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Exponents

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Exponents

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raunak jaiswal
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[é EXPONENTS 6.1 INTRODUCTION Consider following numbers: 89,000,000,000 1,459,500,000,000 750,000,000,000,000 5,978,043,000,000,000 We find that it is not very convenient to read, understand and compare such large numbers. In order to make such large numbers easy to read, understand and compare, we use exponents. In this chapter, we shall learn about exponents and their uses. | | | 6.2 EXPONENTS e know that the continued sum of a number added to itself a number of times can be n as the product of a natural number, equal to the number of times it is added, and Asw writtel the number itself. For example, 5+54+54+54+54+5+5=7x5 (22) 4(-2) 4 (22) + (22) +2) + (2) + (2) + (-B) + (-2) = 9(-2) 333,343 2543 ete, rarer erer ear’ Similarly, the continued product of a number multiplied with itself a number of times can be written as the number raised to the power a natural number, equal to the number of times the number is multiplied with itself. For example, 5x5x5 can be written as 5° and it is read as 5 raised to the power 3 or third power of 5. In 5°, we call 5 as the base and 3 as the exponent. Similarly, (-2)x(-2)x(-2)x(-2) is written as (-2)* eee ay 53% 997g is written as | 5 We have, 5x5x5=125 Also, 5x5x6 is written as 5°. 125=58 64 Mathematics for Class My Example4 Simplify: @ 5?x3? Gi) 24x3? (iii) 3? x 104 (iv) 5% x2! Solution (i) We have, 5° x3 = 25x27 (le 5? = 5x5 = 25 and 3° =3x3x3_ =675 “a (i) We have, 24 x3? =16x9 [Ie 2! = 2x2x2x2=16 and 3 =3x3 25 =144 d (ii) We have, 3? x10* = 9x 10000 ly 3? =3x3=9 and 104 =10%10%10x10 = 10099) =90000 (iv) We have, 5° x 2* =125x16 be 5° =5x5x5 =125 and 24 =2x2x2x2=16) = 2000 Example5 Simplify: (i) 3)x(-2) Gi) (3)? x5)? Git) 2) x10) iv) 2)* x5)? Solution (i) We have, (-3)x(-2)8 = (-3)x(-8) bs (2) =(-2)x (-2)x(-2) =-g) =24 Gi) We have, (-3)? x(-5)? =9x25 — f (-3)? =(-3)x(-3) =9 and (-5)* = (-5)x(-5) = 25) = 225 Giii) We have, : 8 (2)? = (-2)x(-2)x(-2) = -8 (22 125 3° >5? Solution ee cee 66 Mathematis for cy sg V (ii) We have, 28 = 2x 2x 2x 2x Bx 22x 2 =(2X2)x(2x2)x (2x 2)x (2x2) =4x4xdx4 =(4x4)x (4x4) = 16x16 = 256 and, 8° = 8x8 = 64 256 > 64 2 >? (iii) We have, 2! = 2x 2x 2x 2x 2x 2x 2x 2x22 = (2X2)x(2x 2)x (2x 2)x (2x 2)x (2x2) =AxAxA xd = (4x4)x(4x4)x4 = 16X16 4 = 256% 4 = 1004 and, 10° = 10x10 =100 1024 > 100 2° 510? (iv) In Gii) and (iv), we have seen that 2° > 8 and 2"° > 10? Similarly, it can be seen that 2" > 157, 2 > 20°, 2 > 50 and 2 > 100? -2 4 Example9 Find the product of the cube of 3 and the square of S Solution We have, (cure ot 3? Sauareot +) (3}(3) (aH RHS}(3) = C2DX(-2)x(-2) 4x4 _-8 16 _ -8x16 3x8x3(-)x(-5) 27°25 27x25 Example 10 Express the following as a rational number: (SFG oo! nents We have, goitior Hees _ 1 n27 16 x= 20x16 _ 1x-1x2 3125 “81 | Ws. BL © 1125x3375 -< See remark 2 on page 6. s| -2 example 11 Simplify: a a 2 5 @ ©3Px (3) (22 -3 / Gi) 2). 