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A Comparative Study of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) Essential Oil

Extracted by Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation (MAHD) and Conventional
Hydrodistillation (HD) Method

Article  in  International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications · April 2014

DOI: 10.7763/IJCEA.2014.V5.360

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 International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2014

A Comparative Study of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon

Citratus) Essential Oil Extracted by Microwave-Assisted
Hydrodistillation (MAHD) and Conventional
Hydrodistillation (HD) Method
Ranitha M., Abdurahman H. Nour, Ziad A. Sulaiman, Azhari H. Nour, and Thana Raj S.


by combination of diverse and complex volatile mixtures of
Abstract—The demand of essential oil in current industry has chemical compounds, with predominance of terpene
increased due to its bioactive compound that shows various associated to aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones which were
therapeutic effects. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation accumulated in various structure of the plant [2]. In industry,
(MAHD) is an advanced hydrodistillation (HD) technique, in
which a microwave oven is used as the heating source. MAHD
the essential oils are typically extracted from fresh or
extraction of essential oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon partially dried leaves using various method of extraction and
Citratus) was studied. The effect of different parameters, such the most common will be hydrodistillation. The use of
as water to plant material ratio (6:1, 8:1,10:1), microwave medicinal plants extracts is part of a competitive market,
power (200 W,250W) and extraction time (30min,60min, which includes pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and
90min,120min) on the extraction yield and its major perfumery markets, mainly to use their active substance. The
constituents were investigated and the results were compared
with those of conventional HD. These essential oils were further
Asian continent with its diversity of climates appears to be
analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC-MS) the most vital producer of essential oils. China and India play
to evaluate the effect of extraction method on the content of its a major role followed by Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam
main constituents which were neral, geranial and myrcene and [1].
some minor compounds such as linalool, geranic acid and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus), a perennial plant
citronellol. The optimum parameters were found at water to with long, thin leaves, is one of the largely cultivated
plant material ratio of 8:1, microwave power of 250W and 90
medicinal plants for its essential oils in parts of tropical and
minutes of extraction and the yield obtained under this
condition was 1.46%. GC-MS analysis has proved that the use subtropical areas of Asia, Africa and America [3]. It contains
of microwave irradiation did not adversely influence the 1-2% of essential oil on dry basis [4] and the chemical
composition of essential oils as the main constituents found composition of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus)
through both methods were almost similar in term of quality essential oil is varying widely upon genetic diversity, habitat
and quantity. The results obtained indicate that MAHD method and agronomic treatment of the culture [5].The leaves of
provided a good alternative for the extraction of essential oil
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) present lemony
from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus).
characteristic flavor due to its main content, citral which
Index Terms—Extraction, GC-MS, lemongrass, present great importance to the industry. Citral, a
microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, optimization. combination of neral and geranial isomers, is used as a raw
material for the production of ionone, vitamin A and
beta-carotene [4]. There were a number of studies carried out
I. INTRODUCTION to prove the anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and anti-fungal
Essential oils are botanical extracts of various plant activities of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) [6]-[8].
materials, and do not only originate from flowers, but from The common methods to extract essential oil from
herbs, trees and various other plant material. It is estimated medicinal plant, including for Lemongrass (Cymbopogon
that the global number of plants is of the order of 300,000 and Citratus), are hydrodistillation (HD), steam distillation,
about 10% of these contains essential oils and could be used steam and water distillation, maceration, empyreumatic( or
as a source for their production [1].Their extracts are formed destructive) distillation and expression [9]. It is proved
through a number of studies, [9]-[11], that the quality of
Manuscript received September 3, 2013; revised November 29, 2013. essential oil mainly depends on its constituents which is
This work was supported in part by Universiti Malaysia Pahang under Grant primarily influenced by their extraction procedures. In
GRS120356. Paper titles should be written in uppercase and lowercase contrast, these common methods can induce thermal
letters, not all uppercase.
M. Ranitha, Abdurahman H. Nour, and Ziad A. Sulaiman Nour are with degradation, hydrolysis and water solubililization of some
the Department of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti fragrance constituents. . In addition, the oil obtained through
Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Malayisa (e-mail: [email protected], solvent aided extraction contains residues that pollute the
[email protected], [email protected]).
Azhari H. Nour is with the Department of Industrial Science and foods fragrances to which they are added. As a means to
Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Malayisa (e-mail: overcome this sort of drawbacks, an advance and improved
[email protected]). method such as microwave-assisted extraction [12],
S. Thana Raj is with the Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation [13], subcritical water
(e-mail: [email protected]). extraction [14] and ultrasound-assisted extraction [15] have

