M0707 Acabados Superficial

Garcia, U - [email protected].
co
Acabados Superficial
Subtítulo
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Básicas (FICB) -
Ingeniería Mecánica – Dibujo de Máquinas
Periodo 2019-1
Garcia, U - [email protected]
Content
1. Overview
2. Surface roughness
I. Measurements
II. Symbols
3. Exercise
I. Sample
Surface Texture
Surface Texture
•Repetitive or random deviations from the normal

surface which form the pattern of the surface. Surface
texture include roughness, waviness, lay and flows.
•Every part’s surface is made up of texture and

roughness which varies due to manufacturing
techniques and the part structure itself.
•Primary texture: lr/hr<50 (Roughness)
•Secondary texture: lw/hw>50 (Waviness)

Measuring Surface Roughness

Surface roughness measurement methods
include linear roughness measurement
(profile method type), which measures
roughness on a single line of the sample
surface, and areal roughness
measurement (areal method type), which Fig1. Linear roughness
measures roughness over an acquired area measurement performed
of the surface. with a contact stylus.
Linear roughness measurement had been

the industry standard for many years, but
expectations for areal roughness
measurement, which gathers a larger
surface sampling area, have risen in recent
years due to advances in laser confocal
microscopy.
Fig2. Areal roughness
measurement performed
with a laser scanner.
Measuring Surface Roughness: Contact stylus

Measuring Surface Roughness: Areal

High accuracy of laser confocal microscopes
Fig a). Laser confocal

microscope vs. contact-type
roughness instrument.
Fig c). Observation

image from a laser
confocal microscope.
Extremely fine wire
(φ50 µm), objective
lens magnification
100×
Fig b). Dental implant
surface measurements.
Terms used in surface roughness

1. Roughness : consists of surface
irregularities which result from the various
machining process. These irregularities
combine to form surface texture.
2. Roughness Height : It is the height of the

irregularities with respect to a reference line.
It is measured in millimeters or microns or
micro inches. It is also known as the height of
unevenness.
4. Roughness Width Cut Off :it is the
3. Roughness Width :it is the distance greatest spacing of respective surface
parallel to the nominal surface between irregularities to be included in the
successive peaks or ridges which constitute measurement of the average
the predominate pattern of the roughness. It roughness height. It should always be
is measured in millimeters. greater than the roughness width in
order to obtain the total roughness
height rating.
Terms used in surface roughness

5. Lay : Lay represents the direction of
predominant surface pattern produced and it
reflects the machining operation used to
produce it.
6. Waviness Height: Waviness height is the

peak to valley distance of the surface profile,
measured in millimeters.
7. Arithmetic Average (AA): If X is the

measured value from the profilometer, then
the AA value can be calculated as shown
below.
9. Flaws: Irregularity which occur at
one place or widely varying intervals
8. Root Mean Square (rms) : The rms value
in surface. It include cracks,
can be calculated as shown below. Its
scratches etc.
numerical value is about 11% higher than
that of AA.
Mean roughness index Ra - ISO 4287
It is the profile of the actual surface obtained by

finishing operation.
It is the profile to which the irregularities of the

surface are referred to. It passes through the
highest point of the actual profile.
It is the profile, parallel to the reference profile.

It passes through the lowest point B of the
actual profile. It is the distance from the datum profile to the
reference profile.
It is that profile, within the sampling length

chosen (L), such that the sum of the It is the arithmetic mean of the absolute values
materialfilled areas enclosed above it by the of the heights hi between the actual and mean
actual profile is equal to the sum of the profiles. It is given by,
material-void areas enclosed below it by the
profile.
A schematic profile and the parameters
The maximum peak to valley height within

each SL is Rz. There are normally five
Rz values, Rz1 to Rz5, or Rzi so it can
be defined as the mean roughness.
Roughness of Manufacturing Processes

Roughness of Manufacturing Processes

Relationship between surface roughness

and cost
The approximate relationship between
surface roughness and the cost of
producing such a finish is shown in the
figure. The cost of rough machining can
be considered as the zero datum on the y
axis of the graph, and other processes
can be compared with it.
For example, a finish of 6.3 mm produced

by grinding may well cost four times as
much as rough machining.
Many factors contribute towards

production costs, and this information
again can be only approximate.
Surface Finish Symbol - ISO 1302
If it is necessary to impose
maximum and minimum
limits of the principal criterion
of surface roughness, both
values shall be shown
Equivalent surface roughness symbols

Symbol of Lay
Parallel to the plane of projection of the view in
which the symbol is used
Perpendicular to the plane of projection of the

view in which the symbol is used
Crossed in two slant direction relative to the

plane of projection of the view in which the symbol
is used
Multidirectional
Approximately concentric relative to the centre

of the surface to which the symbol is applied
Approximately radial relative to the centre of the

surface to which the symbol is applied
Nondirectional without direction

Example of Identify Surface Texture

Setups for roughness measurement

DIN ISO 4288:
Max rule
All roughness parameters with the suffix “max” represent the maximum
mean value measured within the five sampling lengths. Measurement
should be made at three positions, at least, on the surface where the
greatest values can be expected; at no position should the limit be
exceeded.
https://www.mitutoyo.com/

DIN ISO 4288:
16% rule
All roughness parameters without the “max” suffix represent the mean value
measured within the five sampling lengths: 16% of the measured values may
exceed the limit.
Step-by-step method:
1.If the first measured value is below 70% of the limit, this is considered to
comply.
2.Failing this, take two additional measurements at other points on the
surface; if all three measured values are below the limit, this is considered to
comply.
3.Failing this, take nine additional measurements at other points on the
surface; if a total of not more than two measured values are greater than the
limit, this is considered to comply.

