain area more than the
other areas. Other common areas of the body that can be aroused easily may include the
neck, thighs, abdomen and feet.

Human Sexual Behavior

Human sexual behavior is defined as any activity – solitary, between two persons, or
in group which is known as sociosexual behavior – that induces sexual arousal. Sociosexual
behavior is generally divided into heterosexual behavior ( male with female) and
homosexual behavior ( male with male or female with female). If three or more individuals
are involved, it is possible to have heterosexual and homosexual activity simultaneously.
( Gebhard, P.H. 2017).
There are two major factors that determine human sexual behavior; the inherited
sexual response patterns that have evolved as a means of ensuring reproduction and that
become part of each individual’s genetic inheritance, and the degree of restraint or other
types of influences exerted on the individual by society in the expression of his sexuality.

Types of Sexual Behavior

1. Solitary Behavior. Sexual behavior which involve only one individual. Self-
masturbation is self-stimulation with the intention of causing sexual arousal and, generally,
orgasm (sexual climax). Most masturbation is done in private as an end in itself but is
sometimes practiced to facilitate a sociosexual relationship. Masturbation, generally
beginning at or before puberty and very common among males, particularly young males,
but becomes less frequent or is abandoned when sociosexual activity is available.
Consequently, masturbation is most frequent among the unmarried. Fewer females
masturbate, they tend to reduce or discontinue masturbation when they develop
sociosexual relationships.
Majority of males and females have fantasies of some sociosexual activity while they
gratify themselves. The fantasy frequently involves idealized sexual partners and activities
that the individual has not experienced and even might avoid in real life.
 Orgasm in sleep evidently occurs only in humans. Its causes are not wholly known.
The idea that it results from the pressure of accumulated semen is invalid because not only
do nocturnal emissions sometimes occur in males on successive nights, but females
experience orgasm in sleep as well. In some cases orgasm in sleep seems a compensatory
phenomenon, occurring during times when the individual has been deprived of or abstains
from other sexual activity. In other cases it may result from external stimuli, such as
sleeping prone or having night clothing caught between one’s legs. Most orgasms during
sleep are accompanied by erotic dreams.

A great majority of males experience orgasm in sleep. This almost always begins and
is most frequent in adolescence, tending to disappear later in life. Fewer females have
orgasm in sleep, and, unlike males, they usually begin having such experience when fully
adult.

2. Sociosexual behavior is heterosexual activity between only one male and one

female. Sociosexual behavior is generally divided into heterosexual behavior ( male with
female) and homosexual behavior ( male with male or female with female). If three or
more individuals are involved, it is possible to have heterosexual and homosexual activity
simultaneously ( Gebhard, P.H. 2017).

Heterosexual activities frequently begins in childhood, and, while much of it may be

motivated by curiosity, such as showing or examining genitalia, many children engage
in sex play because it is pleasurable. The sexual impulse and responsiveness are present in
varying degrees in most children and latent in the remainder. With adolescence, sex play is
superseded by dating, which is socially encouraged, and dating almost inevitably involves
some physical contact resulting in sexual arousal. This contact, labelled necking or petting,
is a part of the learning process and ultimately of courtship and the selection of
a marriage partner.

Petting varies from hugging, kissing, and generalized caresses of the clothed body to
techniques involving genital stimulation. Petting may be done for its own sake as an
expression of affection and a source of pleasure, and it may occur as a preliminary to coitus.
This last form of petting is known as foreplay. In a minority of cases, but a substantial
minority, petting leads to orgasm and may be a substitute for coitus. Petting is usually very
stereotyped, beginning with hugging and kissing and gradually escalating to stimulation of
the breasts and genitalia. In most societies petting and its escalation are initiated by the
male more often than by the female, who generally rejects or accepts the male’s overtures
but refrains from playing a more aggressive role. Petting in some form is a near-universal
human experience and is valuable not only in mate selection but as a means of learning how
to interact with another person sexually.

Coitus, the insertion of the penis into the vagina, is viewed by society quite
differently depending upon the marital status of the individuals. The majority of human
societies permit premarital coitus, at least under certain circumstances. In more repressive
societies, such as modern Western society, it is more likely to be tolerated (but not
encouraged) if the individuals intend marriage. Marital coitus is usually

regarded as an obligation in most societies. Extramarital coitus, particularly by wives, is

generally condemned and, if permitted, is allowed only under exceptional conditions or with
specified persons. Societies tend to be more lenient toward males than females regarding
extramarital coitus. This double standard of morality is also seen in premarital life.
 Postmarital coitus (i.e., coitus by separated, divorced, or widowed persons) is almost
always ignored. Even societies that try to confine coitus to marriage recognize the difficulty
of trying to force abstinence upon sexually experienced and usually older persons.

Extramarital coitus involving wives is generally condemned but is becoming tolerated

secretly, particularly if mitigating circumstances are involved.  Most extramarital coitus is
done secretly without the knowledge of the spouse. Most husbands and wives feel very
possessive of their spouses and interpret extramarital activity as an aspersion on their own
sexual adequacy, as indicating a loss of affection and as being a source of social disgrace.

Whether or not behaviour is interpreted by society or the individual as erotic (i.e.,

capable of engendering sexual response) depends chiefly on the context in which the
activity occurs. A kiss, for example, may express asexual affection (as a kiss between
relatives), respect (a French officer kissing a soldier after bestowing a medal on him), or
reverence (kissing the hand or foot of a pope), or it may be a casual salutation and social
amenity. Even something as specific as touching genitalia is not construed as sexual if one
for medical reasons. In other words, the apparent motivation of the activity determines its
interpretation.

In both solitary and sociosexual activity there may be activities that are sufficiently
unusual to warrant the label deviant activity. The term deviant should not be used as
a moral judgment but simply as indicating that such activity is not common in a particular
society. Since human societies differ in their sexual practices, what is deviant in one society
may be normal in another. One of the necessary tasks of growing up is learning to cope
with one’s sexual arousal and to achieve some balance between suppression, which can be
injurious, and free expression, which can lead to social difficulties. There is great variation
among individuals in the strength of sex drive and responsiveness, so this necessary
exercise of restraint is correspondingly difficult or easy. (Gebhard (2017).

