LIFE, WORKS & WRITINGS OF RIZAL Guevarra, who was sent to Lucban, Quezon

Introduction to Jose Rizal in 1898, to accomplish a mission for the

government wrote the following
observations. “The town was in mourning
Who is Jose Rizal?
with a flag at half mast at each house. I
• Rizal is a unique example of a many- learned it was in commemoration of the
splendored genius who became the anniversary of the tragic killing of the
greatest Hero of a nation. eminent Doctor Jose Rizal at the hands of
• Endowed by God with versatile gifts, he the Spaniards in the execution ground of
truly ranked with the world’s geniuses. Bagumbayan (now Luneta)..
• Rizal was a physician (ophthalmic • American Account. - Mrs. Dauncey
surgeon). Compbell, she was an American Author
• Rizal was a poet, dramatist, essayist, who visited the Philippines in December 31,
novelist, historian, architect, painter, 1904, she noted that her observations while
sculptor, educator, linguist, musician, she was in Iloilo; she stated how the people
naturalist, ethnologist, surveyor, engineer, in this place celebrated the death
farmer businessman, economist, anniversary of Rizal. “I think you may be
geographer, cartographer, bibliophile, amused to hear about a Filipino Fiesta,
philologist, grammarian, folklorist, which took place yesterday called Rizal
philosopher, translator, inventor, magician, Day- the anniversary of the death of the
humourist, satirist, polemicist, sportsman, national hero, a Filipino by the name of
traveller, and a prophet. Doctor Jose Rizal”.
• Above and beyond all these, he was a
hero and political martyr who consecrated Who choose Rizal to become a
his life for the redemption of his oppressed National Hero?
people.
• He was chosen by the Taft Commission.
• No wonder, he is now acclaimed as the
The Taft Commission was given the
national hero of the Philippines.
responsibility to do the Job.
• Rizal was also a product of his time.
• This Commission was headed by William
Changes and historical events all over the
Howard Taft.
world, particularly from the 19th to the early
• Members:
20th centuries brought relevance and
impact to the character of the person known ✓Americans: W. Morgan Shuster, Bernard
in history as the “First Malayan Hero”. Moses, dean Warcester and Henry Clay.
✓Filipinos: Jose Luzuriaga, Gregorio
How was Rizal declared as a National Araneta and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
Hero?
• Rizal declared as Philippine National Hero Criteria of a National Hero
under the Philippine Revolutionary • He must be a Filipino.
Government headed by Emilio Aguinaldo in • He is already Dead.
Malolos, Bulacan was the first to celebrate • He has Immeasurable Love for the
the death anniversary of Dr. Jose Rizal on country.
December 30, 1898. • He has Low Temper (since the Filipinos
• December 30, 1898 this is the day was are emotional).
marked as the day for national mourning • He died in Dramatic Manner.
and solemn observance of the death - Rizal possesses all the criteria and then he
anniversary of the Filipino National Hero. become our National Hero
• Who selected Rizal?
- Answer: Americans and Filipinos.
• Filipino Account. - An officer of the
revolutionary government named Antonio
 Why Rizal became the Greatest • Jose Rizal was the 7th of the 11th
National Hero? children of Francisco Mercado Rizal and
• Rizal became the greatest Filipino Teodora Alonso Realonda.
because he is a man of honored. • Francisco Mercado Rizal (1818-1898) –
• Even after death he received public He was the father of Rizal.
worship because of his exceptional service ✓He was born on May 11, 1818 in Biñan,
to mankind. Laguna. His Father studied Latin and
• We can say that before his execution, Philosophy at the College of San Jose
Rizal was already acclaimed by both Manila.
Filipinos and Foreigners as the foremost ✓Jose Rizal father died in Manila on
leader of his people. January 5, 1898 at the aged of 79.
• Among the foreigners who recognized • Doña Teodora (Teodora Alonso
Rizal as the leading Filipino of his time were Realonda) (1827-1911)– She was the
Ferdinand Blumentrit, Dr, Reinhold Rost mother of Rizal. o She was born on
and Vicente Barantes. November 9, 1827 and was educated at the
• Prof. Blumentrit told Dr. Viola in May 1887 College of Santa Rosa, a well- known
that Rizal was the greatest product of the College for girls in the City.
Philippines and that his coming to the world ✓She knows Literature and speaks Spanish
was like the appearance of a Rare Comet, well and a Mathematician.
who Rare Brilliance appears only other
✓She died on August 16, 1911, at the aged
century.
of 84.
The birth of our National Hero
Children’s
• Dr. Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861
• God Blessed the marriage of Francisco
in Calamba Laguna.
Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonso
• He was baptized in the catholic church in
Realonda with Eleven (11) Children.
Calamba Laguna on June 22, 1861, by the
• Two (2) Boys.
parish priest Father Rufino Collantes.
• Nine (9) Girls.
• Rizal God Father – was father Pedro
Casanas, a close friend of Rizal’s Family. ❑These Children are as follows:
• His name “Jose” was chosen by his 1. Saturnina Rizal – (1850- 1913); o
mother who was a devotee of the Christian Saturnina Rizal Hidalgo
saint “San Jose” or Saint Joseph. ✓Oldest of the Rizal Children, nickname
• The Baptismal Certificate was signed and Neneng.
witness by Leoncio Lopez ✓She married to Manuel T. Hidalgo of
Tanawan, Batangas.
The Governor-General of the 2. Paciano Rizal – (1851- 1930);
Philippines at that time Jose Rizal was ✓Older brother and confidant of Jose Rizal.
born ✓After Jose Rizal execution, Paciano joined
• Lieutenant- General Jose Lemery – He the Philippine Revolution and became a
was the Governor- General of the combat general, after the Revolution.
Philippines at the time Jose Rizal was born; ✓Then afterward, Paciano retired to his
✓He was also the former Senator of Spain farm in Los Baños Laguna, where Paciano
(member of the upper chamber of the lived as a gentleman farmer. o Paciano died
Spanish Cortes). on April 13, 1930 at the aged of 79.
✓He governed the Philippines from ✓Paciano had two (2) children a boy and a
February 2, 1861- July 7, 1862. girl, with his mistress (Severina Decena).
3. Narcisa Rizal – (1852- 1939)
Family Background of Jose Rizal ✓Narcisa Rizal Lopez
❖ Jose Rizal Parents
✓Her nickname was Sisa and she married ✓She married to Pantaleon Quintero of
to Antonio Lopez (Nephew of Father Calamba
Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher of
Morong. • Rizal always called all her sisters as “Doña
4. Olimpia Rizal – (1855- 1887) or Señora” if married and “Señorita” if Single
✓Olimpia Rizal Ubaldo or not yet married”.
✓Her nickname was Ypia. o she married ✓Example: Doña Ypia
Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator from ✓Señora Saturnina
Manila. • Rizal wrote a letter to Blumentritt, on June
5. Lucia Rizal– (1857- 1919); 23, 1888 while Rizal is in London. Rizal said
✓ Lucia Rizal Herbosa that “His Brother Paciano was the most
✓ She married to Mariano Herbosa of Noble Filipinos and though an “Indio”.
Calamba, who was a Nephew of Father ✓Rizal describe “Indio” as more generous
Casanas. and nobleman.
✓ Herbosa died of Cholera in 1889 and was
denied Christian burial and because he was TheSurname of Rizal
a brother- in- law of Dr. Jose Rizal. • The real surname of the Rizal family was
6. Maria Rizal – (1859- 1945) Mercado which was used in the year 1731
✓ Maria Rizal Cruz by Domingo Lamco (the paternal great-
✓ Biang was her nickname. greatgrandfather of Dr. Jose Rizal), who
was a full-blooded Chinese.
✓ She married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of
• Rizal’s family acquired a second surname
Biñan Laguna.
“Rizal” which was given by a Spanish
7. Jose Rizal – (1861- 1896)
Alcalde Mayor (Provincial Governor) of
✓ The greatest Filipino Hero and peerless Laguna, who was a family friend.
genius. o His nickname was “Pepe”.
✓ During his exile in Dapitan he lived with Rizal House
Josephine Bracken, an Irish girl from Hong • The house of the Rizal family was one of
Kong. Rizal had a son by her, but his baby- the distinguished stone houses in Calamba
boy died a few hours after his birth. during Spanish times.
✓ But still Rizal named him “Francisco” after • It was a two-storey building, rectangular in
his father’s name and buried him in Dapitan. shape, built of adobe stones and hard-
8. Conception Rizal (1862- 1865) woods, and roofed with red tiles.
✓ Her nickname was Concha o She died at • Behind the house were the poultry yard full
the aged of 3. of turkey’s and chickens and a big garden of
✓ Her death was Jose Rizal first sorrow in tropical fruit trees- like, atis, balimbing,
life chico, macopa, papaya, santol, tampoy, etc.
9. Josefa Rizal (1865- 1945);
