Unit 2

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LESSON - 2

PROPERTY, THERMODYNAMIC EQULIBRIUM, STATE, PROCESS, CYCLIC PROCESS, QUASI-STATIC PROCESS AND NON QUASI-STATIC PROCESS
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INRODUCTION
In thermodynamic analysis of system, the work/heat interactions are quantified by finding the
change in some of the characteristics of the system.
To make it clear, consider the arrangement shown in Fig. 2.1. The work done by an engine on
the water pump is quantified by increase in water/system pressure from P 1 to P2.

Fig. 2.1.

2.1. PROPERTY
It is the relevant measureable characteristics of a system that can be used to define the system.
For example: pressure, temperature, volume etc.
These can further be classified as intensive and extensive properties.

2.1.1. Intensive Properties


The intensive properties are characteristics of a system that remain the same for part of the
system as they were as well as for the whole system when the system is divided into parts (Fig.
2.2).

____________________________________________________________________________________
V. M. KORDE
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, YCCE) Page 1 of 7
LESSON - 2
PROPERTY, THERMODYNAMIC EQULIBRIUM, STATE, PROCESS, CYCLIC PROCESS, QUASI-STATIC PROCESS AND NON QUASI-STATIC PROCESS
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For example: pressure, temperature, density etc.

Fig. 2.2. Illustration of intensive properties.


Example for temperature:
A heated iron bar of 10 cm length is at 100°C. When the rod is cut into five equal parts, then
each part of the rod will be at the same temperature of 100°C. Hence the property temperature
is an intensive property.
Exercise: Think of examples for pressure and density.

2.1.2. Extensive Properties


The extensive properties are characteristics of a system that depend on the matter content of
the system as shown in Fig. 2.3. In other words, the value of the extensive properties for the
whole system is the sum of the values of its parts into which the system is divided.
For examples: volume, energy, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy etc.

Fig. 2.3. Illustration of extensive properties.


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V. M. KORDE
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, YCCE) Page 2 of 7
LESSON - 2
PROPERTY, THERMODYNAMIC EQULIBRIUM, STATE, PROCESS, CYCLIC PROCESS, QUASI-STATIC PROCESS AND NON QUASI-STATIC PROCESS
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2.2. SPECIFIC PROPERTY
A property defined per unit mass is called specific property. A specific property is always an
intensive property.
For examples: specific volume, specific heat capacity, specific energy etc.

2.3. THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM


A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium when it satisfies all the following
conditions of equilibrium.
2.3.1. Mechanical Equilibrium
If its properties like, pressure, elastic stress etc. do not change at any point of the system with
time, we say that the system is in mechanical equilibrium.
2.3.2. Thermal Equilibrium
If the temperature is the same throughout the entire system, we say that it is in thermal
equilibrium (Fig. 2.4).

Fig. 2.4. A closed system reaching thermal equilibrium.


2.3.3. Chemical Equilibrium
If the chemical reaction in the system ceases and the chemical composition of the system does
not change with time, we say that the system is in chemical equilibrium.
2.3.4. Phase Equilibrium
If there is no change in the mass of each phase of the constituents, then the system is in phase
equilibrium.
____________________________________________________________________________________
V. M. KORDE
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, YCCE) Page 3 of 7
LESSON - 2
PROPERTY, THERMODYNAMIC EQULIBRIUM, STATE, PROCESS, CYCLIC PROCESS, QUASI-STATIC PROCESS AND NON QUASI-STATIC PROCESS
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2.4. STATE
As described earlier, the state of a thermodynamic system can be described by using
thermodynamic properties. The unique values assigned to these properties will define state of a
system. Only two independent properties are necessary and sufficient to determine the state of
a system. The state of a system can be described by using thermodynamic property of a system.
Hence, thermodynamic property is a point function.
Mathematically, it can be represented as an exact differential. When a system undergoes a
change of state from 1 to 2 it can be denoted by

where, Ø is a property.
So, the change in pressure and volume, during change of state from 1 to 2, are given as

Example: State 1 and state 2 of air in a reciprocating compressor (system) corresponding to


before and after air being compressed (Fig. 2.5).
State 1: Air in cylinder has volume V1 and pressure p1.
State 2: Air in cylinder has volume V2 and pressure p2.