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections from an infected person to

uninfected person through sexual contact. STD can be caused by bacteria, viruses or
parasites. Examples of STDs includes the
following:
a. Chlamydia is a common STD which
is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis.
It can infect both men and women. Women can get
chlamydia in the cervix, rectum, or throat. Men can
get chlamydia in the urethra (inside the penis),
rectum, or throat. In 2017, more than 
1.7 million cases of chlamydia were reported to
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC). However, many cases go unreported, so
the real number of chlamydia infections every year publichealthnotes.com
may be closer to 3 million. Men and women can
both get the infection, but more cases in women are reported. Infection rates are highest
among younger women, with the highest rates of infection occurring in women between
ages 15 and 24. (retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/std/chlamydia#risk-factors)
July 8, 2019
 b. Gonorrhrea is a sexually transmitted
disease caused by infection with the bacterium Neisseria
gonorrhoeae. It tends to infect warm, moist areas of the body,
including the: urethra (the tube that drains urine from the
urinary bladder), eyes, throat, vagina, anus, female
reproductive tract (the fallopian tubes, cervix, and uterus).
Gonorrhea passes from person to person
through unprotected oral, anal, or vaginal sex. People with
numerous sexual partners or those who don’t use a condom
are at greatest risk of infection. The best protections against
infection are abstinence, monogamy (sex with only one partner), medicalnewstoday.com
and proper condom usage.

c. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection

that
can cause serious health problems if it is not treated.
Syphilis is divided into stages (primary, secondary, latent,
and tertiary). A person with primary syphilis generally
has a sore or sores at the original site of infection. These
sores usually occur on or around the genitals, around the
anus or in the rectum, or in or around the mouth. These
sores are usually (but not always) firm, round, and
painless. Symptoms of secondary syphilis  cdc.com
include skin rash, swollen lymph nodes, and fever.
The signs and symptoms of primary and secondary syphilis
can be mild, and they might not be noticed. During the 
latent stage, there are no signs or symptoms. Tertiary syphilis is associated with severe
medical problems.  A doctor can usually diagnose tertiary syphilis with the help of multiple
tests. It can affect the heart, brain, and other organs of the body. ( Center for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) ) https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis.htm retrieved July 8, 2019

d. Chancroid – caused by infection

with the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi
which attacks healthy tissues in the genital
area and causes p ainful open sores and pus-
filled blisters. .Clinical manisfestation include
genital ulcers and inguinal lymphadenophaty or
buboes. Its characteristics are highly similar to
syphilis. Chancroid is common in
underdeveloped nations, unsanitary living
conditions and the prezi.com
popularity of commercial sex workers have
contributed to the cause of the disease. Most people who contract the disease get it from
visiting countries where the disease is known to occur. Additionally, the disease is commonly
associated with crack-cocaine use and prostitution. https://std-symptoms.com/chancroid retrieved
July 11, 2019

e. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus

infection whic h is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. Most people get a genital HPV
infection through direct sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Because HPV is
a skin-to-skin infection, intercourse isn’t required for transmission to occur. Many people
have HPV and don’t even know it, which means you can still contract it even if your partner
doesn’t have any symptoms. It’s also possible to have multiple types of HPV.
https://www.healthline.com/health/human-papillomavirus-infection retrieved July 19, 2019

f. Herpes Simplex Virus ( HSV -2) type

2 is among the most prevalent sexually transmitted
infections causing infection in the genital or anal
area (genital herpes). Clinical manifestations are
characterized by recurrent, painful genital and/or
anal lesions. An estimated 417 million people worldwide
were living with the infection in 2012. Prevalence of
HSV-2 infection was estimated to be highest in Africa
(31.5%), followed by the Americas (14.4%). It was
also shown to increase with age, though the highest
numbers of people newly-infected were adolescents.
onlinebiologynotes.com
More women are infected with HSV-2 than
men; in 2012 it was estimated that 267 million women and 150 million men were
living with the infection. This is because sexual transmission of HSV is more efficient from
men to women than from women to men. People infected with HSV-2 may experience
sensations of mild tingling or shooting pain in the legs, hips, and buttocks before the
occurrence of genital ulcers. https://www.who.int retrieved July 11, 2019

g. Trichomonas Vaginalis is a
common sexually transmitted protozoal infection
associated with adverse health outcomes such as
preterm birth and symptomatic vaginitis. In
women, this parasite mainly infects the vagina
and urethra (tube that carries urine out of the
body). In men, the infection most commonly
affects the urethra, but the head of the penis or
prostate gland (a gland near the bladder that
helps produce semen) can become infected in
some cases. The parasite is usually spread by infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com
having unprotected sex (sex without a condom).
It could also be spread by sharing sex toys if you
don't wash them or cover them with a new condom before use.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Trichomoniasis/ retrieved July 11, 2019.

Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraception

Natural Method

The natural family planning methods do not involved any chemical or foreign body
introduction into the human body. People who are conscious of their religious beliefs are
more inclined to use the natural way of birth control and others follow such natural methods
because they are more cost-effective ( www.nurseslabs.com 2016).
 a. Abstinence is a natural method involves refraining from sexual intercourse and is
the most effective natural birth control method with ideally 0% fail rate. It is
considered as the most effective way to avoid STIs. However, most people find it
difficult to comply with abstinence, so only a few use this method.

b. Calendar Method is also known as the rhythm method. It entails withholding from
coitus during the days that the woman is fertile. According to menstrual cycle, the
woman is likely to conceive three or four days before and three or four days after
ovulation. The woman needs to record her menstrual cycle for six months in order to
calculate the woman’s safe days to prevent conception.

c. Basal Body Temperature (BBT) indicates the woman’s temperature at rest.

Before the day of ovulation and during ovulation, BBT fails at 0.5 degrees F; it
increases to a full degree because of progesterone and maintains its level throughout
the menstrual cycle. This serves as the basis for the method. The woman must
record her temperature every morning before any activity. A slight decreases in the
basal body temperature followed by a gradual increase in the basal body
temperature can be a sign that a woman has ovulated.

d. Cervical Mucus Method. A woman is said to be fertile if the cervical mucus is

copious thin and watery. It can be stretched up until at least 1 inch and is slippery.
Therefore, coitus should avoided during these days to prevent conception.

e. Symptothermal Method is basically a combination of the BBT method and the

cervical mucus method. The woman records her temperature every morning and also
takes note of changes in her cervical mucus. She should abstain from coitus three
days after a rise in her temperature or on the fourth day after the peak of a mucus
change.

f. Ovulation Detection method uses an over-the-counter kit that requires the urine
sample of the woman. The kit can predict ovulation through the surge of luteinizing
hormone (LH) that happens 12 to 24 hours before ovulation.

g. Coitus Interruptus is one of the oldest methods that prevents conception. A

couple still goes on with coitus, but the man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to
emit spermatozoa outside of the female reproductive organ. A disadvantage of this
method is the pre-ejaculation fluid that contains a few spermatozoa that may cause
fertilization.