2) goution (i). We have, (i) We have (=I) 5 10* _ 81 fe 2 = 10000 -8, 5° = 125, (-3)4 =81and 10* =10000} _-8 10000 _-8x T0900 _ -880 _ ~640 125° 81 —T3gx81 ‘1x81 81 Example 12 Simplify: ” (-G}- Gi) {or-2-(2F} 67 1 as Mathematics or Ciag, : Solution (i) [-(sf-¢ Or (ii) 5 25x25 195 a 35 Example 13 If a=2and b=3, then find the values of each of the following: : F ag ee) aE (i) at+6) Gi) aboot i) [F div) | =+5 b a5 Solution — We have, (i) at +b) =24 +9 =2x243%3x3 =4 +27 =31 (ii) a! +b" =2? +3 =2%2%24+3x3=8+9=17 tity (2) -(2) -22-2*2 24 iid |) 3] 3°3 3x3 9 ivy (Eo 2] [La LY (242) (8) 5,8 5x5 _ 25 ™ lab) (273 6 6) 66 6x6 36 Example 14 Simplify and express each of the following as power of a rational number: 0 Fae wef 2.(4) bed Solution (i) We have, (als -(3)«cr.(S)(-2d Mh © RxD 4D _1x36x-1x1_-36 _-4 (4! ; ~ 9xTxIxl 9x7 7 (77) f- a’ =a) Gi) We have, 2 2 ce {2 (8 B,(-4),3,3 5 = 5 5 4 +. er 2 ge ope cues x53 5) 4°04 oS 2 5 49 #5 3 oP DS 4.25 49 645 3 ax SxS ex x2x? 25° 49° «5 125-44 411 413 OTs tx exe 4 12 Typell ONEXPRESSING NUMBERS IN THE EXPONENTIAL FORM Example 15 Express each of the following in exponential form: 2.8.8.8 @ (A)x(-A)x(-A) x4) x(x) (i) SXExEXE Solution We have, G) (CA)x(-4)x<(-4)x ADA) = (4 Gi) 3,333 (3 ’ » 55 8 5 5 Example 16 Express each of the following in exponential form: (i) 2x2x2xaxa (ii) a@xaxaxaxbxbxexexexexe Git) axaxax{ 2)x{ 2 " 3) (3 Schon We have, (i) 2x2x2xaxa=2' xa? es 45205 (ii) axaxaxaxbxdxexexexexc=a'bie : tw oxaro2}{2)-0(2 6.10 Mathematics for Cla, SY Example 17 Express each of the following numbers in exponential form: Solution Example 18 Express each of the following numbers as a product of powers of their prime Solution w Wi Gi) 128 (ii) 243 (iii) 3125 ' We have, 128 =2x2x2x2x2x2x2 128 = 2" We have, 243 = 3x3x3x3x3 243 = 3° (iii) We have, 3125 =5x5x5x5x5 3125 = 5° factors: i) (i) (i) (ii) 432 (ii) 648 Gii) 540 Using prime factorisation of 432, we have 432 = 2x 2x2x2x3x3x3 432 = 24 x3® Using prime factorisation of 648, we have 648 = 2x2x2x3x3x3x3 648 = 2° x3* Using prime factorisation of 540, we have 540 = 2x2x3x3x3x5 540 = 2? x3* x5! te 2g ] / 2, s | 29) 19) 89) t9) 89) 99 3) w]a/e/ eS elés jeje] aye 8) afe/ 8 slo 8) S) jor ey ex ex a5) | 432 to] t9) to) 89 8 ey [ at [89] 9] 69) 09] 29] 20 \g -ielsl | £2) £3) £9) 89} no a\Z\5\28 \ asl 6.11 rate 19 EXPTESS the following numbers as product of exo (i) 1000 (ii) 16000 (iii) 3600 i) Expressing 1000 as the product of prime factors, we have 1000 = 2x2x2x5x5x5 1000 = 2° x5* We have, JF J 00 = 101010 powers of their prime factors: olution =(2x5)x(2x5)x (2x5) = 2x 2x2 5X 5x5 = 29 x5? (ii) Expressing 16000 as the product of prime factors, we have 16000 = 2x 2x 2x2x2x2x2x5x5x5 =2" x5? liter We have, 16000 = 161000 =16x10x10x10 = (2x2 2x 2)x(2x5)x(2x5)x (2x5) = (2x 2x 2x 2x 2x 2% 2)x (5x 5x 5) erie (iii) Expressing 3600 as the product of prime factors, we have 3600 =2x2x2x2x3x3x5x5 3600 = 2* x3? x5? Aliter We have, 3600 = 36100 =4x9x10x10 = (2x 2)x(3x3)x (2x 5)x (2x5) = (2X 2x2x 2)x (8x 3)x (5X5) = 2" x3? x5? Example20 Express each of the following rational numbers in exponential form: @ 2 a. =u Sits 64 125 i) We have, 27_ 8 ae f: 27=89 and 64 = 4°] [#5] ee Mathematics tor cy, : 8 Similarly, (-2)x (-2)x (-2)x (-2) = 16 fa (-2)' =16 5° is known as the exponential form or power notation of 125. Here, 5 is the base and 9, the exponent, 4 Similarly, (-2)4 is the exponential form or power notation of 16 with base —-2 and exponent 4 We have, 100 = 10x10 1000 = 10x10x10 10000 = 10x 10x 10x10 100000 = 10x10x10x10x10 ete. So, the exponential forms of 100, 1000, 10000 and 100000 are as given below: 100 = 10? (read as 10 raised to the power 2) 1000 = 10° (read as 10 raised to the power 3) 10000 = 10* (read as 10 raised to the power 4) | 100000 = 10° (read as 10 raised to the power 5) Some powers have special names. For example, 5°, which is 5 raised to the power 2, is also read as ‘5 squared’. 5°, which is 5 raised to the power 3, is also read as ‘5 cubed’, Similarly, 10° is read as ‘10 squared’ and 10° is read as‘10 cubed’. It follows from the above discussion that for any rational number a, we have @xa =a" (read as ‘a squared’ or‘a raised to the power 2”) axaxa =a" (read as ‘a cubed’ or ‘a raised to the power 3’) axaxaxa =a" (read asa raised to the power 4 or the 4!" power of a) axaxaxaxa=a' (read asa raised to the power 5 or the 5" power of a) and so on. In general, ifn is a natural number, then axaxaxax--xa=a" n-times a” is called the nth power of a and is also read as ‘a raised to the power n’. NOTE 1 It is evident from the above discussion that axaxaxbxb is written as q%p? (read as a cubed into b squared) 4) axaxbxbxbxb is written q2p4 (read as a squared into b raised to the po! Pe exponents. ont2 For any non-zero rational number a, we define 63 0 @ a'=a (i) @ ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES type! ON FINDING THE VALUE OF A NUMBER GIVEN IN EXPONENTIAL FORM example Find the value of each of the following: @ ie (ii) 9° Gi) 5* solution (i). We have, 1? =11x11=121 (ii) We have, 9° = 9x9x9=(9x9)x9=81x9 = 729 (iii) We have, 54 =5x5x5x5 =(6X5)x5x5 = 25x5x5 =(25x5)x5 =125x5 = 625 Example2 Find the value of each of the following: @ C3? (iy) 4? Gi) 5)" Solution (i) We have, (-8)? =(-3)x(-3)=9 (ii) We have, (4)? = (4) x (4) x (4) = (4) x (-4)) x (-4) = 16 x (-4) = -64 (iii) We have, (-5)* = (-5) x(-5)x (-5)x(-5) ((-5)x (-5))x(-5)x(-5) 5 x (~5)x(-5) 15x (-5))x (5) 125)x(-5) = 1255 = 625 Example3_ Simplify: @ 2x10° (ii) P x2? (ii) x5 (iv) 0x10? Solution (i) We have, 2x10° =2x1000 = 