Reading: 2 A Lot of Fish Are Caught Here
Reading: 2 A Lot of Fish Are Caught Here
Reading: 2 A Lot of Fish Are Caught Here
Do Reading Part 4
not use by in any of the sentences.
1 Read this essay written by a Geography student
1 They catch a lot of fish here. and match meanings a–h with underlined
A lot of fish are caught here. expressions 1–8.
2 People saw two giraffes near the trees.
3 Somebody wrote a poem about this waterfall. a fuel that is used in cars 2
4 They grow rice in the east of the country. b vehicles used by everyone
5 One small cloud hid the moon. c things that are thrown away
6 They don’t allow cars in the National Park.
d using less electricity, gas, etc.
7 Fire partly destroyed the forest.
8 Nobody told us about the crocodiles in the river. e changes in the Earth’s weather
f big container where empty bottles
6 18 Listen to the recording to check your answers. are put
Then repeat the sentences, paying special
g power from the sun
attention to the pronunciation of are, was and
were. h using materials again
Bottles
Tins
Papers Magazines
The whole world feels the effects of (1) climate change, so we all need to do what we
can to prevent things getting worse. The rise in temperatures is partly caused by the
use of coal and (2) petrol, so (3) energy conservation is important. We can do this, for
instance, by using (4) public transport instead of the car, keeping the heating turned
down, and making sure the lights are switched off when we go out. (5) Recycling, too,
is essential, so glass containers should be taken to the (6) bottle bank, old newspapers
and magazines collected, and different kinds of (7) rubbish placed in separate bags. We
can also help by using less water around the house, and – particularly in sunny countries
– using (8) solar energy to heat our water. Most of these are quite small things, but if
everyone does them, they might make a difference!
• Which option is correct? 2 What does Irene say about the sea?
• Why are the others wrong?
A The water near the island is now dirty.
4 Read the third and fourth paragraphs and B Many types of fish have disappeared.
underline the words that match each option C There is oil and gas under the water.
A–D in Questions 3 and 4. Then decide which is D It can provide power for the island.
correct.
3 What does Ding believe about climate change?
5 Quickly read the whole text again and decide A It is certain to get much worse.
your answer for Question 5. Why are the other B Air pollution does not cause it.
options wrong? C It is wrong to blame China for it.
D It is caused only by rich countries.
102 Unit 11
International Climate
Champions
The International Climate Champions (ICC)
project began in 2007. It gives young people of
school age a chance to speak publicly on climate
change and to encourage action to reduce its
effects. Each country involved selects three
teenagers to be Climate Champions, who take
part in local and international activities.
Climate Champion Irene Sanna lives on the Italian
island of Sardinia. Irene is interested in solar ICC in Kobe
Sophia Angelis, a junior student in Lake
energy, and also believes that Sardinia should
Arrowhead, California, is a US Champion. She’s
(1) use the waves around its coast to
against young people’s general lack of interest
produce electricity. That would reduce (2)
in politics and feels they need to discuss the
the need to import oil and gas for lighting, heating
problems that really matter to their generation.
and cooking. ‘Energy conservation is our future.
She has written about the need for action on
We must make plans to save (3) our coast,
world poverty and her articles have been published
which still has no pollution. We must protect the
in her local newspaper. Sophia strongly believes
(4) animals, birds and fish in danger from
that climate change is an important issue for her
global warming. And we must recycle.’
generation. For her, changes in the way teenagers
Chinese student Ding Yinghan is the Beijing behave are an important way of influencing choices
Climate Champion. Ding feels it is unfair to say that are made by parents.
that just one country – his own – is causing climate
In 2008, the Climate Champions attended
change. He says the air pollution that leads to
the International Conference of Environment
global warming comes from many parts of the
Ministers in the Japanese city of Kobe. At present,
world, including poorer countries that are now
13 countries are involved in the ICC, and more
growing more quickly. He believes the only way to
countries are expected to join soon.
prevent the situation getting even worse is for rich
and poor countries to work together.