DOI: 10.7763/IJCEA.2014.V5.360 104

 International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2014

been applied to shorten extraction time, improve the microwave-assisted hydrodistillation were conducted at
extraction yield and reduce the operational costs. water to raw material ratio of 6:1, 8:1 and 10:1 at 200 and
Recently, microwave-assisted hydrodistillaton (MAHD) 250W microwave power for durations of 30, 60, 90 and 120
procedures for isolating essential oils have become attractive min. 2h of extraction is sufficient enough to extract essential
for use in laboratories and industry due to its effective oil from the sample through MAHD [14]. The flask
heating, fast energy transfer and also an environmental containing 50 g of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) with
friendly extraction technique. Its acceptance as potential and its distilled water was placed within the microwave oven
powerful alternative for conventional extraction techniques cavity. A condenser which has been set on the top, outside the
has been proved through several research [9], [10], [14]. oven, was used to collect the extracted essential oils.
However, there are no reports of the simultaneous D. Hydrodistillation
comparison of MAHD and HD extraction procedures on
extraction of essential oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon 50g of fresh Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) leaves
were placed in a 1L flask containing 400ml of distilled water
Citratus). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to
and hydrodistilled for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min using a
investigate the applicability of microwave-assisted
Clevenger-type apparatus. The system was operated at a
hydrodistillation (MAHD) technique as an alternative to
fixed power of 500W and under atmospheric pressure [18].
conventional hydrodistillation (HD) in isolation of
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) extracts based on the E. Analysis of Sample
extraction yield and constituents of oils obtained under To remove water, the collected extracts were dried over
optimized condition. The effect of operational parameter anhydrous sodium sulfate, weighed and stored in vial at +4
such as extraction time and water to raw material ratio were ℃ prior to analysis. The amount of yield obtained from the
evaluated to identify its optimum condition for extraction and extraction was analyzed to evaluate the performance of
this applicability was appreciated by using the result of MAHD in Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) oil extraction.
subsequent GC/MS analysis by comparing their main Yield of oil that obtained for every run was calculated by
constituents and oxygenated compounds. using Equation (1):
amount of essential oil (g) obtained (1)
Yield of essential oil =
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD amount of raw materials (g) used

