DEE1012-MEASUREMENT

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

 Apply the concept of measurement principles and

measuring equipment in electrical and electronic
measurement. (C3, PLO1)

 Solve problems of electrical and electronic circuit

using appropriate measuring operations and
theorems. (C3, PLO2)
 LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the unit you should be able to:

 Know basic principles of power meter.

 Understand the principles of analogue wattmeter.

 Understand the principles of KWH meter.

 Know basic principles of clamp meters

 Apply clamp meters in measuring alternating

current.Explain basic principle of analogue KWH
meter
5.0 POWER METER
(02:02)
 INTRODUCTION POWER METERS

• Power in an electric circuit is the product

(multiplication) of voltage and current, so any meter
designed to measure power must account for both of
these variables.
• Power is measured in watts (or kilowatts).
• Power meter is a meter to measure the amount of
electric power used.
• There are many kind of Power Meters such as
Wattmeter, KWH meter, Clamp meter etc (see figure
5.0).
Figure 5.0 : Type of Power Meter (A,B,C-KWH meter,
D- Wattmeter, E- Clamp meter).
Three equations for power in circuits that are
collectively known as Watt’s law are:
2
P  IV , PI R , P 
V
2

R
Example 1:
What power is dissipated by a heater that draws 12 A
of current from a 120 V supply?

Solution:
The most direct solution is to substitute into

P  IV
 12 A 120 V 
 1440 W
Example 2:
What power is dissipated in a 27 W resistor is the
current is 0.135 A?

Solution:
Given that you know the resistance and current,
substitute the values into P =I 2R.
PI R 2

 (0.135 A)  27  
2

 0.49 W
ANALOGUE WATTMETER
THE SYMBOL OF ANALOGUE WATTMETER

W
THE PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE WATTMETER.

• The traditional analog

wattmeter is an
electrodynamics
instrument.
• The device consists of:
• a pair of fixed coils,
(known as current coils)
• a movable coil Figure 5.2: A simplified
(known as the potential / electrodynamic wattmeter
voltage coil) circuit.
• The current coils connected in series with the circuit,
while the voltage coil is connected in parallel with the
circuit.
• When a current flowing through the current coil
generates an electromagnetic field around the coil.
• The strength of this field is proportional to the line
current and in phase with it.
• The voltage coil carries a needle that moves over a scale
to indicate the measurement
• The voltagel coil of the wattmeter generally has a high-
resistance resistor connected in series with it (to reduce
the current that flows throught it)
• The result of this arrangement is that on a dc circuit,
the deflection of the needle is proportional to both the
current and the voltage thus conforming to the
equation P =VI.
VOLTAGE COIL AND CURRENT COIL OF
WATTMETER
The two main mechanism of wattmeter are :

i. Voltage coil
Many turns of fine wire encased in
plastic connected in parallel with load.

ii. Current coil

Three turns of thick wire, connected in
series with load.
 THE WATTMETER CONNECTION FOR POWER
MEASUREMENT

Figure 5.3 : The connection a wattmeter in a single phase

circuit.
KILOWATT HOUR METER
 THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ANALOGUE
KWH METER
• The Kilowatt-hour meter is an instrument for measuring
the amount of electrical energy consumed by a
residence, business, or an electrically powered device.

• Energy = Power x time ( joules )

• Kilowatt hour is most commonly known as a billing unit

for energy delivered to consumers by electric utilitie.

• In principle, the watt-hour meter is a small motor whose

instantaneous speed is proportional to the power
passing through it.
• The total revolutions in a given time are
proportional to the total energy or watt-hour,
consumed during that time.
• The current coil is connected in series with the
line and the voltage coil is connected across
the line.
• Both coil are wound on a metal frame of
special design, providing two magnetic
circuits.
• A light aluminium disk is suspended in the air
gap of current coil field, which cause eddy
currents flow in the disc.
 THE CONSTRUCTION OF KWH METER

A single phase induction type energy meter

consists of driving system, moving system,
braking system and registering system.
CONSTRUCTION OF KWH METER

Figure 5.4 : Construction of Kilowatt-hour meter

 (A) DRIVING SYSTEM
• Driving system of the energy meter consists of two
silicon steel laminated electromagnets.
• Referring figure 5.4,the electromagnet M1 is called the
series magnet or current coil (CC) and the
electromagnet M2 is called the shunt magnet or voltage
coil (VC) .
• The current coil carries a coil consisting of a few turns of
thick wire and it is connected in series with the circuit.
The load current flows through this coil.
• The voltage coil carries a coil consisting many turns of
thin wire and it is connected across the supply.
 (B) MOVING SYSTEM

• The moving system consists of a thin aluminum

disc mounted on a spindle and is placed in the air
gap between the series and the shunt magnets.