Grammar
Comparative and superlative adverbs
1 Underline three examples of comparative adverbs
h page 129 Grammar reference: Comparative and superlative
and one example of a superlative adverb.
adverbs
2 How do we usually form comparative adverbs?
To compare how things are done at different times, or 3 Which comparative adverb in a–d doesn’t follow
this rule?
how they are done by someone or something else, we
4 When we compare two actions, which word
use a comparative or superlative adverb. normally follows the adverb?
1 With a partner, study examples a–d, then answer 5 How do we usually form superlative adverbs?
questions 1–5. 2 In small groups, complete the table.
Speaking Part 4
A B
12
5 Work with a different partner. Do this exam task,
talking for about three minutes and giving plenty
of examples. The advice sheet for young people
below may help you.
104 Unit 11
Writing Part 3 3 Read the advice in the Exam round-up box and
decide if statements 1–8 are true or false.
1 Look at this Writing Part 3 task, read the letter
below it, then answer these questions.
1 Which paragraph deals with each part of the task?
2 Ana has written a good letter, but she has made
one mistake in each paragraph. Can you find and
correct each mistake?
Martians
Maartians from
C the planet Mars.
e
Messag
r
c u l8te
i his
1 Seth’s always using hi laptop.
l t H ’ such
He’s h a computer
.
2 Miko’s such a good skater. He’s a real .
3 My uncle often drops food on himself, walks into walls
and he can’t use his mobile. He’s a .
Starting off 1 2 3
1 Work in pairs. These pictures show different
ways of communicating a message. Talk together
about what you can see in each one.
2 Work in small groups. Discuss these questions.
1 How often do you text your friends? Or do you
prefer to phone them? 2 Read this definition, then think of some examples of
2 What do you think of graffiti? slang that you use in your own language.
3 Do you believe in life on other planets?
slang [slæŋ] noun [U] informal language, often language that is only
used by people who belong to a particular group
Reading Part 3
1 Work in pairs. Read these extracts about types of 3 Read the text title and look at the pictures. What do
you think the text is about?
people, then complete sentences 1–3 with dork,
dude or geek. 4 Read the ten sentences about Martian, the language
from Mars. Underline the most important words in
dork [dɔːk] noun [C] mainly US informal a stupid or silly person each sentence.
1 Most older teenagers in China write in Martian on the
Internet.
dude [duːd] noun [C] mainly US very informal a man 2 Young people fi rst started using Martian in Taiwan.
3 In the fi lm Shaolin Soccer, Zhao Wei comes from
Mars.
geek [giːk] noun [C] informal a man who is boring and not 4 Teenagers who use the Internet in South-East Asia are
fashionable called Martians.
5 Software companies are now selling programs to help
people write in Martian.
6 Ms Li has never tried to read messages on Mei’s
computer.
106 Unit 12
7 When Mei starts writing things in Martian, she Do you need to understand the word spread to
uses other people’s work. know if the sentence is correct or incorrect?
8 Wang Haiyong allows his students to write their
homework in Martian. 6 Read the whole text and decide if the ten
9 Teenager Bei Bei Song considers herself to be up to sentences are correct or incorrect. Underline
date. where you find your answers in the text.
10 Bei Bei Song approves of Martian.
7 Write one word to complete the sentences about
5 The sentence which is underlined in the text Can Reading Part 3 in the Exam round-up box on
you speak Martian? tells us if one of the sentences page 108.
in Exercise 4 is correct or incorrect. Which one?
3 the truth
languages lies
2 4
a joke
communication
to friends
a story
1
5
Vocabulary about dreams
Speak, talk, say, tell and ask for about plans
6 a question
1 Read these extracts from the Cambridge Learner’s
Dictionary.
information
the answers
Common Learner Error
speak or talk?
Remember that you speak a language: You do not ‘talk’ it.
She speaks French. She talks French.
4 My new English teacher asked me to say / tell
say or tell? something about my life.
