EE-331 Lab Project

Section:A

Group Members:
Laksh Rathi-2020207
Abdur Rehman Sheikh-2020036
 Signal Generator
Abstract— This paper describes our third year EE331 Lab List of Components used in this Circuit
Project: Signal Generator using Op-amps. This project focuses on
the clock source, timing margin test, dc power supply test, testing  Jumper wires
audio DAC, which are some of the applications of a function
generator.  Breadboard
 Resistors (of 1K, 2.7K, 3.2K, 5.2K, 10K, 100K)
INTRODUCTION  Capacitors (0.1 microfarads)
The function generator is defined as a type of device  Potentiometer (1K & 100K)
which produces various types of waveforms as its output
signals. The common waveforms generated by this  6 Diodes(1N4007G)
generator are sine wave, square wave, triangular wave,
and sawtooth waves. The waveforms of these frequencies  2 Diodes(1N4732G)
may be adjusted from hertz to a hundred kHz. This
generator is considered as the most versatile instrument in  External dc supply of 10V
the electrical and electronics laboratory because the  2 LM324 Integrated Circuit (Op-amp)
waveforms generated by this generator have applications
in different areas.

Working of the Circuit Components Specification

The frequency control network is controlled by the
external voltage applied on the breadboard or the frequency The components which are used in this project are very
essential to explain they play a vital role for the completion and
dial provided on the front panel of the device. The output of
execution of this signal generator.
frequency control network regulates the two current
sources. The upper constant current source provides current
of constant magnitude to the integrator circuit. Therefore, LM324 IC
the output voltage of integrator linearly increases with
respect to time.
When the output current of the upper current source
increases, the slope of the integrator output voltage
decreases and vice versa. As the positive slope of the output
voltage of the integrator reaches a predetermined level, the
voltage comparator multivibrator changes its state. This
causes the output of the upper current supply to the
integrator. Now, the lower current source provides a reverse
current of constant magnitude to the integrator. Therefore,
the output voltage of integrator linearly decreases with
respect to time. As the negative slope of the output voltage
of the integrator reaches a predetermined level, the voltage
comparator multivibrator switches back to its previous state
which causes the output of lower current supply to the
integrator to cut-off and switches on the upper current
source supply.

Conclusively, the waveform of the voltage appears on the

output of integrator which is a triangle waveform. And
frequency of that waveform can be known by the
magnitude of current produced by the two current sources. The LM324 IC consists of 14-pins with four independent op-
The voltage output of the comparator multivibrator is amps in one package. These electronic voltage amplifiers are
square wave whose frequency is same as that of the available in high gain with differential input as well as a single
triangular wave. The output of integrator which is triangular output. The voltage difference among the input terminals of the
wave is given to the resistance diode shaping circuit. This IC is very less than the output voltage. These comparators operate
circuit alters the slope of the triangular wave into amplitude with a single power supply and need of dual supply is removed.
changes aide provides sine wave <1% distortion at the These ICs can be utilized as comparators, oscillators, amplifiers,
output. rectifiers, etc. By using this IC several applications can be
The output section of this instrument contains two output implemented very easily.
amplifiers. These amplifiers provide two selected waveforms
among the three individually and simultaneously.
 Circuit Diagram and Explanation Potentiometer

Basic Working

The circuit we used comprises of different parts .first of

all we use an op amp to make a relaxation oscillator
circuit that generates a square wave .then we integrate the
square wave to get a triangle wave . Then we use diodes
in form of wave shaper circuit to turn the triangle wave
into sine wave. To provide a dc offset we used a summing
op amp.

The amplitude and frequency can be changed using the

the potentiometers.

The non-inverting terminal of Op-Amp is connected with

an RC circuit. So, the capacitor voltage VC is the same as
the voltage at non-inverting terminal V- of Op-Amp. And
inverting terminal is connected to the resistors. When the
Op-Amp is used with positive feedback, as shown in the A potentiometer is a passive electronic component.
circuit diagram, the circuit is known as the Schmitt Potentiometers work by varying the position of a sliding
trigger. contact across a uniform resistance. In a potentiometer, the
When V+ is greater than V-, the output voltage is +12V.
entire input voltage is applied across the whole length of
And when V- is greater than V+, the output voltage is -
the resistor, and the output voltage is the voltage drop
12V.
between the fixed and sliding contact as shown below.
The sine wave generating circuit should not only generate
the sine signal of the required output, but also the input
signal of the following circuit. This part of the circuit uses
a typical RC bridge sine wave oscillation circuit, as shown
in Figure 3, it consists of two parts of the amplification
link and frequency selection network.

Triangle to Sine Wave Conversion

The triangle-to-sine conversion can be made
by rounding the sides of the triangular wave input,
besides clipping it at the top and bottom. The circuit
provides a triangle wave with a slope of 1 near the origin,
where all diodes are off. As the magnitude of VT rises and A potentiometer has the two terminals of the input source
approaches a diode drop, either D1 or D2 goes on, in fixed to the end of the resistor. To adjust the output voltage
effect switching R2 into the circuit. At this point, the the sliding contact gets moved along the resistor on the
slope of the VTC decreases to about R2/(R1+R2). As the output side.
magnitude of VT rises further and Vs approaches two
diode drops, either the D3-D4 pair goes on, clipping the
top of the waveform, or the D5-D6 pair goes on,
clipping the bottom.
 Capacitors

Breadboard

A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used

to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two
electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e.,
insulator). The conductors can be thin films of metal, aluminum
foil or disks, etc. The 'nonconducting' dielectric acts to increase
the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass,
ceramic, plastic film, air, paper, mica, etc. Capacitors are widely
used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical
devices.

Resistors
A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a bunch
of tiny holes in it. These holes let you easily insert
electronic components to prototype (meaning to build and
test an early version of) an electronic circuit, like this one
with a battery, switch, resistor, and an LED (light-emitting
diode).
The connections are not permanent, so it is easy to remove
a component if you make a mistake, or just start over and
do a new project. This makes breadboards great for
beginners who are new to electronics. You can use
breadboards to make all sorts of fun electronics projects,
from different types of robots or an electronic drum set, to
an electronic rain detector to help conserve water in a
garden, just to name a few.

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the

flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can
also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device
such as a transistor.
Simulation in Proteus 8 Professional
Software

REFERENCES

1. https://www.elprocus.com/what
-is-function-generator-circuit-
diagram-its-specifications/