✓ Her nickname was Panggoy. A good and Middle-class Family
✓She died at the aged of 80. • The Rizal family belonged to the
“Principalia”, a town aristocracy in Spanish
10. Trinidad Rizal (1868- 1951)
Philippines. It was one of the distinguished
✓Her nickname was Trining families in Calamba.
✓She died at the aged 83. • They owned “carriage” which was a status
11. Soledad Rizal (1870-1929) symbol of the “ilustrados” in Spanish
✓Soledad Rizal Quintero Philippines and a private library (the largest
✓The youngest. library in Calamba) which consists of more
✓Her nickname was Choleng. than 1,000 volumes.
 Home Life of Rizal’s Family LIFE, WORKS & WRITINGS OF RIZAL
• The Rizal family had a simple, contented, The Rizal Law
and happy life.
• Don Francisco and Doña Teodora loved Why students are required to study the
their children very much, but they never life of Rizal and his works
spoiled them.
• Answer:
• They were strict parents and they trained
their children to love God, to behave well, to ✓The Rizal was created as an Act of
be obedient, and to respect people, Congress of the Republic of the Philippines
especially the old folks. through R.A. No. 1425 on June 12, 1956.
• Whenever their children, including Jose ✓It was approved at the time of President
Rizal, got mischief, they were given a sound Ramon Magsaysay.
spanking. ✓The title of the said law, “An Act to include
• The family believed in the maxim that in the curricula of all public and private
“Spare the rod and spoil the Child” schools, colleges and universities courses
on the life, works, writings of Jose Rizal,
Rizal’s Childhood Years “The Town of particularly his novels, the Noli Me Tangere
Calamba” and El Filibusterismo, Authorizing the
• As a young boy, Rizal had a pleasant printing and distribution thereof and for
memory of Calamba, the relief- giving other purposes.
breeze, the trees bearing fruit, flowers and ✓In this Act, there is a need for a re-
birds of all sorts of nature allowed Rizal to dedication to the ideals of freedom and
enjoy, just like other little boys he played nationalism for which heroes lived and died.
with in Calamba, Laguna. ✓The novels of Jose Rizal, Noli Me Tangere
• The Town’s name was derived from the and El Filibusterismo are a constant and
local names of a big native jar called inspiring source of Patriotism.
Calambanga. ✓R.A. No. 1425, Section 1; Courses on the
• The place was known in those days for the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal,
beauty of its nature, and its people who particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and
were hospitable, industrious, hardworking El Filibusterismo, shall be included in all
and delightful folks. curricula of all Schools, Colleges and
• The town of Calamba was almost entirely Universities, Public or Private; Provided,
owned by the Dominican friars and majority that in the collegiate courses, the original or
of the native folks were its tenants, just like unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
Jose Rizal’s father. Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their
• This Scenic hometown represented an English translation shall be used as a basic
alluring view in the consciousness of the text.
young Jose Rizal that created a permanent
✓R.A. No. 1425, Section 2; It shall be
reflection in his memory.
obligatory in all schools, colleges and
• Facing South of Calamba, is the legendary
universities to keep in their libraries an
Mount Makiling, with its splendid view that
adequate number of copies of the original
did not escape Rizal’s eyes.
and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
• Fishing
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of
• In the easy of the town is Laguna de Bay,
Rizal’s other works and biography.
with pristine waters and abode of fish of all
sorts that captivated Jose Rizal as he cited ✓R.A. No. 1425, Section 3; The board of
these in his reminiscences. National Education shall cause the
• Undoubtedly, the atmosphere of a quite translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El
provincial town contributed significantly in Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of
his intellectual formation. Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the
principal Philippine dialects; cause them to
be printed in cheap, popular editions, and Senate Bill 438
cause them to be distributed, free of charge, • It is an Act to make Noli Me Tangere and
to persons desiring to read them, through El Filibusterismo compulsory reading in all
the Purok Organizations and Barrio public and private colleges and universities
Councils throughout the country. and for other purpose.
✓R.A. No. 1425, Section 6; This Act shall ✓ April 17, 1956, Senator Jose P. Laurel
take effect upon its approval. was the chairman of the Committee.
➢ Approved: June 12, 1956 ✓Section 1 of Senate Bill 438; Jose Rizal’s
➢House Bill No. 5561 Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo are
➢Senate Bill No. 438 hereby declared compulsory reading matter
➢Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, in all public and private schools, colleges
No. 6, page 2971 in June 1956. and universities in the Philippines.
✓Section 3 of Senate Bill 438; The
R.A No. 1425 Department of Education shall take steps to
• The purpose of the law is enunciated in its promulgate rules and regulations for the
preamble. The preamble consists in the immediate implementation of the provisions
paragraph that begin with word “Whereas”. of this Act.
1. The preamble explains that there is a ✓Section 5 of Senate Bill 438; Any public or
need for a rededication to the ideals of private college or university found violating,
freedom and nationalism for which our failing to comply with, or circumventing the
heroes lived and died for. provisions of this Act shall be punished
2. Preamble identifies Rizal as one of those accordingly.
heroes who have devoted their lives and
shaped the national character. Penalties
3. Preamble identifies Rizal’s novels the • The head of any public college or
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo as university charged with implementing the
an inspiring source of patriotism, which provisions of this Act, who shall have been
should be inculcated in the minds of young found guilty of violating, failing to comply
people especially in their formative years. with, or circumventing the provisions thereof
4. Preambles invokes the power of the state shall be dismissed immediately from service
in supervising all educational institutions, and disqualified from teaching in any public
which are required to teach its students or government recognized private school,
moral character, personal discipline, civic college or university.
conscience and the duties of citizenship. • Government recognition of any private or
university found violating or circumventing
The Story of Rizal Law the provisions of this Act shall be
• In 1956 legislators seeing the need to immediately withdrawn, and the
promote nationalism and patriotism among responsible, head and professor or
the Filipinos, especially among the youth professors concerned shall be disqualified
filled a bill. from teaching in any Government
• The original Rizal bill was filed by Senator recognized college or university.
Claro M. Recto and it sponsored by Senator
Jose P. Laurel who was a Chairman of the Opposition of Rizal Bill
Committee. Since the purpose of the bill 1. The church had powerful allies on
was to promote patriotism and nationalism, opposing the Rizal Bill,
the senators saw no problem in legislating it 2. Senator Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo, he said
in congress. It is supposed to be non- that he would not allow his 17 year old son
controversial considering its intention. to read Rizal novels and he also denounced
the Rizal Bill.
3. Congressman Miguel Cuenco, his speech ✓As an organization composed of men,
contained views, opinions and theories mistakes were bound to be committed.
attacking the dogmas, belief and practices ✓ He said that Riza’s works only exposed
of the church. He said a passage in the Noli abuses within the Church, however that
Me Tangere, Rizal wrote “God cannot abuses were committed by individual
pardon a crime simply because we confess clergymen and should not be treated as
it to the priest (Noli, Sayo Ed. 1950, page reflective of the entire clergy.
191). He mentioned that the novels of Rizal
disparage devotion to the virgin Mary, the
Saints, the use of scapulars, saying of
rosaries, novenas, ejaculations and
indulgenced prayers.
4. The catholic organizations such as the
Accion Catolico (Catholic Action), who were
composed of conservative Catholics, the
knights of Columbus, the congregation of
the mission and the catholic teachers' guild.
5. Priests and Nuns, many of whom were
foreigners attended hearings in congress.