Say can refer to any type of speech. 5 It was Pelr who said / told me about this club.
She said she was unhappy. 6 I’ll ask / ask for more information about the new
Tell is used to report that someone has given information or an order. pool.
The verb tell is always followed by the person that the information
or order is given to. 3 Write speak, talk, say, tell, ask or ask for in the
Simon told me about his new job. correct space in the mind map above. Add at least
Say is never followed by the person that the information or order is one more expression to each verb.
given to.
4 Work in pairs. Write five questions using some of
He told us to stay here. He said us to stay here. the verb + noun combinations. Change pairs. Ask
ask for and answer your questions.
When you use ask with the meaning of saying you want someone to
give you something, remember to use the preposition for before the Do you always tell the truth?
thing that is wanted.
I asked the teacher for the answers to the homework I missed.
Grammar
Reported speech and reported commands
Note:
• We also use say with greetings, e.g. hello,
goodbye, goodnight, etc. raise money verb to collect money from other people: They’re
raising money for charity.
• We also use tell with the following nouns: the
truth, a lie, a joke, a story.
1 Work in small groups. Sandford School has joined
2 PET candidates often make mistakes with Schools for All which helps build new schools in
these verbs. Read sentences 1–6 and circle the East Africa. List things the students could do to
correct option in italics. raise money (e.g. sell old clothes).
1 Olga knows how to speak / talk English well. 2 20 Listen to some students talking about how
2 He said / told me to come to 6th Avenue. they can raise money for this project. What
3 My new friend can talk / speak several languages. events do Scott, William and Gina suggest?
108 Unit 12
3 Rewrite Scott’s, William’s 4 21 Listen to Tania telling Nina about the meeting and check your
and Gina’s words in reported answers to Exercise 3.
speech.
5 Use your answers to Exercise 3 to help you complete this table.
1 SCOTT: Last year we
organised a disco to direct speech reported speech
collect money. present simple (1) past simple
Scott said that they present continuous (2)
the year
present perfect (3)
before.
past simple (4)
You can leave out that and say:
will + infinitive (5)
Scott said they had organised a
disco to collect money the year is/are going to (6)
before. The meaning stays the can (7)
same. 6 Use the words in bold in Exercise 3 to help you complete this table.
2 SCOTT: We can organise a direct speech reported speech
similar event again.
today (1) that day
Scott said they
last year (2)
.
my (3)
3 WILLIAM: We’ve thought
about organising a we (4)
football match.
William said they
h page 130 Grammar reference: Reported speech: other changes
h page 129 Grammar reference: h page 130 Grammar reference: Reported commands
Reported speech
Web Challenge
‘Don’t worry!’
The website: in English
2 The dentist told the boy The teams: each team: one adult
known as the (1)
and 3–6 members
Members: must be at school
Age limit: between 9 and (2) years old
‘Don’t touch anything!’
Website content: e.g. a favourite (3)
or free-time activity
Prizes: digital equipment and money for schools
3 Charlie’s mum told him .
Entries will be displayed on the ‘Web Challenge’
(4)
First prize for teams – a week in (5)
Dates: competition registration closes 30th
(6)
‘Don’t forget to phone!’
4 Chloe’s family told her . 4 22 Listen to the recording twice and complete
the gaps.
110 Unit 12
Grammar 6 Nadia’s team wins the competition. Here are some
Reported questions sentences about Nadia’s trip to Australia. For each
question 1–5, complete the second sentence so that
1 Work in small groups. Write at least three more it means the same as the first, using no more than
questions you would like to ask Gerry about the three words.
Web Challenge competition.
1 A reporter asked Nadia if she was nervous about
How will I know if I win? flying to Australia.
A reporter asked Nadia, ‘ Are you nervous
2 23 Listen to the recording. Does Gerry answer all
about flying to Australia?’
your questions?
2 Nadia asked Shaila, ‘Where are you from?’
3 23 Listen to the recording again. Write the Nadia asked Shaila where from.
correct student’s name: Julian, Haley, Nadia, 3 Nadia asked Shaila if she wanted to share a room in
Hamad or Jade next to their question 1–5. the hotel.
