CHAPTER 4 TOPICS

Sectional Views  Introduction

Mohamad Asrul bin Mustapha
Department of Chemical Engineering & Sustainability
Faculty of Engineering  Types of Section
UNIMAS

 Dimensioning

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Necessity of a section view

Introduction Given

1. Although the interior features of a simple object can

usually be described by the use of hidden lines in an
exterior view, it is often confusing to describe the interior
Orthographic
of a complicated object or an assembled mechanism using projection
Section
Orthographic
projection
only hidden lines. principle
technique principle

2. Whenever the representation becomes so complicated; Yes

that is difficult to read, it is customary to make one or
more of the views “in section”. Internal features
make a view

3. A view “in section” is one obtained by imagining the

difficult to read
or dimension?
object to have been cut by a plane, the front portion being No
removed to reveal the interior feature
3 Finish 4
 Purposes
1. Clarify an internal feature.
2. Facilitate dimensioning
Example
Basic Components
Regular
view

Section
view

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Cutting plane Cutting plane line

Cutting plane is an imaginary plane that cuts through the  In an orthographic view, a cutting plane is presented as a
object. “cutting plane line, CPL” and is drawn in either of an
 A section view is obtained by viewing the object after
removed the cover up part in the direction normal to the adjacent view of the section view.
cutting plane. Direction 1 Direction 2 Direction 3
 Location and direction of a cutting plane depend on a hidden Given
feature that is needed to be revealed.
Example Cutting
plane

CPL

Section
view

Section view
7 Section Section 8
CPL view view
 Cutting plane line : Line styles Class activity
 The cutting plane line is presented by a chain line. (This course)  Do you find something wrong in the following cutting plane
 Begin and end the line with a short visible line. lines?
 Draw an arrow at about the mid-length of a short visible line, the 1
arrow head is pointed toward to this line in a viewing direction. Yes Right!
 When the line changes its direction, draw a short visible line at No Wrong!
that corner.

2
Examples Yes Right!
1 3 No
Viewing Wrong!
direction

3
Yes Right!
2
No Wrong!
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Section lining : Purpose Section lining : Symbol

 Section lines or cross-hatch lines are added to a section view  The section lines are different for each type of material.
to indicate surface that are cut by a cutting plane.  Practically, the cast iron symbol is used most often for any
Examples materials.

Examples

Cast iron, Steel Concrete

Malleable iron

Section view Section view

without section lines with section lines

Visible surfaces and edges behind the cutting plane are drawn in a section view. Sand Wood
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 Hatch Patterns Section lining : Recommended practice 1
 The spacing between lines may vary from 1.5 mm for small
sectioned areas to 3 mm for large sectioned areas.
Examples

Poor practices

Too dense Too coarse

Uneven spacing Uneven orientation

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Section lining : Recommended practice 2 Section lining : Special case

 It should not run parallel or perpendicular to contour of the When the sectioned area is large, an outline
view. sectioning may be used to save time.
Examples Poor practices
Example

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 Class activity Class activity
 Freehand sketch a section lines.  Which one is a good practice in section lining?

1 2

1 2

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Introduction
1. Full section
2. Offset section
Types of section 3. Half section
4. Broken-out section
5. Revolved section (aligned section)
6. Removed section (detailed section)
7. Aligned Section

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 Conventional practice : Treatment of a 1. Full section : Concept & example
hidden line  A section view is made by passing the straight cutting plane
 Hidden lines are usually omitted within the section lined completely through the part.
area. Example
Example

Hidden lines
present.

Hidden lines
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are omitted.

A closer look 2. Offset section : Concept & example

 A section view is made by passing the bended cutting plane
completely through the part.
Example

Edge views of
the cutting plane
are omitted

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 3. Half section : Concept & example 3. Half section : Conventional practice
 A section view is made by passing the cutting plane halfway  A center line is used for separating the sectioned half from
through an object and remove a quarter of it. the unsectioned half of the view.
Example
 Hidden line is omitted in unsectioned half of the view.

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4. Broken-out section : Concept & example 5. Revolved section : Concept & example
 A section view is made by passing the cutting plane normal  A section view is made by revolving the cross-section view 90o
to the viewing direction and removing the portion of an about a cutting plane line and drawn on the orthographic view.
object in front of it.  This section is especially helpful when across-section varies.
Example Example
a

Conventional practices
The sectioned and unsectioned
portions are separated by
a break line.
Break line is freehand drawn
as a thin continuous line (4H). a
Cutting plane line is not
necessary.
b
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 5. Revolved section : Concept & example 5. Revolved section : Concept & example
Basic concept Basic concept

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5. Revolved Section View 5. Revolved Section View

Steps in construction Steps in construction
Given Given

Edge view of
cross-section

Step 1 Step 2
a. Assign position of cutting plane. a. Transfer the depth dimension to
b. Draw axis of rotation in front view. the front view.
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 5. Revolved Section View 5. Revolved Section View
Steps in construction Steps in construction
Given Given

Step 3
a. Draw the revolved section.
FINAL PICTURE
b. Add section lines. 33 34

5. Revolved section : 5. Revolved section : Additional example

Placement of a cross-section view
1. Superimposed to orthographic view.
2. Break from orthographic view.

Break Superimposed

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 6. Removed section : Concept 6. Removed section :
 Removed section is created with the same concept as a
Comparison with a revolved section
revolved section. But, the cross-section view Revolved section Removed section
is shown outside the view.
 Used where space does not enough for revolved section
 Can be located elsewhere on a drawing with properly
labeled

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6. Removed section : Advantage 6. Removed section :

 Removed section technique can improve a reading of the
Alternative placement of a view
orthographic view.  A single or multiple removed (cross) section view(s) can be
Example
arranged without aligning with the cutting plane line, but it
have to be labeled name of the cutting plane line.
Example

A B

Revolved B
section
Removed Section A–A Section B–B
section 39
A 40
 7. Aligned Sections 7. Aligned Sections
Aligned sections use an angled cutting plane to pass through angled
features.
The plane and feature are then imagined to be revolved into the
original plane and the section projected from there

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Summary Comparison of a different section techniques

 Drafter has several choices of section techniques to reveal an
internal feature of an object.
 Object having a symmetry, an appropriate choice is such as
full section or half section.
 Object having several features that do not locate in-line
among each other, an offset section may be a good choice.
 Broken-out section is usually used when a drafter need to
reveal a local detail of each feature.
 Revolved and removed section views are efficient when a
drafter need to reveal only a cross section shape of an object.

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 Dimension techniques
 Dimensioning of the section views follows the typical rules of
dimensioning.
 For a half-section view, use dimension line with only one arrowhead
that points to the position inside the sectioned portion.
Dimensioning

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f 50 f 50 46

Example Example
POOR GOOD
POOR GOOD

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10
f 50 f 50
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Dimensioning: A real drawing

End of Slide

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