Artificial Method
1. Oral Contraceptives is also known as the pill, oral contraceptives contain
synthetic estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen suppresses the Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FHS) and LH to prevent ovulation. Moreover,
progesterone decreases the permeability of the cervical mucus to limit the
sperm’s access to the ova. It is suggested that the woman takes the first pill
on the first Sunday after the beginning of a menstruation flow, or as soon as
it is prescribed by the doctor.
 2. Transdermal Patch contains both
estrogen and progesterone which is applied every
week for three weeks in any of the following
areas: upper outer arm, upper torso, abdomen, or
buttocks. The area where the patch is applied
should be clean, dry and free of irritation.

Eco-supplements.com
3. Vaginal Ring The vaginal ring releases a
combination of estrogen and progesterone and
surrounds the cervix. This silicon ring is inserted
vaginally and remains there for 3 weeks, then
removed on the fourth week as menstrual flow
would occur. The woman becomes fertile as
soon as the ring is removed. The vaginal ring
has the same effectivity rate as the oral
contraceptives. nurseslabs.com

4. Subdermal Implants are two rod-like

implants embedded under the skin of the
woman during her menses or on the 7th day of
her menstruation to make sure that she is not
pregnant. It contains etonogestrel, desogestrel,
and progestin. It is effective for 3
to 5 years. Subdermal implants have a fail rate
of 1%. sandiego.networkofcare.org

5. Hormonal Injections consists of

medroxyprogesterone, a
progesterone, and
given once every 12 weeks intramuscularly.
The injection inhibits ovulation and causes
changes in the endometrium and the
cervical mucus. After administration the site
should not be massaged so it could absorb
slowly. It has an effectiveness of almost
100%, making it one of the most popular indiamart.com
choices for birth control. The woman advised
to ingest an adequate amount of calcium in her diet as there is a risk for decreased
of bone mineral density and to engage in weight-bearing exercises.

6. Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a small,

T-shaped object that is inserted into the
uterus via the vagina. It prevents
fertilization by creating a local sterile
inflammatory condition to prevent
implantation. The IUD is fitted only by
the physician and inserted after the
woman’s menstrual flow to be sure that
she is not pregnant. The device contains msdmanuals.com
 progesterone and is effective for 5 to 7 years.
A woman with IUD is advised to check the flow of her menstruation every
month and the IUD string, and also to have a pelvic examination yearly.

7. Chemical Barriers such as spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin
films are also used to cause the death of sperms before they can enter the cervix
and also lower the pH level of the vagina so it will not become conducive for the
sperm. These chemical barriers cannot prevent sexually transmitted infections;
however, they can be bought without any prescription. The ideal fail rate of
chemical barriers is 80%.

8. Diaphram works by inhibiting the entrance of the sperm into the vagina. It is a
circular, rubber disk that fits the cervix and should be placed before coitus. If a
spermicide is combined with the use of a diaphragm, there is a failure rate of 6%
ideally and 16% typically. The diaphragm should be fitted only by the physician,
and should remain in place for 6 hours after coitus. It can be left in place for not
more than 24 hours to avoid inflammation or irritation.

9. Cervical Cap is another barrier method

that is made of soft rubber and fitted on
the rim of the cervix. It is shaped like a
thimble with a thin rim, and could stay in
place for not more than 48 hours. 
 m.youtube.com
10. Male Condoms The male condom is a latex or
synthetic rubber sheath that is placed on the erect penis before vaginal
penetration to trap the sperm during ejaculation. It can prevent STIs and can be
bought over-the-counter without any fitting needed. Male condoms have an ideal
fail rate of 2% and a typical fail rate of 15% due to a break in the sheath’s
integrity or spilling. After sexual intercourse, the condom is removed to be
disposed.

11. Female Condoms are latex rubber sheaths that

are specially designed for females and
prelubricated with spermicide. It has an inner
ring that covers the cervix and an outer, open
ring that is placed against the vaginal opening.
These are disposable and require no prescription.
The fail rate of female condoms is 12% to 22%.

mayoclinic.org
Surgical Method

1. Vasectomy is done to males which is

executed through a small incision made on
each side of the scrotum. The vas deferens
is then tied, cauterized, cut, or plugged to
block the passage of the sperm. This
procedure is done with local anesthesia,
The patient is advise that mild
local pain can be felt after the procedure.
Use of back-up contraceptive method is en.wikipedia.org
adviseable until two negative sperm count 
results are performed because the sperm could remain viable in the vas deferens
for 6 months. There is a 99.5% accuracy rate for vasectomy and has a few
complications.

2. Tubal Ligation is applied to

women and performed by
occluding the fallopian tubes
through cutting, cauterizing, or
blocking to inhibit the passage of
the both the sperm and the ova.
After menstruation and before
ovulation, the procedure is done
through a small incision under the indiamart.com
woman’s umbilicus. A laparoscope is
used to visualize the surgery, and the patient is under local anesthesia. The
woman may return to her sexual activities after 2 to 3 days of the operation.
Educate that menstrual cycle would still occur, and make sure that coitus before
ligation is protected to avoid ectopic pregnancy. The effectiveness of this method
is at 99.5%. Belleza R.( 2016) retrieved at https://nurseslabs.com July 11, 2019.
 Application and Assessment

1. What do you think is the right age to marry for male and female? Why?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. Do you agree or disagree about the following relationship? Why

a. Living in together of both sexes ( Male & Male; Female & Female)
b. Living in together of a male & female ( without marriage)
c. Having a child without husband or wife ( single parent)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
 3. As member of Sangguniang Kabataan in your barangay, make a proposed
project/program or plan to help disseminate awareness of teen-age sexuality to the
young and active couples in the community. ( Submit in a separate paper and follow
the following format)
I. Title of the project/program
II. Name of Proponent
III. Introduction/Rationale
IV. Objectives of the project or program
V. Brief description of the activites
VI. Conclusion
VII. Recommendation

7 Understanding the Chemistry

of Lust, Love and Attachment

At the end of the lesson, the students must have:

1. understood the chemistry of lust, love, and attachment;
2. participated actively in the activities; and
3. appreciated the gift of love.

