ENG 206 - MODULE 2: SUBSTITUTION TECHNIQUE (U-TECHNIQUE)

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the session, the student is expected to:

1. Use substitution or u-technique in evaluating the integral of a function

2.1 ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

Many antiderivatives cannot be found by applying only the formulas in Module 1. There are
techniques requiring the chain rule for antidifferentiation.

The Chain Rule for Antidifferentiation. If 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) is a differentiable function whose range is an
interval 𝐼, and 𝑓 is continuous on 𝐼, then
∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))[𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥] = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢

POWER OF A FUNCTION AND LOGARITHM OF A FUNCTION

𝑢𝑛+1
1. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
1
2. ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|𝑢| + 𝐶

Example 1: ∫(1 + 𝑥 2 )9 (2𝑥𝑑𝑥)

Solution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
10
(1+𝑥 2 )
∫(1 + 𝑥 2 )9 (2𝑥𝑑𝑥) = 10
+𝐶 → Formula: ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢

Example 2: ∫ √3𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
1
Solution: ∫ √3𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(3𝑥 + 4) ⁄2 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥
We need a factor of 3 to go with 𝑑𝑥 to give 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, hence we write
1 1 1
∫(3𝑥 + 4) ⁄2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(3𝑥 + 4) ⁄2 ∙ (3𝑑𝑥) 3
1 1⁄
= ∫(3𝑥 + 4) 2 (3𝑑𝑥) → ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢
3
3
1 (3𝑥+4) ⁄2
= ∙ 3 +𝐶
3
2
2 3⁄
= (3𝑥 + 4) 2 +𝐶
9

1
Alternate Solution:
1
∫ √3𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(3𝑥 + 4) ⁄2 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑑𝑢
1⁄ 1⁄ 1
∫(3𝑥 + 4) 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑢) 2 ∙ 3 𝑑𝑢
1 1⁄
= 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
3
3
1 𝑢 ⁄2
= ∙ 3 +𝐶
3
2
2 3⁄
= (3𝑥 + 4) 2 +𝐶
9

Example 3: ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = tan 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
∫ tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
+𝐶 → ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢

𝑒𝑥
Example 4: ∫ 10+ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 10 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 𝑥) 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln(10 + 𝑒
+𝐶 → ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
10+ 𝑒

1
Example 5: ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑐𝑥𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 sin 𝑥
Solution: ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 1 1
∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ cos 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) → ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= − ln|cos 𝑥| + 𝐶
= ln|sec 𝑥| + 𝐶

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
Example 6. ∫ 1+tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 1 + tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 1 1
∫ 1+tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) → ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= ln(1 + tan 𝑥) + 𝐶

2
 INTEGRAL OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

1. ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑢
2. ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑎 + 𝐶

𝑒 √𝑥
Example 7. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
Solution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = √𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√
𝑒 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑒 √𝑥 ∙ → ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
√𝑥 2√𝑥
= 2𝑒 √𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 8. ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑒 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑒 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ∙ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= 2 +𝐶
cos 𝑥
Example 9. ∫ 10 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = 10, 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = −sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 10cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 10cos 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) → ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢
10cos 𝑥
= − ln 10 + 𝐶

2.2 TRIGONOMETRIC AND INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

INTEGRAL OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶
2. ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
3. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶
4. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶
5. ∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶
6. ∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶
7. ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢| + 𝐶
or ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|cos 𝑢| + 𝐶
8. ∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sin 𝑢| + 𝐶
9. ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝐶
10. ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|csc 𝑢 − cot 𝑢| + 𝐶
or ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|csc 𝑢 + cot 𝑢| + 𝐶

3
Example 10. ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ cos 𝑒 2𝑥 (2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥) → ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
= sin 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2

INTEGRAL OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1
1. ∫ √1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑢) + 𝐶
1
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑢) + 𝐶
1+ 𝑢2
1
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑢) + 𝐶
𝑢√𝑢2 −1

𝑑𝑥
Example 11. ∫ √1−4𝑥2
Solution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑑𝑥 1
∫ √9−4𝑥 2 = 2 ∫ 2
→ ∫ √1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
√1−(2𝑥)
1
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 12. ∫ 1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
Solution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 1
∫ 1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 = − ∫ 1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) → ∫ 1+ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
= −𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 (cos 𝑥) + 𝐶

PRACTICE SET: Analyze and evaluate the following integrals:

u du Formula Answers
(𝑥 2 −2)𝑑𝑥 1
1. ∫ 3
𝑥 −6𝑥+2 ln|𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
3
1
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ln|ln 𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥 ln 𝑥

3
𝑒 ⁄𝑥 1 3
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 ⁄𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥2 3

4
 2 1
𝑥 𝑒𝑥 2
4. ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛|𝑒 𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
𝑒 +1 2

5. ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 4−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 4−𝑥 2
− 𝑒 +𝐶
2
𝑥 1
6. ∫ 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶
√1 − 9𝑥 4 6

√𝑥 2 3
7. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 ⁄2 ) + 𝐶
1 + 𝑥3 3

cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 (3 sin 𝑥) + 𝐶

8. ∫
√9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 −1

(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝐶

9. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 1

10. ∫
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑥√𝑥 6 −1 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
3