Opponents of Rizal Bill

• Father Jesus Cavanna
✓He said that Rizal’s novels painted a false
picture of the conditions of the country in the
19th century. He also mentioned that if the
Rizal Bill intended to promote patriotism and
nationalism, that novels for required reading
contained more anti-Church statements
than nationalistic statements.
• Jesus Peredes
✓He said that the novels contained
objectionable material and the Catholics
have a right not to read them in order not to
endanger their faith.
• Archbishop Rufino Santos
✓ He said in his pastoral letter a warning
about disaffection of the youth on the
church if the Rizal Bill was approved.
Priests encouraged their parishioners to
write their congressmen and senators to
oppose the bill.

Supporter of Rizal Bill

• Father Horacio de la Costa, S.J.;
✓ A Jesuit scholar and historian.
✓ He admitted that abuses did happen in
the Catholic Church and there were
historical mistakes committed by the
Catholic Church.
LIFE, WORKS & WRITINGS OF RIZAL Purpose of Literature
Literature Its Uses and Affects 1. To inform – it coveys to another person
knowledge about another person, a place,
The Power of the “Written Word” or an event.
2. Expression – related to informing is to
• Definition of Writing – is the activity or skill
express. Expression is one of the purpose
of marking coherent words on paper and
of literature. Example: Convey emotions or
composing text. - “Oxford Languages”.
feelings.
• One of the most important developments
3. As a guide – Literature guides people by
in the history of civilization is the invention
telling them what to do or expect. Literature
of writing.
that guides saves the readers from
• Writing allowed man to express his ideas
inconvenience and helps him save time.
other than his speech or body language.
4. To send a message – when writings was
Writing froze the spoken word into a
invented it allowed man to send to people
medium such as stone, clay tablet,
who were not presently with him.
parchment or paper.
• The written message transcends both
✓ Example the Story of Iliad and Odyssey. distance and time as it became possible to
(Epic Poem). send letters to the other side of the globe or
• The written word even has great religious to have archival manuscripts researched
significance, as religious texts such as the and look into their meaning.
books of the Bible and the Qur’an were able 5. Entertainment – literature can be used
to reach the generations of the present. for entertainment by serving as a diversion
• The word of God is treated with great from the common and routinely aspects of
reverence and respect. life. Creative minds may relate fiction while
• Muslims re required to learn Arabic so they others may draw directly from past events
can read the Qur’an in its original form. or be influenced by past events. Example:
Poetry, short stories and novels.
Literature and its Purposes 6. To serve as record of the past –
• A body of writings is called literature. Literature may contain stories about the
• Literature is intended for a certain group of past. This type of literature falls into the
people. It hinges on the word “litera” or letra realm of history. History defined as
which means letter. documented record of man and his society.
• There is oral literature which refers to • History contains descriptions of what was
literature yet to be written. life in the past; how it affected the present
• Oral traditions includes epic, genealogies, and it provides ideas on how to face the
parables, sayings and riddles are oral future. Historical literature aside from telling
traditions passed down from generations to us what was life in the past (Antiquarian
generation by word of mouth. They were History), it tells us how the lessons of the
written down to form the body of written past can help shape the future called
literature. historicism.
• The words of heroes who helped in the 7. To convince – Literature can tell us what
foundation of nationhood fall into literature. to do. In order for literature to convince
✓ Example: Rizal poem about “Love of people, it must tell them how it can affect
Language”; Kabataan ang Pag-asa ng them personally. The art and science of
Bayan. convincing people falls into the realm of
• Nowadays, with the coming of the propaganda. Political literature is full of
computer and electronic age, came a new propaganda. Propaganda may include
type of literature called e-literature. These is telling the truth; magnifying the truth,
now include texts in the cell phones and twisting the truth or even not telling the truth
blogs in the computers. or outright lies.
8. To inspire – literature can help expand Race. Indios Bravos (I.B.) called Redencion
one’s mind and fire up his imagination. It de los Malayos (RDLM) also known as the
encourage one to follow an example either Redemption of the Malay Race, which
to equal or exceed him in terms of aimed to redeem the dignity of the Malay
achievements. Literature that inspires Race.
provides ideas that allow one to set his
goals. Literature may also create profound Philippine Literature and the
change in a person by changing his Development of Nationalism
perception of the world, his surrounding and • The introduction of printing during Spanish
society. Such type of change is called a period helped in creating the Filipino
catharsis. Catharsis is caused by a deep Identity. The first book was the Doctrina
and emotional experience learned from Christiana which was published by the
external sources. Dominicans in 1591. “Using woodblock
letters”.
The Connection of Literature to • It contained catechisms written in tagalog,
Nationalism Spanish and Chinese and printed in
• The type of the written word can be used baybayin or the native script, in latin letters
to develop sense of nationalism. and in Chinese.
Nationalism is a sentiment of a community • Religious literature became involved in the
of people having a common identity, values development of Nationalism.
and aspirations. Some literature are based • The Spanish also introduced secular
on myths and legends. Some literature are literature which appealed to the natives.
drawn from actual historical events. Example the stories of “Bernardo Carpio”.
Literature helps generate nationalism The Katipuneros borrowed the story of
among the people when they remember the Bernardo Carpio. The cave called Pamitan;
great stories of their past. the newly initiated Katipuneros vowed to
• In the Philippines rediscovering the pre- break the chains placed on them by the
colonial past was the basis of the Spanish colonizers.
nationalism of heroes like Rizal, Bonifacio • Also, the Comedia had a nationalist effect
and Aguinaldo. On one of his writings, Rizal on the indios was the Florante at Laura by
wrote, in order to know the destiny of a Francisco Balagtas. The Florante at Laura
nation, it is important to open the book of provided different messages depending on
the past. the audiences.
• Rizal looked back into the Philippine • Literature produced during the 19th
history to correct the biases created by the century discussed the conditions of the
Spaniards over the Filipinos. The Spaniards Philippines.
claimed that they brought civilization to our ✓The Noli Me Tangere and El
ancestors whom they called savages. Rizal Filibusterismo were written to stimulate a
and his fellow reformist countered that the social awakening of the Filipinos on their
Filipinos already had civilizations before the colonial condition.
coming of the west. They utilized the books
written by early historians “Antonio de Rizal, His Companions and their use of
Morga” who wrote the Sucesos de Las Islas Literature to Foster Nationalism
Filipinas. They also used the books of Dr. • Rizal and his companions used literature
Feodor Jagor books Travels in the to foster a love for their country.
Philippines and he described how our • Graciano Lopez Jaena and Marcelo H.
ancestors lived. Del Pilar used essays denouncing Spanish
• Rizal and his companions sought to misgovernance and Malpractices. All of
restore the great past when freedom them attacked that Del Pilar called
reigned. He aspired this freedom not only Frailocracy- the rule of the religious orders
for the Filipinos but for the entire Malay
in the Philippines. Del Pilar who wrote under LIFE, WORKS & WRITINGS OF RIZAL
the pen name Plaridel was considered the Jose Rizal Early Demonstration of Inborn
most dangerous of the laborantes- even Talents
more dangerous than Rizal.
• Rizal used poems, essays and the novels
to bring about a nationalist awakening • Jose Rizal at the age of 3 he was able to
among the people. The novels were actually master the alphabet.
works of fiction but had allusions to real • At the age of 8 he was able to write a
persons and places. The fictional characters poem entitled “Sa aking Kabata or To My
of Noli Me Tangere and characters who Fellow Children”
were inspired from real people drive home • His second Poem was written at the age of
the state of the Philippines, as being 9. It is entitled “My first Inspiration”(Mi
oppressed by colonizers and ironically Primera Inspiracion). This poem was
natives of the Philippines were the ones dedicated to his mother.
throwing away their identity and replacing • At the age of 5, Rizal revealed his God
them with that of the colonizers. given talent for art. He made sketches with
• Rizal used existing literature in connection his pencil and to mold in clay and wax
with his novel. Rizal was exposing the ills of objects. His sisters laughed at him in
the Philippines so that the people will spending too much time in making images.
awaken from their slumber of colonial He told them: “All right laugh at me now:
amnesia. Someday when I die, people will make
monuments and images of me!”.
• At the age of 3, he began to take part in
the family prayers. His mother, taught him
Catholic prayers. He was 5 when was able
to read the Bible. He took active part in the
church, tools part in novenas and religious
processions. He was fondly called “Manong
Jose”.
• Drama Writer- at the age of 8 he wrote his
first dramatic work which was a Tagalog
Comedy. The Gobernadorcillo from Paete,
Laguna saw the play and was delighted so
he bought it for 2 pesos to be stayed in their
town fiesta.
• Boy Magician- with his hands he showed
different tricks such as making a coin
appear or disappear in his fingers and
making a handkerchief vanish in the air.