ACTIVITY

Read the letter of Cherry to Tito Nilo

Dear Tito Nilo,

 Just call me Cherry. I am 18 years old, first year
education student in a prestigious university. I belong to a middle class family with four siblings, two boys
and two girls. My father is a seaman and my mother is a fulltime housewife. Although my father is away
most of the time still I can say that I have a happy family life and a strong Christian formation.
My problem started when I accepted my suitor of 1 month. I
can proudly say he is a hunk, every time he looks at me in the eyes para akong matutunaw, when he holds
my hands I shiver as if there’s an electric current passing through my veins, my heart goes wild I am afraid
he might hear it beating. This happens every time were together. And when were not together all I think of
is him, I could hardly eat and sleep.
I thought being in love is the best thing that could happen
to a human being. But, in my case it also made me guilty. My parents made it very clear that as long as I am
still studying bawal magboyfriend. I just cant help it tito, my world is turning upside down. I can’t afford to
be without him. What I feel right now is he is the man I want to be with for the rest of my life.
Last week he wants us to go all the way, I was able to
control my self and said no. I am afraid tito that the next time he would ask me I might not be able to say
no, I love him so much that I want him to be happy, in fact honestly, I want to do it too but I am afraid I
might get pregnant. Is this true love? What will I do the next time he would ask me? By the way I am afraid
he would leave me if I will say no again. I can’t afford to loose him tito please help me.
Very truly yours,

Cherry

( credit from Dr. C. Roses & Prof. Basbas during the Seminar Workshop in UTS)

Analysis/Processing Questions

1. What advice will you give to Cherry?

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. Have you experienced the same situation? What have you done?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. How do you arrive to such decision? _____________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
4. What do you feel when you are thinking what to do? _________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Abstraction
 The 3 Stages of Love

• Stage 1: Lust
• Stage 2: Attraction
• Stage 3: Attachment

Stage 1: Lust
• This is the first stage of love and is driven by the sex hormones testosterone
and estrogen – in both men and women.
• Estrogen and Testosterone are the two basic types of hormones present
equally in men and women’s body that excites the feeling of lust within the
brain. 

Stage 2: Attraction
• This phase is said to be one of the beautiful moments of life.  This is the phase
when a person actually starts to feel the love.  
• This is the amazing time when you are truly love-struck and can think of little
else.
• Scientists think that three main neurotransmitters are involved in this stage;
adrenaline, dopamine and serotonin.

Adrenaline
• The initial stages of falling for someone activates your stress response,
increasing your blood levels of adrenalin and cortisol.
• This has the charming effect that when you unexpectedly bump into your love
one, you start to sweat, your heart races and your mouth goes dry.

Dopamine
• Helen Fisher asked newly ‘love struck’ couples to have their brains examined
and discovered they have high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
• This chemical stimulates ‘desire and reward’ by triggering an intense rush of
pleasure.
•  Fisher suggests “couples often show the signs of surging dopamine: increased
energy, less need for sleep or food, focused attention and exquisite delight in
smallest details of this novel relationship” .
Serotonin
• And finally, serotonin. One of love's most important chemicals that may
explain why when you’re falling in love, your new lover keeps popping into
your thoughts.

Does Love Need To Be Blind?

 • Newly smitten lovers often idealize their partner, magnifying their virtues and
explaining away their flaws says Ellen Berscheid, a leading researcher on the
psychology of love.
•  New couples also exalt the relationship itself. “It's very common to think they have a
relationship that's closer and more special than anyone else's”.
• Psychologists think we need this rose-tinted view.
It makes us want to stay together to enter the next stage of love – attachment.

Stage 3: Attachment

When a couple passes through the above two stages of love successfully, the time of
bonding with each other becomes powerful. Attachment is a bond helping the couple to take
their relationship to advanced levels. It instigates the feeling of bearing children and falling
in love with them wholeheartedly. Scientists think there might be two major hormones
involved in this feeling of attachment; oxytocin and vasopressin.

1. Oxytocin – The cuddle hormone. It is a powerful hormone released by men and

women during orgasm. It probably deepens the feelings of attachment and
makes couples feel much closer to one another after they have had sex. The
theory goes that the more sex a couple has, the deeper their bond becomes. 
Oxytocin also seems to help cement the strong bond between
mum and baby and is released during childbirth. It is also responsible
for a mum’s breast automatically releasing milk at the mere sight or
sound of her young baby. 

2. Vasopressin - Another important hormone in the long-term commitment stage

and is released after sex.  Vasopressin (also called anti-diuretic hormone)
works with your kidneys to control thirst. Its potential role in long-term
relationships was discovered when scientists looked at the prairie vole.
Prairie voles indulge in far more sex than is strictly necessary for the
purposes of reproduction. They also – like humans - form fairly stable pair-
bonds.

What can we do?

• This illustrates how chemicals secreted in the

human body can be quite powerful in making
people feel and behave in certain ways.
• Understanding the science of lust, attraction, and
attachment can help you develop more realistic
expectations of your relationships. Below are
some tools to guide you through the stages of
love:
1. Don’t mistake lust for love - give a new relationship time before you
start dreaming of a future together.
2. With an irresistible cocktail of chemicals, our brain entices us to fall in
love
3. We call it love.
4. It feels like love.
5. But the most exhilarating of all human emotions is probably nature’s
beautiful way of keeping the human species alive and reproducing.
 Application and Assessment

1. Continue the unfinished sentences.

d. I am happy to know that _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.

e. I discovered that ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.

f. I am surprised that ___________________________________________

______________________________________________________________.

g. I learned that _______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________.

h. I appreciate that _____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________.

2. Make a passage about Love

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
 8 The Self in Different Areas
At the end of the lesson, the students must have:
1. defined online identity, selective self presentation and impression
management;
2. compared real identity versus online identity;
3. discussed the proper way of demonstrating our values and attitudes
online
4. Explained the association of self and possessions;
5. Appraised one’s self based on the description of material self
6. identified various religious practices and beliefs;
7. Understand the self in relation with religious beliefs;
8. explained ways of finding meaning of life.
9. developed a Filipino identity;
10. identify different Filipino values; and
11. reflect on your selfhood in relation to the national identity

A. Digital Self

ACTIVITY

Facts and Fiction

How well you know the Philippines? Here are the statements that
 describe the Philippines. Some are facts and some are fiction. Identify what
statement are facts and fiction. Write the word facts if the statement is true
and fiction if it is not true in the space provided after the statement.

