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Chapter1 - L1 احصاء

The document discusses basic concepts in probability and statistics including descriptive and inferential statistics, population and sample, and different types of data such as categorical data like nominal and ordinal data, and quantity data like discrete and continuous data. It provides examples and explanations of these key terms and concepts to establish foundational knowledge for the course on probability and statistics for engineers.

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40 views23 pages

Chapter1 - L1 احصاء

The document discusses basic concepts in probability and statistics including descriptive and inferential statistics, population and sample, and different types of data such as categorical data like nominal and ordinal data, and quantity data like discrete and continuous data. It provides examples and explanations of these key terms and concepts to establish foundational knowledge for the course on probability and statistics for engineers.

Uploaded by

جعفر مدري
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TAIBAH UNIVERSITY

‫جامعة طيبة‬
Faculty of Science
‫كلية العلوم‬
Department of Math.
‫قسم الرياضيات‬

Probability and Statistics for Engineers

STAT 301
First Semester 1438/1439

Teacher : Dr. Haseeb Athar


Lesson 1

Basic Concepts and Data Types


Basic Concepts
Statistics
A collection of methods for planning experiments,
obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing,
presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing
conclusions.
The field of statistics divided into two parts:
1. Descriptive statistics
Describe data that have been collected. Commonly used
descriptive statistics include frequency counts, ranges
(high and low scores or values), means, modes, median
scores, and standard deviations.
2. Inferential Statistics
The procedure whereby inferences about a population are made
on the basis of the results obtained from the sample drawn from
that population.

STATISTICS

Inferential Descriptive
Statistics Statistics

Estimation

Test of Hypothesis
Information
Knowledge that is to be communicated.
Data is organized information. It can be numbers, words,
measurements, observations or even just descriptions of things.

The word “data” is in the plural (the singular form is


“datum”). However, the word is often used as if it is a
singular noun.

Variable: A characteristic or attribute that can assume (take)


different values.
Population: the complete collection of all
elements (scores, people, measurements, and so
on) to be studied

• Sample : subgroup or subset of the population.

• Parameter: Characteristic or measure obtained


from a population.

• Statistic: Characteristic or measure obtained


from a sample.
Table below explains some parameters and statistics
Measure Population Sample
Size N n
Mean µ X
Population Sample =Observations
(Some Unknown
Parameters) (We calculate Some
Example: TU Students Statistics)
(Height Mean) Example: 20 Students from
N=Population Size TU (Sample Mean)
n = Sample Size
Types of Data
Key Terms
• Categorical variables
• Quantity variables
• Nominal variables
• Ordinal Variables
• Binary data.
• Discrete and continuous data
• Qualitative and Quantitative traits/
characteristics of data.
Categorical Data
• The objects being studied are
grouped into categories based on
some qualitative characteristics.
• The resulting data are merely labels
or categories.
Examples: Categorical Data

• Eye color
blue, black, brown, green, etc.
• Gender: Male , Female.
• Economic situation: good, bad
• Attitudes towards the death penalty
Strongly disagree, disagree, neutral,
agree, strongly agree.
Categorical data classified as
Nominal, Ordinal, and/or Binary

Categorical data

Nominal Ordinal
data data

Binary Not binary Binary Not binary


Nominal Data
A type of categorical data in which objects
fall into unordered categories.
Examples:
• Gender : Male , Female .

• Nationality : French , American, Saudi,


Chinese,… etc.

• Education status : educated, uneducated


Ordinal Data
A type of categorical data in which order is
important.
Examples:
• Class of degree : 1st class, 2nd, 3rd class, fail

• Degree of illness : none, mild, moderate, acute,

chronic.

• Opinion of students about stats classes


Very unhappy, unhappy, neutral, happy, ecstatic!
Binary Data
• A type of categorical data in which there
are only two categories.
• Binary data can either be nominal or
ordinal.
• Attendance : present, absent
• Class of mark: pass, fail.
• Status of student: undergraduate,
postgraduate.
Quantity Data
• The objects being studied are ‘measured’
based on some quantitative trait.

• The resulting data are set of numbers.


Examples
- Pulse rate - Height

- Age - Exam marks

- Time to complete a statistics test

- Family Size
Quantity data can be classified as
‘Discrete or Continuous’

Quantity
data

Discrete Continuous
Discrete Data
If the values / observations belonging to it may take
only specific values (integer) . It does not contain
fraction and implies counting.

Discrete data -- Gaps between possible values -count

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Examples: Discrete Data
• Number of children in a family
• Number of students passing a stats exam
• Number of crimes reported to the police
• Number of cars sold in a day.

Generally, discrete data are counts.


We would not expect to find 2.2 children in a
family or 88.5 students passing an exam.
Continuous Data
If the values / observations belonging to it may
take on any value within a finite or infinite
interval (real).

It can contain fraction and implies measurement..


Continuous data
no gaps between possible values- measure

0 1000
Examples: Continuous data
• Weight
• Height
• Time to run 500 metres
• Age

‘Generally, continuous data come from


measurements.

(any value within an interval is possible with a


fine enough measuring device.).
Relationships between Variables.

Variables

Category Quantity

Continuous
Ordinal Discrete
Nominal (counting) (measuring)

Ordered
categories Ranks.

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