2000 [+ 10° =10x10x10 = 1000) (ii) We have, PP =49x4 =196 (iii) We have, 2x5 =8x5=40 [e 23 =2x2x2=8] (iv) We have, ft: 7? =49, 2? =4) 0x10? =0x100=0 (- 10? =10x10 = 100) ee Mathematics for Cia. } eae 'F Class a " 6.12 ——_— Giz Stee ee eee reer ee eeeeeeeeete ea Gi) We have, -27_(-3)" te 27=(-3" and 125.5, 125 5° n+ (=])® = — 5 be CD" = Land 3° = 949 EXERCISE 6.1 1. Find the value of each of the following: @ 13? (i) 78 (ii) 3* 2. Find the value of each of the following: (i) (-7F (i) (-3)* il) (-5)° 3. Simpiity: (3x10? (i) 22 x58 (iii), 3° x 5? 4. Simplify: (@) 3? «108 (i) 2¢ x3? (iil) 5? x34 5. Simplify: (i) (-2)x(-3)8 (il) (-3)? x(-5)? (ill), (-2)° x (-10)? 6. Simplify: -a 2 4 5 a (3) (2) a @ la} wi ] (iii ( 7 } 7. Identify the greater number in each of the following: (i) 2° or 5? (i) 34 or 48 (ii) 3° or 5° 8. Express each of the following in exponential form: - i) xxx diy Sx4e4x4n4 O (B)PCS)xC8) TX TXT XT ll). 3° BBG XG 9. Express each of the following in exponential form: (i) xxxxxxxxaxaxbxbxb (i) (-2)x(-2)x(-2)x (-2)xaxaxa cay (SB) B reves 10. Express each of the following numbers in exponential form: (i) 512 (i) 625 (iii) 729 41. Express each of the following numbers as a product of powers of their prime factors: (ii) 675 (ili) 392 () 36 a 6.13 xpress each of the following numbers as a product of powers of their prime factors: 12 (i) 450 (ii) 2800 (iii) 24000 express each of the following as a rational number of the form ©: 13 q 2 3 7y -2\ ol; (5 ww 2 each of the following rational numbers in power notation: ri express 49 4: 1 () 6a ) ~ 95 (i) 36 45, Find the value of each of the following: 2 2 A 2 Sie a (3 -3\' (4° (-15 ) at) «22x = (3) xf 2) ef =] 012 : (3) (5) 9) te) gg. Wa=2 and b=3, then ind the values of each ofthe folowing: : (by fa () (a+b (ii) (aby? (i) (2) m15*3 ANSWERS 1. @) 169 (i) 43, i) 81 2. (i) 49 (i) 81 (iii) -3125 3, () 300 (ii) 500 iil) 675 4. () 90000 (i) 144 (ii) 2025 9 ee en 71024 5. @ 4 (i) -1125 (iii), -3200 6. (i) ie (ii) a (iii) we - 7 (=y (ay 208 @ x i) anc wiz) Ww (3] 2 9. xt’? i) (-2)*xa® Gi) (= xx* 10. () 2 ( 5 (i) th @ xa?) 3x52 i) x7 12. @ 2x9*xS7 CH) 2*x5*x7 i) 28x3'x5? 9 343 = 1G 7y¥ ly 805 0 355 WF 14. () (3) i) (-§) (i) (Z) e ee i ee ae 1% 3 () Feo05 (25 (i) 216 Ww) ™ 36 63 LAWS OF EXPONENTS In this section, we will learn about various laws of exponents: 831 MULTIPLYING POWERS WITH THE SAME BASE Consider the following product of two powers with the same base: 823! = (8x3)x(9xBX3X3) = 3X3X9X3X3x3 =3° in this product LHS is the product of two powers with the same base and exponents 2 and and RHS is the power with the same base and exponent equal to 2 +4 i.e., the sum of the “XPonents 2 and 4. 