Facts and Fiction

1. The Philippines is composed of 7,641 island. _______________

2. Metro manila is known as the National Capital
region. _______________
3. Metro Manila is actually comprise of 18 cities. _______________
4. Spain, US and Japan colonized the Philippines. ___________
5. 80% of the population is catholics. _______________
rd
6. Philippines is the 3 most catholic country in
the world. _______________
7. Divorce is legal in the Philippines. _______________
8. Manny Pacquiao is considered as a world-
renowned filipino boxer. _______________
9. Boxing is considered as the most popular sport. ______________
10. Mindanao is the northernmost island of the
Philippines. _______________
11. Jeepney is the main mode of transportation
in the Philippines. _______________
12. Mindanao is home to one of the most longest-
running rebel insurgencies in the world. _______________
13. The first country to colonized the Philippines
was U.S. _______________
14. Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the first
woman president of the country. ________________
15. The Philippines national hero is Jose Rizal. ________________

Analysis/Processing Questions

1. How many statement have you identified as facts and fiction?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Were you easily identified facts and fiction? __________________________
3. What were the clues that helped you figure out which statements were facts and
fiction? ________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
 Abstraction

Internet is a global wide area network that connects

computer systems across the world. It includes several high-
bandwidth data lines that comprise the Internet "backbone."
These lines are connected to major Internet hubs that
distribute data to other locations, such as web
servers and ISPs.

The Internet provides different online services. Some examples include:

 Web – a collection of billions of webpages that you can view with a web browser
 Email – the most common method of sending and receiving messages online
 Social media – websites and apps that allow people to share comments, photos,
and videos
 Online gaming – games that allow people to play with and against each other over
the Internet
 Software updates – operating system and application updates can
typically downloaded from the Internet (https://techterms.com/definition/internet)
Sept. 2015

These days, more people are becoming active in using the Internet for
research, pleasure, business, communication, and other purposes. Indeed, the internet is of
great help for everyone. On the other hand, people assume different identities while in the
cyberspace. People act differently when they are online and offline.

WHAT IS ONLINE IDENTITY?

It is a social identity that an Internet user establishes in online communities

and websites. It can also be considered as an actively constructed presentation of oneself.
The number of people who are becoming active online continues to increase worldwide.
More than half the world now uses a smartphone. Almost two-thirds of the world’s
population now has a mobile phone. More than half of the world’s web traffic now comes
from mobile phones. More than half of all mobile connections around the world are now
“broadband.” More than one in five of the world’s population shopped online in the past 30
days. The Philippines is among one of the countries with the most active Internet users.

Did You Know?

 Selective Self-presentation is the “process of controlling how one is perceived by
other people”. It is the process of creating a digital artefact which is a carefully chosen
representation or expression of one’s real world self. This explains why our behavior can
change if we notice we are being watched/observed.

Impression Management is a conscious or subconscious process in which people

attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event. At first
this was applied in face-to-face (FtF) communication or interaction; but today, it’s applied in
computer-mediated communication (CMC)

Real Identity vs. Online Reality

Online identity is the sum of your characteristics and interactions. Because you
interact differently with each website you visit, each of those websites will have a different
picture of who you are and what you do. Sometimes the different representations of you are
referred to as partial identities, because none of them has the full and true picture of who
you are. Your online identity is not the same as your real-world identity because the
characteristics you represent online differ from the characteristics you represent in the
physical world. Every website you interact with has its own idea of your identity because
each one you visit sees you and your characteristics differently

In an effort to construct positive image and create a good impression in the

digital world, we gradually lose our real selves along the way. This lead us to ponder on the
following questions?

 Who are you online?

 Are you the “real you” online?
 If not, who are you?

Are you living in an insta-lie or reality?

Let us take a look...

• The rise of social media has meant that we as a global population are more
connected than we have ever been in the history of time.

• Social media platforms can have their benefits, however it can have a
detrimental effect on our physical and mental health. Using them too
frequently can make you feel increasingly unhappy and isolated in the long run.

• Dr. Tim Bono, author of When Likes Aren’t Enough explained, “When we derive
a sense of worth based on how we are doing relative to others, we place our
happiness in a variable that is completely beyond our control.”
pinterest.com

m.youtube.com

Ways to Combat Social Media Depression

1.Watch your thought. The first step to breaking the cycle of comparison is to
become mindful of the thoughts as they happen. When you find yourself scrolling through
photos of other people’s lives, be aware if there are thoughts coming into your mind that
are negative, either towards them or towards yourself and try to squash that feeling of
inadequacy we have inside.

2.Speak to others about the way you are feeling. Open up to your friends and family
about how you are feeling. This can seem silly, but that’s all the more reason to say it out
loud. Often in our minds, we make things out to be a lot worse than they are in reality. So if
you can mention to a friend about feeling a bit crappy after seeing someone else’s tropical
holiday online, you might find they understand. Or even better they might remind you of the
holiday you went on not so long ago that you’d forgotten all about.

3.Focus on what you have.

Starting a gratitude practice is a wonderful way to remind yourself of the
fantastic things you have in your life NOW. Even if you don’t have a lot, there is always
something to be grateful for. Practicing gratitude does not need to be deep or involved, you
can be grateful for something as simple as the breath that flows in and out of your body.
Boundaries of the self on-line

Sharing ourselves is no longer new and has been practiced as soon as human beings
were formed but digital devices help us share more information broadly, than ever before.
For avid users of Facebook, their social media friends are more updated about their daily
activities than their immediate families. Diaries that were once private are now posted as
blogs.

Facebook and other social media applications are now a key part of self-presentation
for one sixth of humanity. As a result, researchers and participants become concerned with
actively managing identity and reputation and to warn against the phenomenon of
“oversharing”. In addition to sharing the good things we experience, many of us also share
the bad, embarrassing, and “sinful” things we experience. We also react and comment on
negative experiences of others. Sometimes we empathize with people and also argue with
others online. Consequently, we should have a filtering system to whatever information we
share online, as well as to what information we believe in, which are being shared or posted
by others online.