Fig. 2.5. Reciprocating compressor (a system) at two different states


____________________________________________________________________________________
V. M. KORDE
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, YCCE) Page 4 of 7
LESSON - 2
PROPERTY, THERMODYNAMIC EQULIBRIUM, STATE, PROCESS, CYCLIC PROCESS, QUASI-STATIC PROCESS AND NON QUASI-STATIC PROCESS
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2.5. PROCESS
It is defined as transition in which a system changes from one equilibrium state ‘1’ to another
equilibrium state ‘2’ (Fig.2.6).
It gives information about intermediate equilibrium state points (a, b, c, d, e, f) on the
thermodynamic plane for the change of state from ‘1’ to ‘2’.
2.5.1. Non-flow process
The process in which the mass of the system remains the same during a change of state.
2.5.2. Flow process
The process in which there is mass interaction between system and surrounding.

Fig. 2.6. A process between states 1 and 2 and the process path.

2.6. PATH
It represents a series of intermediate states through which a system passes during a process is
called the path of the process.

2.7. CYCLIC PROCESS


If a system after having under gone a number of processes returns to its original state, then we
say that the system has undergone a cyclic process.

____________________________________________________________________________________
V. M. KORDE
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, YCCE) Page 5 of 7
LESSON - 2
PROPERTY, THERMODYNAMIC EQULIBRIUM, STATE, PROCESS, CYCLIC PROCESS, QUASI-STATIC PROCESS AND NON QUASI-STATIC PROCESS
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Cyclic processes completed by two and four processes are shown in Fig. 2.7(a) & Fig. 2.7(b),
respectively.

Fig. 2.7. Systems performing cyclic process


2.8 QUASI-STATIC PROCESS
If a process is carried out in such a way that at every instant, (intermediate states-‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’)
the system remains infinitesimally close to thermodynamic equilibrium state, then such
a process is called Quasi-static process.
In other words, It is an idealized process where a system passes through a series of equilibrium
intermediate states. Such a process is represented by a full line on property relation diagrams.

Fig. 2.8. Slow compression process (Quasi-static)

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V. M. KORDE
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, YCCE) Page 6 of 7
LESSON - 2
PROPERTY, THERMODYNAMIC EQULIBRIUM, STATE, PROCESS, CYCLIC PROCESS, QUASI-STATIC PROCESS AND NON QUASI-STATIC PROCESS
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Example: Slow compression process is the example of quasi-static process (Fig. 2.8). In slow
compression process, the equilibrium is attained at any intermediate state and we are able to
characterize the entire system by a single state at every intermediate state. Therefore, the
intermediate states for the whole system can be determined and process path can be drawn on
the thermodynamic plane.

2.9 NON QUASI-STATIC PROCESS


If a process is carried out in such a way that at every instant the system departs finitely from
thermodynamic equilibrium state, such a process is called Non quasi-static process.

Example: Fast compression process is an example for Non quasi-static process (Fig. 2.9). In fast
compression process, the equilibrium is not attained at any intermediate state and we are not
able to characterize the entire system by a single state at intermediate states (As shown in Fig.
2.9, at intermediate states ‘a’ there is variation of temperature in the system so we cannot
characterize the whole system by a single state). Therefore, the intermediate states for system
for process 1-2 cannot be determined and the process path cannot be drawn on
thermodynamic plane.

Fig. 2.9. Fast compression process (Non quasi-static)


A Non quasi-equilibrium process is denoted by a dashed line between the initial ‘1’ and final
states ‘2’ instead of a solid line.
____________________________________________________________________________________
V. M. KORDE
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, YCCE) Page 7 of 7

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