Poems that Rizal dedicated to his

Childhood Memories
Memories of my Town
• In this poem, Rizal expressed his
appreciation and love for Calamba, his
hometown and birthplace.
• He wrote this poem in 1876, when he was
15 years old, while studying at the Ateneo
de Manila.
• Rizal wrote the piece in Spanish which he
titled “Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo”.
• He mentioned here the lagoons, flowers, flavorful casuy, the beautiful tamarind,
forests, rivers and freshness of the air in pleased the eye as much as they delighted
Calamba. the palate.
• Here the papaya stretched out its broad
My First Inspiration leaves and tempted the birds with enormous
• Dr. Leoncio Rizal, a nephew of Dr. Jose fruit; there the lanca, the coffee, and the
Rizal, claimed that this piece was not Rizal’s orange trees perfumed the air with aroma of
composition but by his nephew Antonio. their flowers.
• Nonetheless, despite controversies on • On this side the iba, the balimbing, the
who wrote the piece, this poem carries pomegranate with its abundant foliage and
Rizal’s lines and interests. its lovely flowers, bewitched the senses;
• In Spanish poem is called “Mi Primera while here and there raised elegant and
Insperacion”. majestic tops and graceful branches,
queens of the forest. I should never end
Maria Makiling were I write the number all our tress and
• This work was published in La Solidaridad amuse myself identifying them.
on December 31, 1890. • The yellow culiauan, the maya, of different
• In this essay, Rizal gave tribute to Maria varieties the culae, the maria capra, the
Makiling and presented her mythical and martin, all the species of pipit, joined in a
helping presence in the mountain named pleasant concert and intoned in varied
after her. chorus a hymn of farewell to the sun.

To My Childhood Companions Rizal’s First Prayer

• This was written in Spanish as “A Mis • Rizal came from a family of devoted
ComaÑeros De Nunes”. Catholics, who regularly attended Mass and
• Through the guidance of his mother Jose prayed in the church.
Rizal, who was 8 years old, wrote the poem. • His mother surrounded him with prayers
• The striking line of the piece was Rizal’s and short teachings of what the Catholic
message for the Filipino youth to love and religion was all about.
cherish the language they inherited from • Rizal grew up as a good and obedient
their ancestors. Catholic.
• DoÑa Teodora taught Rizal many Catholic
Jose Rizal’s Childhood Memories Prayers while he was three (3) years old,
Rizal’s Memories of Home and when Rizal turned five (5), he started
• Surrounding the area of the Rizal family’s reading the Spanish family Bible through in
ancestral house in Calamba, were a a difficult way.
varieties of fruit bearing trees, coffee and
flowers. Also, Rizal stated in his diary, DoÑa
• Birds of many species visited the house, Teodora’s patience in teaching him how to
especially in the middle of the yard, where a Pray:
small nipa hut was built for him and his After God the mother is everything to man,
sisters to play. She taught me how to stammer the humble
prayers
Rizal’s Diary That I addressed fervently to God, and now
• There the delicious atis displayed its that a young man,
delicate fruit and lowered its branches as if Ah, where is that simplicity,
to save me the trouble of reaching out for That innocence of my early days?
them.
• The sweet santol, the scented and yellow
tampuy, the pink makopa vied for my favor.
Farther away, the palm tree, the harsh but
 Jose Rizal’s Memories of Antipolo and for until then I had shed them only because
Laguna Lake of my stubbornness
Pilgrimage to Antipolo that my loving and
• As part of the Rizal family’s devotion as prudent mother so well knew how to correct.
Catholics, they often visit Antipolo for
pilgrimage to the Virgin Mary. The story of the young moth and the
• On June 6, 1868, Don Francisco and the flame
young Rizal went on a pilgrimage to fulfil the • DoÑa Teodora told Jose Rizal stories
promise of DoÑa Teodora when Jose Rizal bearing many lessons in life.
was born. • Before young boy Rizal went to bed at
• Don Francisco and Jose Rizal departed on night, she would say these words, “I’m
a barge and disembarked in Antipolo. The going to read you a very pretty story; be
father and son prayed at the shrine of the attentive”. Among the stories told by his
Virgin of Antipolo. mother, Jose Rizal’s Favorite was the “Story
• Later the two went to Manila to visit a of the Moth” that left a permanent mark in
family member, Jose Rizal’s sister his life.
Saturnina who was studying in La
Concordia College. • Rizal wrote in his Diary;
One night the whole family,
Rizal recalls in his dairy: except for my mother and myself, had gone
I had never gone through the lake of laguna to bead early;
consciously and the first time I did. I do not know why,
I spent the whole night near the catig, but the two of us were left sitting by
admiring the grandeur of the liquid element, ourselves.
the quietness of the night, The candles had been put out inside the
while at the same time a superstitious fear lamps with the curved tin blower.
took hold The room was dimly lit by a coconut oil
Of me when I saw water snake twined itself lamp.
on the bamboo My mother was teaching me how to read
Canes of the outriggers. the book El Amigo de Los NiÑos.
With what joy I saw the sunrise; for the first That night my mother grew impatient
time I saw listening to me reading poorly.
how the luminous rays shown, producing a After scolding me for drawing funny pictures
brilliant effect on the on its page,
Raffled surface of the wide lake. she told me to listen and started to read
aloud herself.
The Death of Jose Rizal’s Sister I grew tired of listening to sounds that had
• Rizal was four (4) years old when he no meaning for me.
experienced his first sorrow in the family. Instead I watched the cheerful little flame.
His young sister Conception or Concha, My mother noticing that I had lost, interest,
whom he used to play with most of the time, stopped reading
died in 1865. and told me that she be reading a very
• Rizal felt the utmost sadness, for the first pretty story that I must listen to.
time in his life.
• Rizal expressed in his diary:
When I was four years old; On hearing the story;
I lost my little sister (Concha) I at once opened my eyes wide.
and It promised something new and wonderful.
then for the first time I shed my tears My mother began to read me the fable of
caused by love and grief, the old moth
and a young moth, translating it to Tagalog villager’s only fault was that while at a
as she went along. distance he had not taken off his hat and
My attention was caught from the very first made his bow. The alcalde treated the poor
sentence: I started at the villagers in the same way whenever he
lamp and the moths circling around it…. visited us.
• We saw no restraint put upon brutality,
Acts of violence and other excesses that lay
• As she put me to bed, my mother said: committed daily.. I asked myself if, in the
“See that you do not behave like the young lands which lay across the lake, the people
moth. Don’t be disobedient, or you may get lived in this same way. I wonder if there they
burned as it did. “I do not know whether I tortured any countryman with hard and cruel
answered or not…. whips merely on suspicion. Did they there
• The story revealed to me things until then (Spain) respect the Home? Or even yonder
unknown. Moths no longer were, for me, also, in order to live in peace, would one
insignificant insects. Moths talked, they have to bribe tyrants.
knew how to warn. They advised just like
my mother. The light seemed to me more
beautiful. It had grown more dazzling and
more attractive. I knew why moths circled
the flame.

LESSONS
• The story of the moth was reflective of
Rizal’s Life, and that of his mother as the
old moth and Rizal as the young moth.
• Rizal said in his diary: “I was listening: all
my attention, all my mind, and all my
thoughts were concentrated on the fate of
that moth, young, dead, full of illusions”.
• The mother of Rizal said otherwise, she
told the young boy after telling him a story
“Don’t imitate the young moth and don’t be
disobedient: you’ll get burned by it.
• Jose Rizal: Undoubtedly, was the young
moth burned because of his passion for
ideas and love of country.

The Child Rizal and the Oppressed

Filipino People
• At a young age, Jose Rizal was already
exposed to the brutalities of Spanish
authorities in the Philippines, particularly the
Guardia Civil who were supposed to protect
the people from harm. Rizal wondered why
such abuses happened especially to the
poor.