Setting Boundaries to Your Online Self:

3. Smart Sharing
• Have we (as a family or parent/child) resolved this issue? An issue that is still
being worked out at home, or one that is either vulnerable or highly emotional,
should not be made public.
• Is it appropriate? Does it say within the boundaries of our family values?
• Will this seem as funny in 5, 10, or 15 years? Or is this post better suited for
sharing with a small group of family members? Or maybe not at all?

4. Rules to Follow
Here are additional guidelines for proper sharing of information and ethical use
of the internet. New (2014) in Alata, EJ et al (2018)
• Stick to safer sites
• Guard your passwords
• Limit what you share
• Remember that anything you put online or post on a site is there forever, even
if you try to delete it.
• Do not be mean or embarrass other people online.
• Always tell if you see strange or bad online behavior.
• Be choosy about your online friends.
• Be patient.

Application and Assessment

a. Compare your real identity and online identity by filling up the table below.

My real identity My online identity

b. Make a slogan or a poster about becoming a responsible Internet user.

B. Material Self/Economic Self

ACTIVITY

The Winner Takes It All . . . .

Supposed you have won 20 million in a lotto, what will you do with
the money? List all you want to buy below.
 Analysis/Processing Questions

1. What comes into your mind when you know that you won 20
million
in a lotto? _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. Why do you arrive in a certain decision on what to do with your
money? ______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. From your list, identify what are the needs and wants. __________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
 4. How many needs do you have and how many wants do you have?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. Give your reaction on the pictures posted below. ______________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

myvoxpop.wordpress.com

istockphoto.com

Abstraction

Materialism is a trait that can afflict both

rich and poor, and which the researchers define as
"a value system that is preoccupied with
possessions and the social image they project is
both socially destructive and self-destructive.” It
smashes the happiness and peace of mind of those
who succumb to it.

It is associated with anxiety since there has

long been a correlation observed between
materialism, a lack of empathy and engagement with jvn2k07.wordpress.com
others, and unhappiness. In a series of studies published
in the journal Motivation and Emotion showed that as people become more materialistic,
their wellbeing (good relationships, autonomy, sense of purpose and the rest) diminishes.

Materialism forces us into comparison with the possessions of others, a race

both cruelly illustrated and crudely propelled by that toxic website. There is no end to it. If
you have four Rolexes while another has five, you are a Rolex short of contentment. This is
the dreadful mistake we are making: allowing ourselves to believe that having more money
and more stuff enhances our wellbeing. We are what we have and what we possess. A
man’s self becomes the sum total of all that he has, these possessions become part of an
extension of the self.

Belk (1985) defines materialism as “the importance a consumer attaches to worldly

possessions”. Such possessions are assumed that they have a central place in a person’s life
at the highest levels of materialism. These possessions are the main source of satisfaction
and dissatisfaction.

According to Belk (1985), there are three main personality traits related to
materialistic people; possessiveness: “the inclination and tendency to retain control or
ownership of one’s possessions”, non-generosity: “an unwillingness to give possessions to or
share possessions with others”, and envy: “desire for others possessions, be they objects,
experiences or persons”. He also found that a negative relationship between materialism
and happiness in life.
Four main specifications of materialistic people are described by Richins and Dawson
(1992). The valuation to acquire wealth and possessions is significantly higher for
materialistic people than the others. Secondly, materialistic people can be evaluated as self-
centered. Thirdly material complexity is an essential fact for materialist people which means
that materialist people over invest in material goods. Finally materialists can never be
satisfied with what they have; they always want more and more.

• MANILA, Philippines – To understand a Filipino consumer,

businesses should focus on 4 factors: beauty, hygiene, health and
convenience.

 These are the "key trends that would explain [Filipinos'] buying
behavior,” stressed Luz Barra, commercial director of consumer
knowledge and insights firm, Kantar Worldpanel

Remember . . . .

“ It’s not about the materialistic things you have. It’s about the good person you are.
No one will remember you for what things you had.”
 Application and Assessment

From the list of your wants and needs listed in the activity, re- arrange it from top to
bottom, starting from the most needed down to the least needed. Apply the learning you
have gained from the topic discussed.

Needs Wants
C. Spiritual Self

ACTIVITY

Study the picture below?

Mathabah.org
indiafacts.org
 britannica.com dalailama.com

Analysis/Processing Questions

1. What comes into your mind upon looking at the pictures?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. Does religious beliefs and traditions affect oneself? _______________
Why_____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Abstraction

Spiritual self is one of the three sections of the self according to William
James. It is the most intimate, inner subjective part of self. It is the most intimate version of
the self because of the satisfaction experience when one thinks of one’s ability to argue and
discriminate, of one’s moral sensibility and conscience, of our unconquerable will is more
pure than all other sentiments of satisfaction.

The ability to use moral sensibility and conscience may be seen through the
expressions of religion, its beliefs, and practices. In the same manner, cultural rituals and
ceremonies are some manifestations what people believe in. Moreover, seeking the meaning
of life is a journey that the Spiritual Self is on.

What is Religion?

Rebecca Stein (Stein 2011 in Alata, EJ. et al (2018)) works on the definition of
religion “as a set of cultural beliefs and practices that usually includes some or all of basic
characteristics. These characteristics are:
1. a belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being, such as spirit and gods;
2. a focus of the sacred supernatural, where sacred refers to a feeling or
reverence and awe;
3. The presence of supernatural, where sacred refers to a feeling or reverence
and awe;
4. the performance of ritual activities that involves the manipulation of sacred
object to communicate to supernatural beings and/or to influence or control
events;

5. the articulation of worldview and moral codes through narratives and other
means; and;
6. provide the creation and maintenance of social bonds and mechanism of
social control within a community; provides explanation for unknown and a
sense of control for individuals; and
7. an individual lives in a society where there are many practice of religion. The
choice of religious belief lies within the Spiritual Self. Although the choice
may be influenced by the society and its culture.

Ritual is the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by a tradition or sacred law. It

is a specific, observable mode of behavior exhibited by all known societies. Thus, it is
possible to view ritual as a way of defining or describing humans. Three fundamental
characteristics of rituals.

1. a feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination, or dread in relation to the

sacred;
2. dependence upon a belief system that is usually expressed in the language
of myth; and
3. is symbolic in relation to its reference.
Some World Religious Beliefs and Practices
There are different religions with different beliefs
and practices. Some of the major world religions are Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism,
Islam, and Judaism.