2324 7 6.14 Mathematics for Clag, wy Let us now consider some more products: (-2)8 x (=D) = ((-2) (2) (-2)x (2) ) x ((-2)x (-2) x (-2)) = (=2)% (2) (-2) x (2) (2) (2) x(-2) = (-2)" = (-2)""9 and, a’ xa® =(axaxa)x(axaxaxaxa) =axaxaxaxaxaxaxa =a’ =i" In these products also LHS of each product is the product of two powers with the base and RHS is the power with the same base and exponent equal to the sum exponents of powers on LHS Same Of the The above discussion suggests us the following law of exponents: FIRST LAW Ifa is any non-zero rational number and m, n are natural numbers, then a" xa" =a"? Following is the generalised form of the above law: Generalisation: Ifa is a non-zero rational number and m, n, p are natural numbers, then ax a"x a? = a™*"tP ILLUSTRATION1 Simplify and write the answer of each of the following in exponential form: : ie aya): x5e Gi) 3%x3tx3® (ii) 7x7? fiv) | 5) x 5 2 2 Solution We have, (i) 5x5 5 (ii) 3238 Pl ae ae 2 4P5 yy 85. 43-2 =4°xa? xo! =1xa*xb [te 4° =1 and 6 <4) =a% Example3 Simplify and express each of the following in exponential form: G@) 2x5° Gi) 2° x2?x5> (ii) {(2?)?x3°}x5® (iy) (5) Solution We have, (i) 2 5° =(2x5)° =10° a" xb" =(ab)'] (i) 28 02? <5 = (28 x27) x5% = 2? x59 = 95 x55 = (2x5) =108 (ii) {(22 8 38 <8 = (29x39) x58 fe @™y =a™ -, (22)? =24) = (2° x3®)x5° = (2x3) x5° [Le a" xb" =(ab)') =6°x55 =(6x5)® bs a" xb" =(ab)') = 30° (iv) (zy x50 = 2 x p10 em 10 be = a5 xb! = a xB5 = (aby =a gents 6.21 ample 4 Write exponential form for g 8.8.8 taking base as 2. a We have, go 8x8x8x8=8" =(2y4 [fe 8=2x2x2=25} =2"4 te @™ =a") = ample Simplify and write each of the following in exponential form: 8 3 5.34 é fe 3 . atx4 @) 842 Gi) 2625 ai BAS i) SE goution We have, 8? @ eee 5S be 8=2%2%2=25) gee + Lay =0™ -, (2) =2%7] bs 25=5x5=57] fe a" =a™ -. 6)4 =5*4] [er 4=2x2=27) fe (2) = 225) 5 -(3}(3) 98-8 gh =2? xa? = (2x a)? = (2a)? a 3 at 3 a4 y 92 5 Bx Bt xd _ xB" x2 fe 4=2%2=2? and 32 =2x2x2x2x2=2%] | Co) Sera 3x2 Bxox3t_ a x3t 2x3 2x3 4 af 2),{ 32 \ 295 34 = 29 x3? =1x3° =3? 2) \3 622 Example6 Simplify ba! x bat » 2 any at xa! x ba + where mis a natural number. Solution 4) We have. 292 gPF gi _ ghtenln _go7eIs ghd _ gM <9 Gi We have, 2" xa? x bat = 2° xBxa® xa! ©8x5xal! =40xa? = 40a" Gil) We have, 3h 43" gh 43" xg! 1 i =3" gl ah gr” gt Say BP X143"x 3"x3- va 3143) _3"x4_ 3" x2? 83-1) 3H xQ~ xD ng? MR gen ot 99 0! caxae2, Exampie7 Simplify 12*x9*x4 dy 25x5? xe Git) 3° x 10° x 25 0) x8? x27 Sox! 8 xe Solution (i), We have, 12¢ x9* x4 _ (2? x3)! x(3?)? x2? * x3,9=37,4=2", 3,8 = 2" and 27 =3° 6 xB? x27 (2x3)*x(2")? x3? (2?) x3! x (3? x2? eee (3) OP xs? fe (aby" =a" xb") 2 x34 x3° x2 Ee © Bx xa x3 b @yra _ (2 ¥2?) «(34 x 3°) (2? x 2 x (3* x39) mn _ BP Bi = Page (SH) = 210% 306 <2! 24 9481 160 (ii) We have, WAR et Bt gens A ee 4 = a lee Dee st Bg xh oa) (iii) We have, 8° x10° x25 38° x(2x5) x5? 