DIN ISO 4288:
16% rule
All roughness parameters without the “max” suffix represent the mean
value measured within the five sampling lengths: 16% of the measured
values may exceed the limit.

The interpretation shown in Figure is as follows.
The process is not specified therefore any which

meets the roughness specification is acceptable.
The parameters specified apply to the roughness

profile. The upper limit is a Ra value of 3,1 um
using the 'max-rule’. The lower limit is a Ra value
of 0,9um and the '16% rule' applies as the default.
With both the upper and lower limits, the default

transmission bands apply, and the Ra value is to
be examined over the EL of five SL's. The lay is
unspecified so therefore any lay pattern is
acceptable.

The upper specification limit is a Ra value of

5,5um and the lower specification limit is a Ra
value of 6,2um.
The '16% rule’ applies to both as the default. In

both cases the lower transmission band is
0,008mm and the upper is 4mm.
No SL is specified with respect to the parameter

so the default situation of the EL applies. Thus, all
of the five SL Ra values must be tested.
The manufacturing processes is to be milling such

that the surface layer is approximately concentric
around the centre. In this case the 'U' and 'L is not
stated because they are obvious.

The surface is to be produced by grinding with the

lay approximately perpendicular to the projection
plane.
There are two upper specification limits set by a

Ra value and a Rz value. The Ra value is limited
to l,5um using the default '16% rule'. The upper
and lower transmission bands are the default
values.
All five SL's are to be considered. The Rz value is

to be limited to 6,7um and the 'max-rule' applies.
The upper transmission band is 2,5mm and the
lower transmission band is the default value. All
five Rz values in an EL must be considered.

The surface is to be produced by nickel-chromium

plating and no material is to be removed afterwards.
There is one upper limit for Ra and an upper and a

lower limit for Rz. The upper limit for Ra is 3,lum and
'16% rule' applies. The lower transmission band is the
default value and the upper transmission band is
0,8mm.
Each of the five SL's is to be examined for the Ra

values. The upper limit is 1 Sum when the lower
transmission band is the default value and the upper
transmission band is 2,5mm. The lower limit is Rz of
6,5um when the lower transmission band is the default
value and the upper is 2,5mm. The '16% rule' applies
to the both the upper and the lower Rz values.
All five SL's are to be investigated with respect

to the upper and lower Rz values.
Example: ISO 1302: 2002

Exercise: Surface Symbols
?
Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Básicas (FICB)
Ubicación:
Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica
Campus Bogotá,
Edificio de Ingenierías (Sede Caldas) Lab. 106
Carrera 16 # 63 A – 68
Tel. (57-1) (5) 254 4750
Ext: 3355
http://www.ulibertadores.edu.co
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Garcia, U - [email protected].

•Repetitive or random deviations from the normal

•Every part’s surface is made up of texture and

•Primary texture: lr/hr<50 (Roughness)

•Secondary texture: lw/hw>50 (Waviness)

Measuring Surface Roughness

Linear roughness measurement had been

Measuring Surface Roughness: Contact stylus

Measuring Surface Roughness: Areal

High accuracy of laser confocal microscopes

Fig a). Laser confocal

Fig c). Observation

Terms used in surface roughness

2. Roughness Height : It is the height of the

Terms used in surface roughness

6. Waviness Height: Waviness height is the

7. Arithmetic Average (AA): If X is the

Mean roughness index Ra - ISO 4287

It is the profile of the actual surface obtained by

It is the profile to which the irregularities of the

It is the profile, parallel to the reference profile.

It is that profile, within the sampling length

A schematic profile and the parameters

The maximum peak to valley height within

Roughness of Manufacturing Processes

Roughness of Manufacturing Processes

Relationship between surface roughness

For example, a finish of 6.3 mm produced

Many factors contribute towards

Surface Finish Symbol - ISO 1302

Equivalent surface roughness symbols

Perpendicular to the plane of projection of the

Crossed in two slant direction relative to the

Approximately concentric relative to the centre

Approximately radial relative to the centre of the

Nondirectional without direction

Example of Identify Surface Texture

Setups for roughness measurement

Setups for roughness measurement

Setups for roughness measurement

Example of Identify Surface Texture

The process is not specified therefore any which

The parameters specified apply to the roughness

With both the upper and lower limits, the default

Example of Identify Surface Texture

The upper specification limit is a Ra value of

The '16% rule’ applies to both as the default. In

No SL is specified with respect to the parameter

The manufacturing processes is to be milling such

Example of Identify Surface Texture

The surface is to be produced by grinding with the

There are two upper specification limits set by a

All five SL's are to be considered. The Rz value is

Example of Identify Surface Texture

The surface is to be produced by nickel-chromium

There is one upper limit for Ra and an upper and a

Each of the five SL's is to be examined for the Ra

All five SL's are to be investigated with respect

Example: ISO 1302: 2002