Buddhism
Buddhism teaches that life is unsatisfactory. When experience is unsatisfying, we
tend to crave pleasant experiences and avoid disappointing ones. Our habits tie us into a
reactive cycle of craving and aversion.
The Buddha taught that a way to break this cycle is to
practice ethics and meditation, and to cultivate wisdom,
which is a deep understanding and acceptance of things
as they are.

Customs and Practices

Meditation practices can be divided into two:
a. Samatha practices develop calm,
concentration, and positive emotion.
b. Vipassana practices aim at developing
insight into reality. Developing and
cultivating wisdom happens through
studying and reflecting the Dharma, the Buddha's teaching.
Buddhists celebrate a number of festivals timed to the full moon: Parinirvana
Day in February, Buddha Day (Wesak) in May, Dharma Day in July, Padmasambhava
Day in October and Sangha Day in November. All are important events to celebrate
together and to contemplate key teachings of the Buddha.

HINDUISM

Customs and Practices

Hinduism covers a wide range of traditional beliefs and religious groups; thus, there
is no single founder or leader. Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of birth, death and
rebirth, governed by Karma. Karma is a concept where the reincarnated life will depend on
how the past life was spent. Hindus believe that the soul passes through a cycle of
successive lives and its next incarnation is always dependent on how the previous life was
lived. Vedas are sacred scriptures of Hindus. Mahabharata and Ramayana are two
important texts of the Hindus.

The main festivals are celebrated in different ways by different communities. The
most commonly celebrated festivals are Diwali, the Festival of Lights, and Navrati, nine
nights which celebrate the triumph of good over evil. This takes place twice a year.
 Diwali Festival (visittnt.com)

Islam

Customs and Practices

Islam has five pillars that represent the
foundation of Islamic worship and practice: These
are the following:
1. Shahada-statement of faith “ there is no
God but the one true God and
Mohammed is his messenger”
2. Salat – a prayer practiced 5 x a day Hajj (Britannica.com)
3. Zakat – is monetary offerings, the 2.5% Muslim’s assets for the benefit of the
poor.
4. Hajj – is a yearly pilgrimage to Mecca
5. Sawm – the fasting from food, drink and sexual act during the celebration of
Ramadan. The fast is from dawn to sunset.

Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. The end of
Ramadan marks the beginning of the festival of Eid ul-Fitr. Eid ul-Adha coincides with the
completion of the Hajj and unites the whole Islamic community.

Judaism

Beliefs

The Jewish people believe

themselves to be descended from a
Semitic tribe that originated in the land of
Canaan in the Middle East. The Jews
believe in the God of Abraham, the same
God that liberated the Hebrew slaves from
Egypt to Canaan, the Promised land
through the leadership of Moses and later,
Joshua. Britannica.com

They believe of the coming of the Messiah, the Savior. The sacred scripture of the
Jews is called the Torah or the Law. The study and interpretation of Torah is part of the
Jewish culture

Customs and Practices

There are five festivals on which observant

Jews are forbidden to work.
• The New Year (Rosh Hashanah) –
falls in the autumn
 • The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) - the most solemn day of the year.

Three Pilgrim festivals:

• Passover (Pesach) in the spring,
• Pentecost (Shavuot) occurs seven weeks later after Easter and
• Tabernacles (Sukkot) worship Passover ( Britannica.com)
• gathering takes place in the autumn. Passover
Jewish food laws are highly complicated, prohibiting certain animals and shellfish.

Christianity

Beliefs
Christians believe that God became
fully present in the world in the person of
Jesus Christ of Nazareth. Jesus Christ’s dying
on the cross, made Him a sacrifice to
reconcile all humanity with their Creator.
They believe in Trinitarian God. One
God in three personas: God the father
(creator), God the Son ( Savior), and God the
Holy Spirit (sustainer). The Holy Bible is a
selection of books divided into two, the Old
Testament and New Testament.
express.co.uk
Customs and Practices
Christian practices vary by denomination, but common elements include a Sunday
worship service, private and corporate prayer, study and reading of the Scriptures,
and participation in rites such as baptism and communion (known as sacraments).

The Major Festivals of Christianity

4. ADVENT SEASON [mid-Nov/Dec]
The Christian year begins with a
period of preparation for Christmas.
It is time also for looking towards
Jesus' second coming (Parousia). It
is a season of expectation.
CHRISTMAS [25 Dec - Jan 6]
Celebration of Jesus' birth (Nativity);
this festival emphasizes the
INCARNATION ["the Word/Logos
jesuschristformuslims.com
5. was made flesh and lived amongst us."]
The festival lasts twelve days and ends with the EPIPHANY [Jan. 6], the
manifestation of God in Jesus, which celebrates Jesus' baptism, the visit of the
 Magi [symbolic of Gentiles] to the infant Jesus, and Jesus' first miracle when he
turned water into wine at a wedding feast in Cana.

6. *LENT [March-April] Forty-day preparation for Easter. It corresponds to the

40 days Jesus spent fasting before beginning his ministry. This penitential
season ends with:

 HOLY WEEK begins with PALM SUNDAY, commemorating Jesus' entry into Jerusalem. HOLY

[MAUNDY] THURSDAY commemorates the Last Supper and the institution of the Eucharist in
Catholic, Orthodox and some Protestant churches. GOOD FRIDAY is the solemn memorial of
Jesus' death by crucifixion.

 *EASTER SUNDAY [April] The greatest of Christian festivals celebrates the

Resurrection. [Every Sunday is also a commemoration of the Resurrection.]

 *ASCENSION THURSDAY [May] Forty days after Easter, this festival celebrates Jesus'
ascension to heaven.

 *PENTECOST SUNDAY [WHITSUN] [May/June] Ten days after the Ascension [50

after Easter], this festival celebrates the gift of the Holy Spirit to the apostles and
other disciples. It marks the birth of the Church.

* NB: The dates of Easter and, therefore, of Lent, Holy Week, Ascension and Pentecost
vary each year. Easter's date is determined by the Passover Full Moon, its extreme limits
being 21 March and 25 April. There is variation among Christian communities in the method
of determining the date. In Western Christianity it is the first Sunday after the full moon (of
Nisan) that falls on or after 21 March. (academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu)

Religious beliefs, rituals, practices, and customs are all part of the expression of the
Spiritual Self. What to believe and how to manifest the belief is entirely dependent on the
individual, to the self. Religious beliefs and practices therefore are formed relative
to its context and culture.

