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Lecture 11

The document discusses the Euler formula, which was developed by the Swiss mathematician Euler in 1757 to calculate the buckling load of columns. It is one of the most famous column expressions. The formula marked the beginning of theoretical and experimental investigation of columns. The document also discusses effective column lengths, end restraint conditions, stiffened and unstiffened elements, slender vs. non-slender elements, and provides the column strength formulas from the AISC specification.

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76 views

Lecture 11

The document discusses the Euler formula, which was developed by the Swiss mathematician Euler in 1757 to calculate the buckling load of columns. It is one of the most famous column expressions. The formula marked the beginning of theoretical and experimental investigation of columns. The document also discusses effective column lengths, end restraint conditions, stiffened and unstiffened elements, slender vs. non-slender elements, and provides the column strength formulas from the AISC specification.

Uploaded by

hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Euler Formula

in 1757, Euler, a Swiss mathematician, wrote a paper of great value concerning the buckling of columns. He
was probably the first person to realize the significance of buckling. The Euler formula, the most famous of
all column expressions,. This formula marked the real beginning of theoretical and experimental
investigation of columns.
For a column to buckle elastically, it will have to be long and slender. Its buckling load P can be
computed with the Euler formula that follow

P = (π2EI) / (L2)
2
r = 𝐼𝐼/𝐴𝐴

I = r2 A

Then P = (π 2 E r 2A) / (L2) by dividing by r2

elastic Euler buckling Stress (Fe) = P/A = ( π2E) / (L/r)2

(L/r) the slenderness ratio of a column


Example /A W10x22 is used as a15-ft long pin –connected column. using the Euler expression, determine the
critical or buckling load. assume that the steel has yield stress of 36ksi.Repeat the solution with length =8 ft.

Solution

W10X22 ( A=6.49 in2, rx=4.27 in , ry=1.33 in )

Initial buckling ultimately happens around a weak axis y

L/ ry=15x12/1.33=135.34

Fe= π2E/(L/r)2 = π2X29000/(135.34)2= 15.63 ksi < 36 ksi

Elastic buckling load = 6.49x15.64= 101.5 k

Repeating the solution with length =8 ft.

L/ ry=8x12/1.33=72.18

Fe= π2E/(L/r)2= π2X29000/(72.18)2=54.94 ksi > 36 ksi


Column is inelastic range and Euler equation is not applicable
End restraint and effective lengths of columns
The results obtained by application of the formula to specific examples compare very well with test results for
concentrically loaded, long, slender columns with pinned ends. Whoever, the practical columns we encounter have
different end conditions varying from slight restraint to almost fixed conditions.

The effective length of a column is defined


as the distance between
points of zero moment in the column, that is,
the distance between its inflection points.
In steel specifications, the effective length
of a column is referred to as KL,
where K is the effective length factor.
K is the number that must be multiplied
by the length of the column to find its effective
length.
For braced frames, K values
can never be greater than
1.0, but for unbraced
frames, the K values will
always be greater than 1.0
because of sidesway
stiffened and unstiffened elements
Each member consists of many elements connecting together to form the final shape of a section, for
example ,

I shaped section consists of three elements ,two flange and one web.
L section consist of two elements and etc.
If one of these elements of a section was thin, it would susceptible to buck locally
The AISC Specification (Section B4) provides limiting values for the width to thickness ratios of the
individual parts of compression members.
If, however, one of these elements is folded or restrained, its stiffness is appreciably increased. For
this reason, two categories are listed in the AISC Manual: stiffened elements and unstiffened
elements.
An unstiffened element is a projecting piece with one free edge parallel to the direction of the
compression force, while a stiffened element is supported along the two edges in that direction. These two
types of elements are illustrated below. In each case, the width, b, and the thickness, t, of the elements in
question are shown.
nonslender element or slender element.
Compression sections are classified as either a nonslender element or a slender element. A nonslender
element is one where the width-to-thickness of its compression elements does not exceed any value of λ𝑟𝑟
from Table B4.la of the AISC Specification.
The limiting values for λ𝑟𝑟 , are given in Table B4.1a of the AISC Specification.

If the member is defined as a nonslender element compression member, we should refer to Section E3 of
the AISC Specification. The nominal compressive strength is then determined based only on the limit
state of flexural buckling.

When the member is defined as a slender element compression member, the nominal compressive strength shall
be taken as the lowest value based on the limit states of flexural buckling, torsional buckling, and flexural-
torsional buckling. We should refer to Section E7 of the AISC Specification for this condition.
NOTE: if all elements of a section were nonsleder except one element was slender then the section is called
nonslender section
Column formulas

The AISC Specification provides one equation (the Euler equation) for long columns with elastic
buckling and an empirical parabolic equation for short and intermediate columns. With these equations, a
flexural buckling stress, Fen is determined for a compression member. Once this stress is computed for a
particular member, it is multiplied by the cross-sectional area of the member to obtain its nominal strength
P n- The LRFD design strength of a column may be determined as follows:

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