A. Plant Samples A GC-MS instrument (5973N, Agilent Technologies,

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) leaves were collected Wilmington, DE, UAS) equipped with a mass selective
from home garden in northwest of Malaysia. The plant detector operating in the electron impact mode (70eV) was
sample was freshly cut, 10cm from the root, in the morning of used to study the composition of the essential oil at extracted
the day they were collected. According to [16], for various group of parameter condition to analyze its quality.
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus), the percentage The GC part (6890N, Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA,
essential oil yield for the partially dried leaves was found to USA) was equipped with an HP-5MS (Agilent
be higher than that of the fresh leaves. Thus, once collected, BTechnologies) capillary column (30 m long, 0.25 mm id
the plant material were dried at room temperature for a week and 0.25 lm film thickness). Temperature-programming of
then kept in a sealed plastic bag at ambient temperature and the oven included an initial hold at 50 °C for 5 min and a rise
protected from the light. The samples were ground using a to 240 °C at 3 °C min-1 followed by additional rise to 300 °C
kitchen grinder (Super Blender,Panasonic,Tokyo, Japan) at at 5 °C min-1. A final hold for 3 min was allowed for a
room temperature prior to extraction. Whereas, extraction complete column clean-up. The injector was set at 280 °C.
yield increase by decreasing the particle size due to the higher The samples were diluted with n-hexane (1/10, v/v) and a
amount of oil released as the leave cells are destroyed by volume of 1.0 μl was injected to the GC with the injector in
milling [17]. In order to improve the collection efficiency, the the split mode (split ratio: 1/10). Carrier gas, He, was
plant material was soaked in its distilled water for 30min adjusted to a linear velocity of 1 ml min-1[19]. The
before the extraction performed. compounds of the extracted essential oils were identified by
comparing their mass spectral fragmentation patterns with
B. Reagents those of similar compounds from a database (Wiley/NBS
Anhydrous sodium sulfate and n-hexane used was library) or with published mass spectra (Massada 1976;
analytical grade reagent purchased from Sigma Aldrich (US) Adams, 2001). The components were quantified based on the
and Fisher Scientific (US), respectively. Deionised water comparison of compound's retention period, which were
used was purified by Milli-Q purification system (Millipore) similar in both techniques. The normalization method was
(Massachusetts,USA). used; the value of total peak areas is considered 100% and the
percentage of each component was calculated using the area
C. Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation
of each peak.
A modified domestic microwave oven model Samsung
MW71E connected to the Clevenger apparatus was modified
for MAHD operation. The Samsung MW71E has 1150 Watt III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
power consumption, 800 Watt output power with 250v-50Hz
power soure; 2450MHz. The cavity dimensions of the A. Optimization of MAHD Method
microwave oven were 306 × 211 × 320mm. The Quality and quantity of oil essential mainly depends on the

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 International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2014

extraction procedures. Therefore, optimizing extraction B. Comparison of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus)

procedure is considered as a vital process. In current research, Oil Obtained by Conventional Hydrodistillation Method
the following parameters were studied to identify the To evaluate the effect of microwave in the extraction of
optimum operating condition of MAHD in extraction of essential oil, the results of MAHD, at optimal conditions,
essential oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) : were compared with those of conventional hydrodistillation
water to raw material ratio,6:1, 8:1 and 10:1; microwave (HD) in term of the oil yield and its constituents. HD is an
power, 200 W and 250 W; extraction time, 30 min, 60 min, accepted method that is used as reference for the
90 min, and 120 min. quantification of essential oils [11].
Effect of water to plant material ratio—Fig. 1(a) shows The induction time for MAHD was only 12 minutes
that the extracted yield at three different water to plant whereas for HD it was 30min. This show, 60% of the total oil
material ratio at 90 min of extraction and under 250 W can be extracted using MAHD by the time the extraction of
microwave power. By decreasing the water to plant material essential oil by HD started. It is interesting to note that, the
ratio from 10:1 to 8:1, the extracted oil yield increased from amount of yield extracted by MAHD after 60 min will similar
0.89% to 1.46%. However, the extracted oil yield decreased as the oil resulted after 180 min by HD. At 90 min of
to 1.27% when the ratio is reduced to 6:1. Thus, ratio 8:1 is extraction, the oil yield by MAHD and HD method were
the selected as the optimum ratio for the extraction as it’s 1.46% and 0.98%, respectively.
gave the maximum yield. The effect of water to plant material
ratio needs crucial consideration to achieve maximum (a)
extraction of yield during scaling up or down the sample
preparation method. The small volume of water in the system
failed to withstand at high microwave intensity for a longer
extraction time and target extraction incomplete. While,
presence of excess amount of water can cause excess thermal
stress due to rapid heating of the solution on account of
effective absorption of microwaves by water [9].
Effect of Microwave Power—Microwave power is one of
the factors that influence the efficiency of MAHD extraction (b)
because the microwave energy significantly affects
molecular interactions between the target compounds and
others. Two microwave power levels were used in the
extraction and their results were shown in Fig. 1(b) (at water
to raw material ratio 8:1 and 90 min of extraction time). The
extraction was improved by raising the microwave power
from 200W to 250W with 1.21% and 1.46%, respectively.
This is doubtlessly due to the rapid generation of heat inside
the immersed Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) with the
absorption of microwave energy and the subsequent
formation of a higher pressure gradient inside the plant
material when subjected to higher microwave power levels.
Based on these results, 250W was chosen as the optimum
microwave power. The obtained result is in accordance with
[10] finding on effect of microwave power on extraction of
Echinophora platyloba DC using MAHD. (c)
Effect of Extraction Time—Fig. 1(c) shows the influence
of microwave power on the extraction yields of Lemongrass Fig. 1. Effect of (a) water to raw material ratio, (b) microwave power and (c)
extraction time using MAHD on the extraction yield of essential oil from
(Cymbopogon Citratus) over the range 30-120 min under a Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus).
fix microwave power of 250W and water to raw material
ratio of 8:1. From the graph, the amount of yield does not This momentous heating rate is due to the microwaves
change significantly after 90 minutes where the yield which deliver bulk heating within the system. These create an
obtained up to this period was 1.46%. The rate of extraction instant and high rate heating platform. All this results
was high at the beginning of the extraction but get slow indicated a substantial saving in time, energy and as well as
gradually by time. The effect of this parameter in MAHD has its cost.
been studied by number researches on various plant materials, GC-MS analyses were performed with the aim to compare
[10], [19], [20] and almost all of them obtained the same the compositions of the Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus)
configuration as illustrated in Fig. 1(c). These results oil extracted by MAHD and HD. The comparison of major
confirmed the Fick’s second law of diffusion which stated compounds found in their optimized condition, neral,
about the final equilibrium achieved by the solute geranial and myrcene, and some minor components are
concentrations in plant matrix and in the solvent after a shown in Table I. Citral, the combination of the neral and
certain time. This cause into no significant improvement in geranial isomers, is the key compound to evaluate the quality
oil yield when prolonging the extraction time. of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) oil. From the results,