FINDING AND CREATING MEANING OF LIFE

Another extensive study of self can be found in the works of Dr. Viktor E. Frankl. The
Viktor Frankl Institute in Vienna was created in 1992. The Institute has a website where
there is a synopsis of his life and works and present programs.

LOGOTHERAPY

• Viktor E. Frankl validated a revolutionary approach to psychotherapy known as

logotherapy.
• Logotherapy has become known as the “Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy,”
after that of Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler.
• According to logotherapy, meaning can be discovered in three ways:
1. By creating a work or doing a deed
2. By experiencing something or encountering someone
3. By the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering
 • All psychotherapies make philosophical assumptions about the human persons that
cannot be proved with certainty.
• The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind, and spirit.
• Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable.
• People have a will to meaning.
• People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find meaning.
• Life has a demand quality to which people must respond if decisions are to be
meaningful.

Frankl’s Sources of Meaning

There are three possible sources of meaning of life:
1. Purposeful work - To find the meaning of life starts with holding a future
goal.
2. Courage in the face of difficulty - Recognizing suffering, pain, and death as
part of life and to have the courage to face these life difficulties.

3. Love - Frankl considers the transcendental power of love: “Love goes very
far beyond the physical person of the beloved.”
Frankl contributes to history’s richest definition of love:
“ Love is the only way to grasp another human being in the
innermost core of his personality.”

Application and Assessment

1. Make a reflection on any of the following topics:

a. Filipino rituals and ceremonies covering all regions of the Philippines
b. Filipino indigenous religious practices featuring five tribes from Luzon,
Visayas, Mindanao
c. Modern-day expression of spiritual being
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
 2. Write a personal reflection on how can you find meaning to your life.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

D. Political Self and Being a Filipino

ACTIVITY

Who is a Filipino?

Cut out pictures or illustrations from magazines and

newspapers that show what being a Filipino is about and
paste it in a long bond paper.

Analysis/Processing Questions

1. How do the pictures remind you of your being a Filipino?

__________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. Are you proud of being a Filipino? Why and Why not?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. Imagine that you were of a different nationality, What would change in
4. you aside from your citizenship and origin?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

5. How extensive are the effects of being Filipino in your selfhood?

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Abstraction

Who is a Filipino?

Technically, according to the 1987 Constitution, Filipino citizens are”…those

whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines, those born before January 17,
1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority,
and those who are naturalized in accordance with law.” However, citizenship is not the only
marker of being a Filipino. Culture and history have greatly influenced the manner Filipinos
learn, live, and behave to date. People who were born and grew up in the same culture
develop and share common personality traits and values. Generations after generations,
common traits and values have been passed on that the Filipinos of today still embody.

Filipino Values and Traits

1. The Filipino hospitality

 Filipino welcomes their guests and tourists as if they are their own brothers
and sisters: they always make their guests feel at home/ offering them
something to eat, or even a place to stay.

2. Respect for elders

Filipinos greet their elders while saying “Mano Po!” and constantly using “Po”
and “Opo” in conservations. Forgetting to address older people properly will
regard them as rude and impolite.

3. Close Family Ties

Filipinos maintain a tight relationship with their families regardless if the
children are old enough and already have families of their own.

4. Cheerful Personality
Filipinos have a habit of smiling and laughing a lot. They smile when they are
happy, or sometimes even when they are sad or angry. Smiling has been a
coping strategy for many Filipinos especially during trying times and calamities.

5. Self –Sacrifice
The self-sacrificing attitude of Filipinos can be seen as an extension of the
Filipino hospitality. Filipinos go out of their way to extend help to their friends,
families and loved ones. They wish comfort and better lives for their loved ones
and would even go to the extent of working abroad hundreds of miles away to
earn more money and save up for them.

6. Bayanihan
Bayanihan is the spirit of communal unity and cooperation of Filipinos. It is
also about giving without expecting something in return.

7. “Bahala Na” Attitude

“Bahala na” is the Filuipino version of the famous”Hakuna Matata.” Meaning
no worries. The phrase is said to have originated from “Bathala na,” where
Bathala means God, and the phrase meaning leaving everything into God’s
hands. It can also be viewed as something similar to the similar to the cheerful
and positive attitude of Filipinos and allowing situations take care of themselves
instead of worrying about them. Does not only concern.

8. Colonial Mentality
Colonial mentality is regarded as the lack of patriotism and the attitude where
Filipinos favor foreign products more than their own. This does not only concern
goods but also the desire to look for foreign than local and keep up with foreign
beauty trends.

9. “Manana “ Habit
This is the Filipino term for procrastination. It was derived from a longer
Filipino phrase called “Mamaya na” meaning dawdling things which could have
been done at an earlier time. It is a poor habit of laziness that results in heavier
workloads.

10. “Ningas Kugon”

 “Ningas” is a Filipino term for flame and “kugon”is a Filipino term for Cogon
grass that easily burns out after it is put into flames. Ningas kugon refers to the
attitude of eagerly starting things but quickly losing eagerness soon after
experiencing difficulty, just like how fast the fire of a Cogon grass burns out
moments after being ignited. Laziness is a common problem among Filipinos that
is why Filipinos are regarded as “Juan Tamad” or Lazy Juan.
11. Pride
Most Filipinos hold on to their pride as if they are more precious than keeping
a good relationship with family and loved ones. When two parties are not in good
terms, they find it so hard to apologize and wait until the other party asks for an
apology first.

12. Crab Mentality

This is a toxic trait among Filipinos where one resents the achievement of
another, instead of feeling happy for that person. Just like crabs in a container,
they pull each other down and ruin each other’s reputation rather than bringing
them up resulting to no progress.

13. Filipino Time

Filipinos have this common attitude of arriving late at commitments, dinner or
parties especially if they are meeting someone close to them. They tend to not
observe punctuality altogether.

How To Be A Good Filipino

1. Be an active Filipino citizen

2. Study the Philippine history.
3. Support local products.
4. Speak the Filipino language.
5. Do not spread fake news and be democratic in engaging with dissent.

Application and Assessment

1. Discuss how being a Filipino affects your “self”. How can becoming a better
Filipino influence your duty to becoming a better version of yourself?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. If you will be given the chance to choose who you are, do you still want to
become a Filipino? Why?
_______________________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. Continue the statement below:

I am a Filipino and I love being a Filipino because _______________________

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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