SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY

DIT 402: FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER NETWORKING CAT 2

1. Discuss with the aid of a diagram The difference between the Synchronous and

Asynchronous mode of data transmission

SYNCHORONOUS ASYNCHORONOUS
1. In Synchronous transmission a In Asynchronous transmission each character contains
common clock is shared by the its own start and stop bits.
transmitter and receiver to achieve
synchronization while data
transmission.
2. In Synchronous transmission data is In Asynchronous transmission data is sent in form of
sent in frames or blocks. bytes or characters.
3. In Synchronous transmission is faster, Asynchronous transmission is slower as each character
as a common clock is shared by the has its own start and stop bit.
sender and receiver.
4. Synchronous transmission is costlier. Asynchronous transmission is cheaper.
5. It is easy to design. It is complex.
6. In Synchronous transmission there is In Asynchronous transmission there is a gap between
no gap between the data as they share the data due to the start and stop bit feature.
a common clock.

2. Using a diagram to illustrate, explain the Digital communication system.

1. Input Source.
The input source or the source of information are generally analog in nature for example
voice signal and video signal. These signals are non-electrical quantities and hence
cannot be processed directly in a digital communication system.
2. Input Transducers.
A transducer is a device which converts one form of energy into another form. Since the
information from the input source are non-electrical quantity, the input transducer
converts this non-electrical quantity into electrical quantity.

3. Formatters.
A formatter is used to convert an analog signal into a digital signal. So, the received
signal from the transducer is converted into digital signal by using the formatter.
However, if the source signal is already in digital form such as computer, then we will
not need a formatter in such cases.

4. Source Encoder.
The source encoder is used to compress the data into minimum number of bits. This helps
in effective utilization of the bandwidth. It removes the redundant bits or unnecessary
excess bits that is zeros from the input data.

5. Channel Encoder.
The channel encoder, does the coding for error correction. During the transmission of the
signal, due to the noise in the channel, the signal may get altered. Hence, the channel
encoder provides some redundant bits to the message data in order to provide an error
free data on the receiver side. The channel encoder plays an important role in the
communication system.

6. Base-band Processor.
In case of low-speed wireless transmission, the base band signal can be transmitted
directly. But when the data has to travel in a noisy atmosphere, we have to employ some
features such as pulse shaping, line coding. This task is performed by Base-band
processor. Now, for high-speed transmission, the digital data is modulated with the help
of a high frequency carrier just like in case of analog transmission. This task is performed
by the base-band modulator.

7. Channel.
The communication channel is the media via which the signal is transmitted from the
transmitting end to the receiving end. It is the part of model at which maximum noise is
added to the signal.

8. Base-band Decoder.
The base-band decoder is used to recover the original data from the pulse shaped or line
coded data.

9. Channel Decoder.
The channel decoder, after detecting the sequence, does some error corrections. During
the transmission, the signal might get distorted. This is corrected by adding some
redundant bits to the signal. This addition of bits helps in the complete recovery of the
original signal.
 10. Source Decoder.
The resultant signal is once again digitized by sampling and quantizing so that the pure
digital output is obtained without the loss of information. The source decoder recreates
the source output.

11. DE formatter.
The DE formatter converts the digital data into analog signal.

12. Output Transducer.

This is the last block which converts the signal into the original physical form, which was
at the input of the transmitter. It converts the electrical signal into physical output for
example: loud speaker.

13. Output Signal.

This is the output which is produced after the whole process.

3. Discuss any TEN protocols and any FIVE standards used in computer networking.

TEN PROTOCOLS.

 Transmission Control Protocol.

It is a popular communication protocol used for communicating over a network.

 Internet Protocol.
It is designed explicitly as addressing protocol.
 User Datagram Protocol.
It is a substitute communication protocol to transmission control protocol implemented
for creating loss-tolerating and low-latency linking between different applications.

 Post Office Protocol.

It is designed for receiving incoming E-mails.
 Simple mail transport Protocol.
It is designed to send and distribute outgoing E-mail.
  File Transfer Protocol.
Allows users to transfer files from one machine to another.
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
It is designed for transferring hypertext among two or more systems.
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure.
It is used to secure the communication among two computers one using browser and the
other fetching data from web server.
 Telnet.
It is a set of rules designed for connecting one system with another.
 Gopher.
It is a collection of rules implemented for searching, retrieving as well as displaying
documents from isolated sites.

FIVE STANDARDS
 Application layer.
HTTP, HTML, POP
 Transport layer.
TCP, SPX
 Network layer.
IP, IPX
 Data link layer.
Frame Relay, X.25
 Physical layer.
V.92(modem)

4. What is Multiplexing Discuss the various types of multiplexing techniques.

Multiplexing is a method by which multiple analog or digital signals are combined into one
signal over shared medium. The aim is to share a scarce resource.
Types of Multiplexing techniques.

 Frequency Division Multiplexing.

This is analog multiplexing used to unite analog signals. This type of technique is useful
when the links bandwidth is better than the united bandwidth of the transmitted signals.
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing.
 The main intention of WDM is to utilize the high data rate capacity of the fiber optic
cable.
 Time Division Multiplexing.
It is one kind of method for transmitting a signal over a channel of particular
communication by separating the time edge into slots. It is mainly useful for analog and
digital signals.
5. Discuss the procedure of installing and configuring a LAN with 10 client computers, one

server and one printer in a windows environment.

1. Take the computer for which you are making server, insert the second LAN in that
computer.
2. Connect your internet connection into the first LAN (inbuilt) on that computer.
3. enter the IP address which you got from your ISP and check whether you can able to use
internet on that system.
4. Now make sure that the second LAN is detected and is showing Unplugged.
5. Open properties of the first LAN (inbuilt LAN) and then go to "Advanced" option which is
available on the top, then check both the boxes and say ok. and close everything.
6. ow take an Internet cable which is crimped on both the sides with same colors of wires.

7.Connect one end to the second LAN and the other end to the switch.
8. Now open your second LAN properties and go to the TCP/IP properties and there enter IP
address as (192.168.0.1) or anything you wish Subnet Mask (255.255.255.0) and the gateway
as (192.168.0.1).
9. Now open click on the switch and you will get a notification on your server saying that
"Local Area Connection 2" is connected.
10. Now take another Internet cable and one end of that cable should be in any one port of
the Switch and the other should be in the second computer.
11. Now you will get a notification that you are connected to internet, open the LAN
properties and enter the IP address as (192.168.0.2) subnet mask and gateway should be same
as server. say ok
12. You will now be able to browse Internet on that particular system now.
13. Do the same with the rest of the systems.