Rizal related in his Diary

• Almost everyday, in our town, we saw the
Guardia Civil Lieutenant caning and injuring
unarmed and inoffensive villagers. The
LIFE, WORKS & WRITINGS OF RIZAL • Cultures also transcend boundaries.
Rizal & Nationalism: Creating an Imagined • The effect of nationalism is very
Community strong because of cultural and
historical forces that people of a
country are willing to defend and die
The definition of Nationalism and for the land to which they have
elements that contribute to sworn allegiance.
Nationalism
• Definition of Nationalism Models for Nationalism
✓Is a statement in which a person manifests The French, English, Russian and
his pride in being part of a nation. A person Spanish Models
who exhibits nationalism shows his loyalty • The formation of the nations of
to the nation for which he is willing to serve Spain, France and England took
its interest. place in Middle Ages.
• Definition of Nation • The three (3) countries were former
✓Refers to the people identified as part of old Roman Empire.
occupying a certain place of territory. • The mixtures in each country
✓These people developed an attachment to created a character that is unique.
the territory or the land that sustained them. • There is a quality of being French
✓That land provided their livelihood and among the people of France and
they have lived on that land for generations. Englishness.
• The peoples of both countries
Elements of Nationalism (French and English) rallied
1. A common geographical space, one themselves around a monarch to
that is defined and occupied by that whom they pledged their loyalty.
group of people; • The unique ethnicity created a
2. A common but unique culture which cultural equality for each people.
was developed about by a prolonged This included the evolution and
period of interaction; development of language and their
3. A common experience, which way of life.
created a bond within that people; • Ethnicity was a key to nationalism in
4. A common cause or aspiration that both countries (French and English),
transcends personal and individual including religion.
goals. • The English adopted Christianity.
• The French and English models in
Nation, An imagined Community the formation of nationalism also
• According to Benedict Anderson; A apply to Russia, which developed an
nation is an imagined community ethnicity quality of being Russian.
because it created delineations and They also develop common
artificial boundaries. Boundaries are language like the Russ. By religion
those created by human action. Russians were followers of Greek
• Nationalities are created because of Orthodox Christianity.
different cultural and social • In case of Spain Models; the country
developments. was inhabited by various Visigothic
• According to Anderson; People tribes until the Muslim invasions in
constitute a Nation and part as an the 8th century.
imagined community, and they have • The 800 years of Islamic domination
become separate communities it contributed Islamic elements on the
because of elements that create Spanish influencing the language,
nationalism. architecture and other aspects of
culture even the cuisine.
 • The language was based on the one The Latin America Models
spoken in that kingdom. To have a • Modern nationalism in Latin America
Spanish characteristic a Spaniard is was started by descendants of
expected to speak Spanish, be a Spanish immigrants to South
catholic and exhibit some though America.
subdued islamic influence. • To keep the people obedient to
authority, the Spanish implemented
The American Model a union of Church and Crown
• During 17th century, various English governance.
settlers came to North America. • Archbishop in the colony was the
Primarily the English came to supreme authority in the Church and
colonize the newly found continent wielded political influence.
and to expand the empire. • The Governor General was the
• As the colonist settled down, they supreme secular authority and he
created their own cultures that was represented the Spanish monarch.
different and unique to their original • In the late 18th century and the 19th
English roots. Even the language century, ideas of the Enlightenment
spoken by the colonists in America movement began to filter into
was different from the one spoken in colonies. Learned individuals from
England. the criollo class began to question
• Though considering themselves as the authority of the church and
loyal Englishmen the colonists crown over their political, economic
developed an attachment to the land and cultural life.
that they have called their own, built • The ideas of the French Revolution
their homes, and raised their of freedom, equality and fraternity
families. would lead to revolutions in South
• They had to rely on their own America eventually filtered into
resources in protecting themselves South America. Despite new ideas
against their enemies. In spite of the entering South American society, the
distance, the colonists considered colonists especially from Criollo
themselves as Englishmen and class remained loyal to Spain.
England as their mother country. • In the Americas, criollos in Mexico
• Later on, colonist realized that they who did not wish to follow the Cortes
were no longer colonists or declared their independence from
Englishmen but as Americans. They Spain. The war for independence
began to entertain ideas of lasted until 1825.
becoming an independent nation of • The case of Haiti was a very good
their own that would become the example of how nationalism brought
new country of the United States of about change. Haiti was colonized
America. by the French and their desire to
• The American colonists united have cheap source of Sugar the
behind a pro-independence French imported slaves from Africa.
movement led by George Years of oppression and filtering in
Washington. of ideas from the French Revolution
• A Continental Congress was formed emboldened the Hatians to revolt
and a declaration of Independence against their French masters.
proclaiming the aspirations of the • In 1803 after suffering from a
American people to be free and combination of combat with rebels
independent was signed by and bouts of yellow fever, the
representatives from the colonies on French withdrew and Haiti became
July 4, 1776. an independent country.
The Italian Model the house owner and family will live
• Italy was the seat of the Roman a better, more comfortable and
Empire and the birthplace of the contented lives. The state of
Renaissance. contentment is called Kaginhawaan.
• In 1800 it was divided into Papal
States and the states of Sicily and Bayan, Bansa and Kalayaan and
Sardinia and the Grand Duchy of the Goal of Filipino Nationalism
Tuscany. Parts of it were under • Bayan is a communal perspective
foreign domination such as Venice will turn to Bansa.
being occupied by Austria. • Bansa means the Nation and it also
• Italian nationalist led by Giuseppe means the State
Garibaldi, Giuseppe Mazzini and ✓ Definition of nation refers to
Camillo de Cavour drove out the the people identified as
Austrians and pushed the Pope to occupying a certain piece of
what is now Vatican City. territory.
• The Italians set aside their regional ✓ Definition of State refers to a
differences and were united in the community of person more or
forming of a new nation. less numerous occupying a
definite portion of a terror
Nationalism as a Way of Change having a government of their
• Nationalism it can be a caused or a own to which of great body of
response to a need for change. inhabitants render obedience
• Nationalism changed regimes and and enjoying freedom from
toppled dictatorship. external control.
• The Philippines in 1986 and the fall • Bayanihan or Nationalism is not just
communism from the old Iron curtain about feeling of pride and
in Europe in 1989 to the demise of attachment to the country. It must
the Soviet Union in 1991 are the have purpose.
very good examples. ✓ Example: Kaginhawaan or
• For colonized people their the State of contentment,
awakening about their oppressed Freedom is the objective of
state led to nationalism. This nationalism and it is integral
nationalism led to revolutionary to kaginhawaan.
movements, which eventually • Before 1869, the year of the
overthrew foreign colonizers. execution of Father Mariano Gomes,
Jacinto Zamora and Jose Burgos,
Nationalism in the Philippine Context the word Kalayaan did not exist in
• In the Philippines, nationalism is the dictionary of the Philippine
associated with the word bayanihan. terms.
The etymological root term is the • The root word of Kalayaan is the
Bayan. Bayan in common usage word “laya” which means to separate
means Bayan it also means a like the leaves that fall off a tree
community and to an extension it branch is called laya. Other familiar
may mean a country. words are “layag”- which means sail.
• Bayanihan or Nationalism connotes If one put a prefix “mag-layag”
a sense of community. means to sail away from the familiar
✓ Example: Damayan shores to chart their own way.
• Filipinos were always looking for Another word related to “layag” is
better and less oppressive the word “layas or to go away”.
conditions and in moving the house
to new location, it was expected that
Nationalism and Patriotism Rizal and How his Works Helped
• The higher and more intense than Develop Nationalism
nationalism is patriotism. • In his desire to develop and instill a
• Patriotism the root word comes from sense of nation in the minds of the
Patria- which comes from Patri or people of his time Rizal looked back
Father. to the past through the history of the
• In patriotism, the person no longer Philippines.
manifest his love or attachment to ✓ In his essay; Jose Rizal
his nation or country but is willing to wrote: “The Philippines A
actively fight and struggle for its Century Hence”. He begin
interests. with a line in order to know
• Patriots are willing to sacrifice even the destiny of a Nation
their very lives and fortunes for the (Philippines), it is important to
country. It leads to heroism where open the book of its past.
the patriot is recognized for his • How did Rizal become a nationalist?
efforts. ✓ When he was studying at the
• Filipinos consider the Philippines as Ateneo de Manila, he studied
motherland or Inang Bayan. under the sculptor “Teodoro
• The outbreak of the Philippine Rumualdo de Jesus, known
Revolution, Katipuneros held as “Lolong” de Jesus
recruitment rites in a cave in impressed on the young
Montalban. The cave has a symbolic Rizal the need to preserve
importance; it was the womb of the heritage of the ancestors
Inang Bayan. During the initiation of the Filipinos. He taught
rites, they dedicate themselves to Rizal about the greatness of
break the chains that bound their the Filipino culture before the
mother to the colonizer. As they arrival of the Spaniards.
emerge from the cave, they believe • The character in the novel Noli Me
that they have been reborn and with Tangere Filosofo Tasio was inspired
the new mission to liberate their by his mentor Teodoro Romualdo de
motherland from the oppressive Jesus who in 1888 found a group
colonizers. called Katipunan. Its objective was
• As they prepare to take up arms to to tell the Filipinos about their
fight for the freedom of the glorious past and the need to go
motherland, Nationalism is now back to their roots.
transformed into patriotism. • De Jesus’ Katipuan antedated the
• Patriotism is the willingness to suffer Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangan
for the nation including to the point Katipunan ng mga Anak ng bayan
of losing one’s life. (KKK) founded by Teodoro Plata,
• Nationalism and Patriotism can be Deodato Arellano and Andres
beneficial when it helps a nation to Bonifacio in July 7, 1892.
uplift itself in the face of • Using History Books and scientific
insurmountable odds. research conducted by foreign
• Both, make the people proud scientists like Feodor Jagor and
of their country and the even his contemporaries like
country can count on Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Rizal
nationalistic and patriotic countered the colonial propaganda
people to guide it to its by stating that the Filipinos had a
rightful destiny- as a happy rich culture before the coming of the
and progressive state. western colonizers.
• The Spanish colonizers considered LIFE, WORKS & WRITINGS OF RIZAL
the Filipinos as lazy people, indolent The World in Jose Rizal’s Time
and scandalous. Rizal counter these
assertions by stating that colonial
American Historical Events in Jose
practices and false beliefs made
Rizal’s Time
them like that, and instead of
Slave Emancipation of United States of
accepting that the Filipinos were
America
indolent, it was the Spaniards who
• Composition of American Congress;
were Indolent as they had to be
1. Confederates
attended to by servants and there
2. Union
were servants who were there just to
remove their shoes. ➢1850 –1861
• As to poverty of the natives, Jose ▪They lost balance over the issue of the
Rizal said that it was the colonizers African black slaves in American Soil.
who were poor. They came to ➢Economic Consideration;
islands to enrich themselves and to ▪The Americans who belonged to the
gain riches by taking the gold and confederates insisted that slaves should
other riches. remains as slaves in the United States.
• Colonizers came to the Philippines ▪While, Americans who were with the Union,
to seek their fortune. considered it a moral issue against God and
• Rizal used historical information to human kind.
counter Spanish propaganda that ▪It because of this issues, American
Filipinos were backward, poor and congress insisted on removing slavery in
inferior. Rizal scored that the the country.
colonizers who first came offering ➢April 1861, two months before the birth of
friendship and better treatment but in Rizal.
reality, they led the natives into ▪The second American Revolution broke out
bondage and penury. between the Union and Confederates that
• Rizal inspired statements that were lasted until 1865.
meant to evoke nationalism among ▪The Union, led by Abraham Lincoln
the natives. Novels like Noli Me defeated the confederates.
Tangere and El Filibusterismo ▪The victory of Lincoln resulted to historical
magnify the abuses committed by a events in America.
few Spaniards and made them • In, Sept. 22, 1863 –President Lincoln
appear as widespread. issued the Negro Emancipation, declaring
• As a propagandist, Jose Rizal the freedom of slaves and abolished slavery
depicted the wholesale oppression in the United States.
of the Indios as a people and was • Years after the war, the Black Americans
meant to create a cathartic change were considered citizen of the United States
among the readers. and given voted rights to black men.