Nadia asked if she could enter the competition Nadia asked Shaila, ‘ to share a
1
room in the hotel?’
on her own.
Can I enter the competition on my own? 4 Nadia asked the tour guide, ‘What are we going to
2 asked if their coach had to work in their do after breakfast?’
school. Nadia asked the tour guide what
to do after breakfast.
3 asked how they registered for the 5 The tour guide asked the group, ‘Have you enjoyed
competition. your trip?’
The tour guide asked the group
4 asked what they did if they had enjoyed their trip.
technical problems.
Indirect questions
5 asked what they would see in Australia. h page 131 Grammar reference: Indirect questions
1 24 When Nadia returned from her trip to
5 Compare the rules for indirect questions with the Now I’d like each of you to talk on your own
rules for reported questions on page 111. Which two about something. I’m going to give each of you a
rules are different? photograph of people communicating with others.
Please tell us what you can see in your photographs.
112 Unit 12
3 Take turns to describe one of the photos on page 3 Now read this story, then answer the questions
112. Does your partner follow the advice in the that follow. Don’t correct the student’s mistakes
Exam round-up box? for the moment.
• You have to write a story for your English teacher. 6 Write a story using one of the situations in
Exercise 1 as the first line. Write about 100 words.
• Your story must have this title:
Winning first prize Remember to make sure the sentences in Exercise
4 are correct for your answer.
• Write your story in about 100 words.
7 Work in small groups. Read each other’s answers.
If all the sentences in Exercise 4 are correct for
1 What do you have to write in each question?
the answer you are reading, it is probably a good
2 Who do you have to write it for?
3 How many words do you have to write?
answer.
4 What’s the difference between the two questions?
5 Do you have to write a story in Writing Part 3?
114 Unit 11
Unit 12 Vocabulary and grammar review
Vocabulary Grammar
1 PET candidates often make mistakes when 4 Frederique has written to her English-
they describe where something is. Correct one speaking friend to tell her what people have
mistake in each of these sentences. asked her this week. Correct the mistake in each
sentence.
opposite
1 In my living room, in opposite of the back wall 1 When I arrived at training, the coach came up to
there is my TV and my hi-fi. me and asked me what was my name. my name
2 My bed is infront of the right window, opposite the was
door. 2 My friend asked me what was the team called.
3 At the right there are two armchairs and a sofa. 3 The next day, the phone rang at 7.30 in the
4 I often meet my friends in the Saman café next the morning. It was Paula. She asked me why didn’t I
cinema. go to the exam.
5 There is a club and a park in the street where I 4 My mum asked me why was I crying.
live. 5 Paula asked me what was I going to do.
6 In the park, there’s a big tree behind of a small 6 Paula also asked me where should she go in the
lake. summer.
7 I like going to the Odeon cinema because it is 7 Anyway I imagine you are wondering when am I
inside of the shopping centre. going to visit you.
8 Isfahan, as you know, has a lot of historic bridges
on the river. 5 Kate’s talking about how she spends her free
time. Rewrite her statements in reported speech.
2 Rewrite the sentences above so that they are true
1 ‘I love going to the cinema on Sunday afternoons.’
for you/your town.
She said she loved going to the cinema on Sunday
In my living room, the TV is in front of the sofa. afternoons.
2 ‘I’m not very keen on thrillers but ...’
3 Complete these sentences with the verbs from She said on thrillers but …
the box in the correct form. You will need to use 3 ‘… I love comedies.’
some verbs more than once. She said .
4 ‘I didn’t go to the cinema last week because …’
ask ask for say speak tell
She said to the cinema last week
1 Some of my friends can speak several because …
languages really well. 5 ‘… we’ve just finished our exams.’
2 In your letter you me about your She said their exams.
plans to visit my country. 6 ‘I’ll go to the cinema today if I can.’
3 I ‘goodnight’ to everyone and She said .
went to bed.