• It cuts the flux of both the magnet forces are

produced by the fluxes of M1 & M2 .

• Both these forces act on the disc. These two forces

constitute a deflecting torque.
 (C) BRAKING SYSTEM
• The braking system consists of a permanent
magnet called brake magnet.

• Provides necessary braking torque which opposes

the motion of disc.
 (D) REGISTERING SYSTEM
• The disc spindle is connected to a counting
mechanism this mechanism records a number
which is proportional to the number of revolutions
of the disc.

• The counter is calibrated to indicate

the energy consumed directly in kilo watts-hour
(KWH)
THE CONSTRUCT KWH CONNECTION FOR
ELECTRICAL ENERGY MEASUREMENT

Main (input): Load:

Voltage source Lamp,Fan
THE CLAMP METER

Figure 5.6: Clamp meter

INTRODUCTION OF CLAMP METER
• A clamp meter is a type of meter which measures
electrical current (AC) in the conductor without the
need to disconnect the wiring which is the current
flowing through it.
• Clamp meter is having two jaws which open to allow
clamping around an electrical conductor.
• These meters are also known as tong testers or
Amprobes.
• The advantage of this meter over an ammeter is that
we do not have to break the circuit to measure the
current.
• So we usually use it to measure current in a circuit
where it is dangerous of difficult to break the circuit
to place ammeter in line for the test.

• We clamp the meter onto the conducting wire at the

point where we want to measure the current.

• We usually use this meter to measure alternating

current (AC) values higher than 10A. Direct currents
and very low AC currents (milliamps) are more
difficult to measure.
THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF CLAMP METER

Figure 5.7: The block diagram of Digital Clamp meter

• Clamp meter are consists of Transformer Jaws, Hall
element and GAP.
• Hall elements are used as a sensor to detect DC
current and placed across a gap created by cutting
off part of the transformer jaws.
• When there occurs a flow of magnetic flux
proportional to both AC and DC primary currents in
the transformer jaws this hall element detects the
magnetic flux and takes it out as an output voltage.
 OPERATION OF CLAMP METER

• AC clamp meters operate on the principle of current

transformer (CT) used to pick up magnetic flux
generated as a result of current flowing through a
conductor.

• Assuming a current flowing through a conductor to be

the primary current.

• This current proportional to the primary current by

electromagnetic induction from the secondary side
(winding) of the transformer .which is connected to a
measuring circuit of the instrument.
• This result an AC current reading on the digital
display (in the case of digital clamp meters) as
illustrated by the block diagram figure 5.7
THE CLAMP METER CONNECTION FOR ALTERNATING
CURRENT MEASUREMENT

Figure 5.8: Clamp meter circuit for AC

current measurement
• Set the Function switch to the 40 or 200A AC
range.

• Press the jaw trigger and clamp around, fully

enclosing a single conductor. Do not allow a gap
between the two halves of the jaw (Take a
measurement at the centre of the core of the
clamped portion to minimize measuring errors).

• If two wire parallel lines are clamped, current

measurement cannot be made.

• Read the ACA value on the LCD.

 TUTORIAL
1. A meter which is used to measure the amount of
electric power is known as __________.
A. Ammeter C. Ohmmeter
B. Power meter D. Voltmeter

2. A _____________ is a type of meter which

measures electrical current without need to
disconnect the wiring through which the current
is flowing.

A. Ammeter C. Clamp meter

B. Power meter D. Watt meter
3. Wattmeter is built based on …………

i. Copper loop
ii. Current loop
iii. Voltage loop.
iv. Power loop

A. i, ii
B. ii, iii
C. iii, iv
D. iv, i
4. a. Draw the connection of Wattmeter for power
measurement.

b. Name THREE (3) mechanisms of

electromechanical induction meter in watt-
hour meter ?

5. Calculate the Power Consumption in the system

with the voltage is 35.5V and the current is 1.25A.
 TUTORIAL ANSWER
1) B
2) C
3) B
4a)

4b) Driving system, Moving system, Braking system,

Registering system.
5) P= 44.375W.
 REFERENCES
• Kalsi, H.S. (2004). Electronic Instrumentation. New
Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Bakshi U.A, Bakshi A.V. (2009). Electronic
Instrumentation, Technical Publications,
• Bhavani V, Vasantha S. (2008). Measurements &
Instrumentation, IBS
• Helfrick & Cooper (2008). Modern Electronic
Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques,
Prentice Hall of India
• Stephen L.Herman (2010) .Standard Textbook of
Electricity, 5th Edition. Delmar Cengage Learning