Mexico
➢June 1, 1861 French started its
imperialistic act upon invading Mexico.
➢Benito Juarez a full blooded Zapotec
Indian who was the elected President of
Mexico tried his best to resist the French
invaders.
▪He cannot secure help from Pres. Lincoln
to the raging American Civil War.
▪After the American Civil War, Benito Juarez King in Sicily and Naples, and the two newly
with the U.S support defeated Maximillian’s liberated kingdoms move to Sardinia.
French forces in the Battle. • In March 1861 four (4) months before the
➢Laws passed by Benito Juarez who is birth of Rizal, Victor Immanuel II was
the Minister of Justice and President of proclaimed King of Italy due to the
Mexico. unification efforts of Cavour and Garibaldi.
1.Separation of Church and State. means
the catholic church has no right to intervene Germany
in any governmental transaction or policies. ➢In 1862, a year after the birth of Rizal.
2.Ended the Church ownership of lands. the ▪Otto Von Bismarck became Prussia’s
catholic church lost its rights to own tracts of Prime Minister.
land such as the Hacienda. ▪Bismarck, strongly moved for the
3.Declared the right of freedom of speech, domination of Prussia and organized the
press and assembly in the country. unification of Germany under King William I.
▪Bismarck, led the Prussian Army and
Canada defeated the Austrians in the “Seven Week
➢July 1, 1867 6 years after the birth of War”.
Rizal, Canada gained its Independence ▪Bismarck, “called” for the North German
from Great Britain. Confederation and established its
▪Through approval of British Parliament. constitution.
➢John A. McDonald the one who super ➢July of 1870 German fought France in war
headed the confederation leading to its was known in History as the Franco
independence. Prussian War.
▪Became the new nation’s first leader. ➢January 1871 Germans from the North
▪Considered as the father of Confederation and South of the country unified themselves
in Canada. and defeated the French.
• Because of the German
Historical Events in Europe victory on January 18,
During Jose Rizal’s Time 1871. William I was
Italy crowned as an Emperor in
➢In Italy, Count Camillo de Cavour the Germany.
Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, England
under the reign of King Victor Immanuel II. ➢England emerged as the world’s
▪He work for unification of Italy. imperialist power.
▪Using skillful allegiance in the European ➢It acquired the island of Hong Kong and
balance of power. Forced the helpless Manchu Dynasty to
▪Cavour made alliance with France and aide Kowloon Peninsula.
Great Britain. ➢After winning the three (3) Anglo Burmese
➢In 1859; Wars in 1824 1885 and it also conquered
▪ with the aid from the French, Cavour Burma.
defeated the Austrians and acquired ▪The empire subsequently took Ceylon (Sri
Lombardy. Lanka), Maldives, Aden, Malaya, Singapore,
▪ later, three small kingdoms and one Egypt, Australia and New Zealand.
regions from Papal State joined Sardinia. ➢England also implemented the following
▪Giuseppe Garibaldi, commander of the reforms that become known to RIZAL when
“red shirts” manifested his bravery, he stayed in the country in 1888 1889.
patriotism and love of liberty. 1. The Reform Bill of 1867 that gave the
• In 1860a thousands red shirt troops, right to vote for working class men.
crossed Genoa and removed the Bourbon 2. The Ballot Act of 1872 which provided for
the secret ballot for the working class.
3. The education Act of 1870 - 1891 which ▪The British Empire became furious and
provided for free education and required made swift action against the Sepoys and
attendance of British students. the Mogul Empire. Aided by loyal Indian
4. In 1871, the restrictions on trade unions troops, the British Army succeeded in
were removed, allowing workers to putting down the rebellion and defeated the
organize, picket and strikes. Mogul Emperor Bahador Shah II, he was
stripped of his power to rule India and was
France imprisoned by the British.
➢In France; ▪The empire established by the Great
▪In the year 1852, the citizens approved the Akbar, three (3) centuries to the time of the
rise in power of Emperor Napoleon III. Sepoy rebellion, was extinguished.
▪The era in France became known as the ▪The Mogul empire was integrated in the
Second French Empire which conquered British controlled territories and later died in
major countries in Europe and American the history of India.
continents, however, the empire was later
defeated by Germany in 1871. China
➢In China;
Russia ▪The Manchu Dynasty was faced with
➢Czarist Russia conquered countries internal strife and external problems.
eastward of Asia like Siberia, Kamchatka, ▪One of its major internal problems was the
Kuriles and Alaska (which was later sold to Tai Ping rebellion in 1852 –1864.
the US for $7,200,000). ▪In 1856 –due to the misunderstanding
▪The empire conquered also the Muslim regarding the terms in the China’s treaty
Khanates of Bokhara, Khiva and Kokand in with England and France, the two western
Central Asia. powers declared war against China.
▪February 19, 1861, four (4) months before ➢The Anglo-French forces defeated China
Rizal’s birth, the new Czar of Russia named and captured Peking in 1860, because of
Alexander II, decided to follow the economic China’s defeat, the Manchu rulers ceded to
and social model of western countries in the following concessions;
Europe. 1. China paid heavy indemnity to England
▪He proclaimed the emancipation of millions and France and ceded Kowloon to France,
of Russian serfs, provided new industries the Peninsula found opposite of Hong Kong;
for workers, opened more schools, and
organized local councils and reformed the 2. Russia also took advantage of China and
army. claimed its share by taking portions of large
area of Manchuria lying in the East of the
Historical Events In Asia Ussuri River.
India ➢After its external problems with the
▪The Mogul empire in India ended four (4) French and the British, the Manchu rulers of
years before the birth of Rizal. China, hired Fredrick Townsend Ward, an
▪The Sepoys (British trained native Indian American mercenary who offered his
soldiers) staged a mutiny and killed their services to defeat the Tai Ping rebellion in
British commanders and some British exchange for huge amount of payment.
citizens living in India. ➢Townsend Ward, together with his army
▪The Sepoys mutineers proceeded to Delhi of American men, trained Chinese and
and offered their services to the Mogul some Filipinos from the community in
Emperor to established its influenced and Shanghai to use American arms to fight the
power in India, which was controlled by Tai Ping rebels.
England and France.
➢In 1864, while Rizal was a small boy in controlled by imperialism of Europe
Calamba Laguna, Townsendward achieved particularly in France and England.
his goal and crushed the rebellion.
Burma (Myanmar)
Japan ▪In Burma, the British colonizers exerted
▪In 1853 –an American Naval Squadron led their power by using superior weaponry in
by Commodore Matthew Perry entered the occupying portions of the old Empire.
Bay of Tokyo without permission and forced ▪They conquered Rangoon by 1886, while
the Tokugawa Shogun to open two ports for Rizal was in Europe, the British colonizers
American ships and merchants. Japan also extinguished the dynasty that was
signed other treaties with Great Britain, established by Alaungpayain 1753.
France, Russia and Holland.
▪On January of 1868 – Seven years after French Indo-China
the Birth of Rizal. Emperor Mutsuhito ▪In 1858-1863; France with the help of
declared the restoration of absolute Filipino troops under Spanish officers
authority of the Emperor in all of Japan. This conquered Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos
was known in Japanese history as Meiji and named it, French Indo China.
Restoration. ▪Burma was struggling against the British in
➢With this change, the following steps were 1857, the execution of the Spanish
taken by the Japanese Emperor; Dominican Bishop in Tongkingpaved the
1.The government hired European experts way for an excuse of the French to attack
as consultations to modernize Japanese and occupy Southern Vietnam.
industry. ▪In 1858, French troops aided by more than
2.Japanese Scholars were sent to different a thousand Filipino soldiers, sent by the
western countries to study western forms of Spanish Government from the Philippines
government, military science and western attacked and occupied Vietnam, Cambodia
education system. and Laos that led to the following events;
3.Foreign educators were hired to teach 1.In 1867 –six years after the birth of Rizal,
Japanese students western technology, arts Saigon and the rest of South Vietnam was
and sciences. occupied by the French.
4.Industrial policies were adopted from 2.In 1883, while Rizal was in Europe, the
western countries. entire Northern Vietnam was captured and
the king was forced to sign a treaty that
➢There was then the restoration of the Meiji
deprived him of power in all of Vietnam.
in Japanese political and social life, and the
3.The French divided Vietnam into three
acceptance of western influences.
parts, namely: Tongking(North Vietnam),
▪In 1880 –while Rizal was actively involved
Anam(Central Vietnam) and Cochin China
in the propaganda movement, Japan
(South Vietnam).
proclaimed its constitution with a Bicameral
Legislature.
Thailand
▪It also declared the Emperor as the
Supreme Commander of the Japanese ➢Thailand is known as the “Land of the
military force and held the sole authority to Free”.
declare war and peace against other ➢In 1851 –it was there when Rama IV
nations. (Mongkut), a Buddhist Monk, ascended to
the throne.
South East Asia ▪He encouraged the entrance of western
▪South East Asia, during the time of Rizal, influences, signed treaties of friendship and
was in the same situation with China and traded with western powers to avoid conflict.
India. They were constantly threatened and
➢The following moves of the king and his LIFE, WORKS & WRITINGS OF RIZAL
successor proved crucial for the survival of Rizal as Viewed by the Common People:
the Kingdom; Popular Nationalism
1.The king hired a British teacher to teach
western education to his children and
allowed British, French and Germans to Rizal as Viewed by the Common People
establish business in the country without
harm and danger. • One of his first biographers, Austin
2.Rama IV in 1868, seven years after the Craig, called him ‘Philippine Patrio
birth of Rizal, employed foreign consultants
and sent Thai students to western countries.