6 Imagine you are interviewing Kate. Write the
4 I’m going to some new trainers for
my birthday. questions for her statements.
5 My friend started laughing and What do you like doing on Sunday afternoons?
me why I was only wearing one earring.
6 There’s a boy in my class who likes 7 Rewrite your direct questions from Exercise 6 as
jokes all the time. reported questions.
7 I became very nervous and decided to
I asked you what you liked doing on Sunday
the teacher the truth.
afternoons.
Unit 12 115
Grammar reference
Contents
Unit 1 Prepositions of time 117 Unit 8 Zero, first and second 126
Frequency adverbs conditionals
Present simple and present When, if, unless + present,
continuous future
State verbs So do I and nor/neither do I
Countable and uncountable nouns Unit 9 Which, that, who, whose, 127
A few, a little, many, much, a lot of, when, where clauses
lots of (defining and non-defining)
Prepositions of place Past perfect
Unit 2 Past simple and past continuous 119 Unit 10 Commands 128
When, while and as Have something done
Used to
Unit 11 The passive: present and 128
Unit 3 Verbs followed by to or -ing 121 past simple
Phrasal verbs Comparative and superlative
Unit 4 Comparative and superlative 121 adverbs
adjectives Unit 12 Reported speech, commands 129
A bit, a little, much, far, a lot and questions
(Not) as … as … Indirect questions
Big and enormous (gradable and non-
gradable adjectives) Irregular verbs 132
Unit 5 Can, could, might, may 122
(ability and possibility)
Should, shouldn’t, ought to, must,
mustn’t, have to, don’t have to
(obligation and prohibition)
Adjectives with -ed and -ing
Unit 6 Present perfect 123
Just, already and yet
Since and for
Present perfect or past simple?
Unit 7 Ways of expressing the future 125
Prepositions of movement
Too and enough
Extremely, fairly, quite, rather,
really, very
a film in the evening. I don’t usually • a fact or something which is always true: The earth goes around the sun.
go out until 8 o’clock. It hardly ever • an activity which happens regularly or occasionally: He gets up at six o’clock
every day.
rains in July.
The present continuous is used to describe:
• With am, are, is, was or were, etc.
they come after the verb: They • a temporary situation: I’m living with my uncle while they are painting our
house.
are always late! Nowadays my
grandmother is often ill.
• an activity happening at the present moment: I’m sorry you can’t talk to her at
the moment. She’s having a shower.
• They also come after auxiliary and
modal verbs: It has often happened.
I can never understand him.
• an activity in progress but not exactly at the present moment: I’m studying
three foreign languages, so I’m quite busy nowadays.
• If we want to, we can put usually,
often, sometimes and occasionally
• a situation which is changing or developing: Lots of people are coming to live
here, so the town is growing quickly.
at the beginning or end of a
sentence: Occasionally, we eat in • things the speaker finds strange or annoying, with always. (This is a way
of complaining): You’re always using the telephone. Our phone bill will be
the garden. I feel tired sometimes. enormous!
• We cannot put always or never at
the beginning or end: Always I work • something which happens frequently, with always: My girlfriend is always
cooking me special meals!
hard. I play table tennis never.
• We put phrases at the beginning
or end: I have piano lessons once a
week. Most evenings I stay at home.
• We can form questions using:
How often do you, Do you ever, Do
you always, etc.: How often do you
swim? Do you ever drink tea? Do
you always walk to school?
Used to
I/you/he/ used to Used to is used to describe things that happened
she/it/we/ regularly in the past but don’t happen now: I used to
they wear a school uniform but now I don’t. We didn’t use to get
homework when we were younger but now we do.
I/you/he/ didn’t use to
she/it/we/ play with dolls (?) Note:
they Used to is only used in the past. To talk about things that
happen regularly in the present, use the present simple with
Did I/you/he/ use to
an adverb like usually, every day, etc.: I usually drink water
she/it/we/
with my lunch. He catches the same train every day.
they