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 International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2014

it was observed that concentration of key compound found in its constituents, MAHD process is a good alternative in the
the Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) oil were almost extraction processes of essential oil from Lemongrass
similar for both methods. Moreover, the oil compositions (Cymbopogon Citratus). The result obtained from this study
revealed that higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes encourage applying the MAHD for the extraction of the
such as linalool, geranic acid and citronellol are present in the essential oil of some other plant materials
essential oil isolated by MAHD and absence in HD. This
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[19] G. M. Taghi and R. Karamatollah, “Comparison of microwave-assisted Ranitha Mathialagan was born in Perak, Malaysia
hydrodistillation with the traditional htdrodistillation method in the on October 11, 1988. She was completed her Diploma
extraction of essential oil from Thymus vulgaris L.,” Journal of Food in Chemical Engineering (bioprocess) in 2009 at
Chemistry, vol. 109, pp. 925-930, 2008. Universiti Kuala Lumpur (MICET), Melaka, Malaysia
[20] H. M. Hazwan, C. M. Hasfalina, J. Hishamuddin, and Z. A. Zurina, then persued her Bachelor Degree of chemical
“Optimization and kinetics of essential oil from Citronella grass by engineeing at Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang,
ohmic heated hydrodistillation,” International Journal of Chemical Malaysia and completed on 2012. Currently, she
Engineering and Applications, vol. 3, pp. 173-177, 2012. persuing her studies at Universiti Malysia Pahang in
[21] A. B. L. Djouahri and Y. B. Meklati, “Effect of extraction method on Master of Engineering (chemical), in the topic of
chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of herbal extraction through microwave-assisted hydrodistillation. M. Ranitha
essential oil from the leaves of Algerian Tetraclinis articulate Masters,” has done her practical training for 3 months in Department of Environment,
Journal of Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 44, pp. 32-36, 2013. Perak, Malaysia. She has published a book titled Extraction and
[22] A. R. M. Hanaa, Y. I. Sallam, A. S. E. Leithy, and S. E. Aly, characeterization of essential oils by MAHD method; Germany: LAP
“Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) essential oil as affected by LAMBERT, 2012 and a paper titled Extraction and Characterization of
drying methods,” Annals of Agricultural Science, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. Essential Oil from from Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) and
113-116, 2012. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) by Microwave-Assisted
Hydrodistillation, International Journal of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, vol. 4(4), pp.221-226, 2013.

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