Indonesia
➢The Dutch in 17th century colonized
Indonesia which they then integrated to the
Netherlands East Indies.

Austin Craig (1872-1949)

He is the First Filipino; he was the first to

reawaken the Filipinos about their past and
their identity as a nation. - Leon Maria
Guerrero

➢To many Filipinos….

RIZAL was GREAT EXEMPLAR because
admirable stories and qualities about his life
can be emulated by anyone who wishes to
live a productive and meaningful life.

➢He died a MARTYR on December 30, 1896

at Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park).
 ▪ He had the most memorabilia among the
Filipino heroes currently on display in
several museums and national shrines in
the country.

Sculpture depicting Rizal’s execution on its

exact site in Rizal Park.

➢First to be honored with a Presidential

Decree by Pres. Emilio F. Aguinaldo – his
death anniversary should be a National Day ▪ Rizal represented peaceful and
of Mourning. evolutionary change unlike Bonifacio who
represented revolution and radical
▪ First monument built by the Filipinos in his change.
honor in Daet,
Camarines Norte. It
was designed by Lt.
Col. Antonio Sanz with
the help of Ildefonso
Alegre in compliance
with the directives from
Pres. Emilio Aguinaldo. The Great Visionary
It is the oldest surviving
Rizal Monument in the
country, construction of
which started on
December 30, 1898
using the funds contributed by the people of
Daet. Now, it is a national monument and a
historical landmark. Man of Action

▪ The Philippine Commission chose him as

a national hero and built the monument that
houses his remains at Luneta Park known
today as Rizal Park. Some would say that
he is an American-made hero but Filipinos
did such act.

The Great General

▪ In 1996, there was a move from the
National Historical Institute (now National
Historical Commission of the Philippines) to
contextualize Rizal in the perspective of
Philippine history. “There is no Bonifacio
without Rizal and no Aguinaldo without
Bonifacio”.
▪ There can be no Fathers Mariano Gomez, Rivera whom he left and Josephine Bracken
Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora; even whom he married before his death).
Rizal admitted that in his writings.

Rizal is an
American-made
Rizal as Viewed by His Critics hero and must
▪ Rizal as “The Last Spaniard”. He never be made
betrayed Spain nor he a traitor to Spain. obsolete. -
Throughout his lifetime, he advocated for Renato
partnership with Spain, not independence, Constantino
although it is inevitable. He often refer Spain Writer
as Madre España. Before his execution, he
requested the officer of the firing squad that ▪ Many historians as well as students of
he should not be shot at the back because Philippine history pitted Rizal with other
he has not betrayed Spain. heroes and Andres Bonifacio should
have been the national hero.
▪ A 1997 film called him Bayaning Third
World due to difficulty of defining him.
▪ A Spanish writer call him a Filipino
Hamlet because of his contradictory views,
shifting between reforms and revolution.
Nick Joaquin
Rizal Remained in the Minds of the
▪ The friars see him as an ingrate because Filipinos
he and his family were beneficiaries of their
good graces yet he turned against them. He
is also seen as a rabble-rouser and trouble
instigator especially during the crisis in
Calamba Estate in 1887.

Ang kabataan ang pag-asa ng bayan (The

youth are the hope of the motherland).

The Friars

▪ Modern writers see him as a tourist, an

illustrado behaving like a Spaniard, and a
womanizer having multiple girlfriends in
many parts of the world (save for Leonor
Ang hindi magmahal sa sariling wika ay The Nationalist Struggle – Goal for the
masahol pa sa hayop at malansang isda Revolutionists
(One who does not love his native tongue is
worse than an animal or smelly, dead fish).

Rizal was Admired Abroad

▪ During the Battle of Surabaya, Indonesian
freedom fighters keep a copy of Rizal’s Mi
Ultimo Adios to inspire them to sacrifice
their lives for the country.

