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Module 3.2 Inverse Trigonometric Integrals

The document provides formulas for evaluating inverse trigonometric integrals: Formula 1 is for integrals of the form ∫ du/√a^2-u^2. Formula 2 is for integrals of the form ∫ du/(a^2+u^2). Formula 3 is for integrals of the form ∫ du/u√u^2-a^2. Several examples show how to identify which formula applies and perform the substitution to evaluate the integral using the appropriate formula. Exercises at the end provide additional practice evaluating integrals using the formulas.

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Tonton Sipagan
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229 views4 pages

Module 3.2 Inverse Trigonometric Integrals

The document provides formulas for evaluating inverse trigonometric integrals: Formula 1 is for integrals of the form ∫ du/√a^2-u^2. Formula 2 is for integrals of the form ∫ du/(a^2+u^2). Formula 3 is for integrals of the form ∫ du/u√u^2-a^2. Several examples show how to identify which formula applies and perform the substitution to evaluate the integral using the appropriate formula. Exercises at the end provide additional practice evaluating integrals using the formulas.

Uploaded by

Tonton Sipagan
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS FORMULAS

If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑎 corresponds to a constant


𝑑𝑢 𝑢
Formula 1: ∫ √𝑎2 = Sin−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
−𝑢2
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
Formula 2: ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑢2 = 𝑎 Tan−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
Formula 3: ∫ = 𝑎 Sec −1 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑢√𝑢2 −𝑎2

Examples: The first three examples involve using the substitution technique first before applying
the secondary integration formulas. Then, the last four examples involve transforming the
integrand first using basic algebraic techniques or trigonometric identities before applying the
substitution technique to reveal which among the three integration techniques would apply in
evaluating the integral of the example at hand.

𝑒𝑥
Example 1: ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 +4 𝑑𝑥

Solution: By inspection, Formula 2 applies to this problem. Therefore, letting 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 =


𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, and 𝑎 = 2, the above integrand can be transformed to

𝑑𝑢
= ∫
𝑢2
+4
1 𝑢
= Tan−1 + 𝐶
2 2𝑥
1 𝑒
= Tan−1 + 𝐶
2 2
cos 2𝑥
Example 2: ∫ √36−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥

Solution: By inspection, Formula 1 applies to this problem. Therefore, letting 𝑢 = sin 2𝑥,
𝑑𝑢 = 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥, and 𝑎 = 6, the above integrand can be transformed to

1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫
2 √36 − 𝑢2
1 𝑢
= Sin−1 + 𝐶
2 6
1 sin 2𝑥
= Sin−1 +𝐶
2 6
𝑑𝑥
Example 3: ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥√9𝑥 2 −16

Solution: By inspection, Formula 1 applies to this problem. However, if 𝑢 = 3𝑥, then 3 should
also be multiplied to x at the outside of the radical to conform to the form of Formula 1.
Therefore, multiplying 3 to both numerator and denominator, the above integrand can be
transformed to
3𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥√(3𝑥)2 −16

Setting 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥, and 𝑎 = 4, the above integrand can be further be transformed to

𝑑𝑢
=∫
𝑢√𝑢2 − 16
1 𝑢
= Sec −1 + 𝐶
4 4
1 3𝑥
= Sec −1 +𝐶
4 4
𝑑𝑥
Example 4: ∫ √4𝑒 −2𝑥
−1

Solution: It may appear at first glance that Formula 1 can immediately be used for this example.
However, for Formula 1 to be used, the function of x (𝑢2 ) should come after the constant term
(𝑎2 ). Therefore, manipulating the integrand to reveal the function that will eventually be replaced
by u, the above integrand can be transformed to

𝑑𝑥
=∫
√ 42𝑥 − 1
𝑒
𝑑𝑥
=∫
𝑒 2𝑥
√4 −2𝑥
𝑒
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√4 − 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑥
𝑒𝑥
𝑒 𝑑𝑥
=∫
√4 − 𝑒 2𝑥

By inspection, Formula 1 indeed applies to this problem. Therefore, letting 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥,


and 𝑎 = 2, the above integrand can further be transformed to

𝑑𝑢
=∫
√4 − 𝑢2
𝑢
= Sin−1 + 𝐶
2𝑥
𝑒
= Sin−1 + 𝐶
2
𝑑𝑥
Example 5: ∫ 5+4𝑥+𝑥 2

Solution: The denominator involves linear and quadratic terms of x, which are terms in a perfect
square trinomial. Therefore, re-writing the constant term 5 into 1 + 4 to reveal the perfect square
trinomial in the denominator that can eventually be written as a square of a binomial, the above
integrand can be transformed to

𝑑𝑥
=∫
1 + (4 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
=∫
1 + (𝑥 + 2)2

By inspection, Formula 2 applies to this problem. Therefore, letting 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥, and


𝑎 = 1, the above integrand can further be transformed to

𝑑𝑢
=∫
1 + 𝑢2
1 𝑢
= Tan−1 +𝐶
1 1
= Tan−1 (𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶
cot 𝑥
Example 6: ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1−2 cos 2𝑥

Solution: It may appear at first glance that none of the three integration formulas apply to this
example since no quadratic term can be found in the integrand. However, applying the
trigonometric identity cos 2𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥, the above integrand can be transformed to

cos 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 √1 − 2(1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)
cos 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 √4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 1

By inspection, Formula 3 applies to this problem. If we let 𝑢 = 2 sin 𝑥, then 2 should also be
multiplied to sin 𝑥 outside of the radical. Therefore, multiplying 2 to both the numerator and the
denominator, the above integrand can be transformed to

2 cos 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 √(2 sin 𝑥)2 − 1

Setting 𝑑𝑢 = 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑎 = 1, the above integrand can finally be transformed to

𝑑𝑢
=∫
𝑢√𝑢2 − 1
1 𝑢
= Sec −1 + 𝐶
1 1
= Sec −1 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

EXERCISES: Evaluate each integral


𝑑𝑧
1. ∫ √3−𝑥 2
+2𝑥
𝑑𝑡
2. ∫
𝑡√4−𝑙𝑛2 𝑡
𝑑𝑥
3. ∫
𝑒 2𝑥 √2𝑒 −3𝑥 −𝑒 −4𝑥
𝑑𝑡
4. ∫ √𝑡−𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
6. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 csc cos −1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ 𝑥+𝑥 𝑥
√ √
tan 𝑥
8. ∫ sec 𝑥+4 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

ANSWERS:
𝑥−1
1. Sin−1 2 + 𝐶
ln 𝑡
2. Sin−1 2 + 𝐶
3. − Sin−1(𝑒 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
4. 2 Sin−1 √𝑡 + 𝐶
5. Tan−1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
6. Sin−1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
7. 2 Tan−1 √𝑥 + 𝐶
1
8. − 2 Tan−1 (2 cos 𝑥) + 𝐶

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