The Nationalist Struggle – Mainstream

Filipinos

Battle of Surabaya – Indonesia

▪ Malays including the Malayans consider

Rizal as the Great Malayan for inspiring
them to fight against the Dutch and British
colonizers.
▪ In 1995 visit in Manila, a Malaysian Deputy
The Nationalist Struggle – Sidelines and
Prime Minister called him Renaissance Man
Undersides
for having reawakened the Malay about
their true past and their future destiny.
▪ Many Malaysian and Indonesian parents
named their children after Rizal.

▪ Filipinos in the hinterlands rarely interacted

The Malay Race with the mainstream Filipinos. Most of them
are peace-loving people, some are from the
The Fruits of National Struggle lowland pueblos who were tired by abuses,
The Nationalist Struggle – Goal for who desires to be left alone.
Mainstream and Filipinos with Education ▪ Since many of these hinterland folks
learned about the concept of salvation, they
tend to imitate Christ’s passion and
suffering. From ancient gods replaced by a
Father God, Bathala, Christ was the son
and they readily accepted Christianity. The
belief in Bathala and admiration to Rizal
fused and intertwined together.
▪ Some of these hinterland folks became
remontados and started to substitute or add
a personality to the approximating labors of • Rizalistas believe that he is a
Christ – one of such personality was Rizal. Tagalog Christ (Kristong Tagalog)
▪ The Rizalistas, particularly the Iglesia because he advocated change in the
Watawat ng Lahi, was the first and original society, persecuted, and unjustly
Rizalist group based in Lecheria Hill, tried for attempting to overthrow a
Calamba City. It was founded by Arsenio de colonial rule like Christ allegedly
Guzman, originally from Masbate on trying to insinuate rebellion against
December 25, 1936 with Fr. Luis Fabrigar Rome.
and Jose Baricanosa as the first Supreme • Rizalistas believe that Rizal will
Bishop and president. return someday to liberate or
▪ The cult believes that suffering is part of redeem the Philippines from its
life but they should remain faithful and oppressors.
virtuous and eventually they can be • Under his guidance, there will be an
rewarded with salvation. utopian society where everyone will
▪ Like in the Revelation in the Bible, there live happily.
will be a final battle between evil and good • Another millenarian group, the Santa
where good will eventually triumphed. Iglesia in Pampanga believes that
• For them, salvation will come Rizal is a supernatural being.
through a messiah-like personality. Founded by Felipe Salvador (Apo
• There will be great transformation, Ipe), the group revolted against the
the old earth and old heaven will Americans. Apo Ipe was captured
disappear, to be replaced by a new and later executed at the Bilibid
one. Prison in 1907; his followers did not
• For them, the Philippines is the new believe that he died because they
Jerusalem descending from heaven professed seeing him talking with
as described in the Book of Rizal.
Revelation. • Another millenarian group, the Santa
• The believers believe that the final Iglesia in Pampanga believes that
battle draws to the end of the Rizal is a supernatural being.
millennium or the century – the Founded by Felipe Salvador (Apo
millenarians. Ipe), the group revolted against the
• Many millenarians – including the Americans. Apo Ipe was captured
Dios-Dios and Pulajan groups in and later executed at the Bilibid
Visayas, Santa Iglesia in Pampanga; Prison in 1907; his followers did not
Anting-Anting groups in Tayabas, believe that he died because they
Batangas, and Laguna – were drawn professed seeing him talking with
to these beliefs. Rizal.
▪ Millenarian leaders stylized themselves in • There are other groups honoring
the manner as as ‘Pope” with supernatural Rizal as a supernatural being like
power and ability to community with the the Sambahang Rizal, the
spirit world. These popes preach obedience Bathalismo, Adarnistas, Sagrada
and observance of proper rituals and Familia, and Watawat ng Lahi.
warning that insincerity will contaminate the • Adarnista or Iglesiang Pilipina was
cause. founded by Candida Balantac, a 93-
year old widow called as Inang
RIZAL SEEN FROM THE SIDELINES Adarna by her followers. The
AND BELOW Adarnistas believe that Rizal is the
• Rizal is more than a man. god of the Filipino people, a true god
• He is a saint or a manifestation of and a true man, and that he was not
God himself. executed as popularly claimed by
historians.
• To them, man has a soul and is the Second Christ and that his
capable of good deeds; heaven and everywhere is Christ. He will
hell exists and it is within us. succeed Christ in the Second
• God to them have four personalities Coming. Most of its beliefs are
– the Father, the Son, the Holy borrowed from the Catholic Church.
Spirit, and the Mother (the Virgin • The Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi
Mary). believes that when World War III
• The dwelling place of Jehovah (God) breaks, Rizal will lead the army of
is in a cave in Bongabon, Nueva God.
Ecija where the cult is located. • The sect believes that its founder,
• Bathalismo, founded by Venancio Arsenio de Guzman, is Rizal himself,
Wagan, believed that Rizal was not and a mysterious voice called the
executed by firing squad at founding members to form the
Bagumbayan but managed to fled association.
the Philippines to China as a • To them, Jesus Christ was
Chinese. embodied in Rizal, and Rizal is at
• Man has three spirits – caluluwa once a god and man. He did not die
(intelligent soul), diwa (sensitive in Bagumbayan; he was alive and is
soul), and laygo (vegetable soul). physically and mentally present in
• Good people reaps the virtue of the New Jerusalem which is found in
happiness in kalualhatian (heaven); a site between Mt. Makiling and Mt.
evils are condemned in casanaan Banahaw – two holy and sacred
(hell). mountains to the sect.
• According to Bathalismo, Rizal was • Iglesia Filipina Independiente
the incarnation of Christ and he (Philippine Independent Church)
came to this world to reach reason. considers Rizal as one of its saints.
• Rizal is venerated in the altar and Isabelo delos Reyes, its founder,
the table is often draped with the advocated Rizal’s canonization
Philippine flag. along with the three martyred priests
• The Philippines is only for the – GOMBURZA on September 24,
Filipinos; no rich or poor, all are 1903.
equal. • According to Isabelo delos Reyes,
• Mountains are dwelling place of Rizal’s canonization is an expression
good and benevolent spirits. of intensely nationalistic phase of the
• Philippines will become a kingdom development of the church. But it is
and kings (monarchs) will come from a thing of the past and for now – he
there. is no longer considered as a saint.
• Its headquarter is at Mt. Banahaw in • Jose Rizal is not the only Kristong
Dolores, Quezon; also in Mt. Arayat, Tagalog. It is also attributed to
Pampanga, and Mt. San Diego as Apolinario dela Cruz or Hermano
holy mountains. Pule from Tayabas (Quezon), the
• In 1918, Sambahang Rizal was founder of Cofradia de San Jose and
founded by Basilio Aromin in the leader of the Tagalogs’ quest for
Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija. His followers peace and equality with the
are taught to honor Rizal because Spaniards in 1841. His cofradia
he was appointed by Bathala to competed with the mainstream
redeem the Filipino race. Like Christ, Catholicism that irked the friars. Like
Rizal offered his life to save Rizal, he was also unjustly tried and
humankind. executed; his body was quartered
• In Candelaria, Quezon, Sagrada and hang in four places in Tayabas
Familia Sect believes that Rizal is to serve as example to the natives.
 • The common denominator of the
above discussed religious sects are
the following:
- Borrowed elements from the
Catholic Church
- Borrowed elements from the ancient
belief system and native religion with
terms such as Bathala and langit
- Central element is the concept of
man-god and man’s redemption who
will come at the end of time.
- Rizal would be a messiah and he will
lead mankind in his new heavenly
above after men enduring all
sufferings and complying with the
demands of religion.
- Presence of patriotism or love of
country as guiding principle.
• Most of the adherents to these
religious cults are ordinary people
and simple folks without formal
training in religious instructions and
relied upon their prior knowledge to
devise ways of worship from
Christian rituals and doctrines.
• In Mindanao, the Colorums of
Surigao who fought the Americans in
1923-1924 believed that Rizal will
come in a big ship and carry the
faithful to Cebu where they would
celebrate victory in the presence of
the Holy Child Jesus.
• Rizalists still exists until today and
they can be seen taking care Rizal
Shrine in Dapitan, Zamboanga del
Norte and pay homage to the
national hero in Luneta during Rizal
Day celebrations.

END OF PRELIM