57 x6" 5! x(2%3)° 8 2x5 x52 51 x2? x3° 6.23 fe (9x5) = 2° x5?) x25 x57 : = Bcgiyggt TBP xBEE 57 = 39 c2? x5? = 1x1 x1 =1 prample8 Express each of the following as a product of prime factors only in exponential form: (i) 108x192 (i) 729%64 2 |e soution (i) Using prime factorisations of 108 and 192, we have ad 2] 96 108 = 2x2x3x3x3 = 2? x3? a alee and, 192 = 2x 2x 2x2x 2x2x3 = 2x3 108x192 = (2? x3%)x(2° x3) = (2? x28) x(3? x3!) = 225 931 Set (ii) Using prime factorisations of 729 and 64, we have 729x64 =(8x3x3X3Bx3x3)x (2x 2x 2X 2x 2x 2) =3° x28 Eample9 Compare the following numbers: @ — 2.7x10" and 1.5x10° (ii) 4x10" and 3x10" Solution (i) We have, 2.710"? =2.7x10x10" = 27x10"! and, 1.5108 =1,5x10%10" = 15x10" 2.710! = 1,5 10° = 27x10" - 15x10" = 27x10" x10* - 15x10" =3x10"(9x10* -5) (- 10! =107** =10" x10*) Mathematics for Cag My 6.24 =3x10"(90000-5) = 3x10" x89995 >0 Hence, 2.7x10!? >1.5x10° (ii) We have, 4x10" -3x107 =4x107x10' -3x10" [- 10" =107*7 = 197 x10") =(4x10" -3)x107 >0 i 4x10" ~35 9) 4x10" >3x107 Example 10 Find the values of n in each of the following: @ (y=) Gi) a" 22" 24 Gil) 2% x54 =5 (iv) 2"-7 x5" = 1250 (v) 5"? x 32"-3 = 135 Solution (i) We have, (2?y" =(28)* => 2? a4 => 2292 => In=12 ad ao (ii) We have, 25" 49" = 98 = aot e amet (ii) We have, ar $ x54 =5 => (2"x5")=2°x5t x5, => ah x5" = 2x54 => 2" x5" =2°x5F be @™y" =a" {On equating the exponents} {Using cross-multiplication] jicia oS we st = (2x5)" =(2x5)* 2 10"=10° = nab We have, Otek Oa = 2(2"* x5") = 2x5 oP BP ox 28+ x54 = Ox6 (2x5)"4 = 2x5 10"~* =10' n-4=1=3 n=5 We have, 2" x5" = 1250 Suvuyyy 2" x5" = 2" x54 x 2x54 2" 5" Ohl ytd > => => 2"x5" = 28x58 = (2x5)" = (2x5) => > 10" =10° n=8 (v) We have, BY x32"-3 135 5" gen > pee ge 73 x5 532 = oekoee 5x3? BY x(8?)" = 5? x39 x3? x5 5h x (g2yt 23845524 = 5" x(32)" = 39x59 = (82)? x59 =5* x(32)? 5 (5x3")" =(6x3?)? S x9)" =(6x9)? = 45" 459 > n=3 6.25 be a" xb" =(ab)"] {On equating the exponents] (Multiplying both sides by 2] [+ 1250 =2x5*] (Using cross-multiplication] [e a" xa" =a"""] [- a" xb" =(axb)" fv 135 =3° x5) ~S 626 Mathematics for Cla 83 y, Example 11 If 25°! +100 =5°"", find the value of n Solution — We have, 25° +100=5°? '~25"1 =100 = 5 x2 = 2? x5? x5? a. gin _ 2x8 xB? a aan 5 nahh geh? = 5 = 29x54 = 5 =54 => On=4 = n= Example 12 Find n such that © GPGP-GT © (RATES areayah - GPT Pe poets Example 13 Solution 6.27 2y (2/7 2 (3] (5 } = a . {On equating the coefficients] = ns8+2= (ii) We have, Cees 4 => 15+8n=18 = 3n=18-15 => 8n=3 => Ad 3 Pi(2) 8 @ oo (3) (2) ndtnevatueot{ 2) We have, poles —t 4 wv I2 u — Mathematics for Cla athematics for Clay “O88 Vi Example 14 Find the value of mso that (-3)'"! x (3) = (-3)7 Solution — We have. 3)? x (3) > = (-3)7 = Ears <(-3)7 = 3) =(-3)7 => m+6=7 => m=7-6=1 EXERCISE 6.2 1. Using laws of exponents, simplify and write the answer in exponential form: () 28x 2% x28 (i) 5"? +58 (ii) (78 (iv) (9) +34 (v) 37x27 (vi) (621 +5") x57 2. Simplify and express each of the following in exponential form: 7 4 xl (i) {(2°)* x28}+2"? (ii) (8? x8*)+83 (iii) (S)e (iv) a » ‘Simplify and express each of the following in exponential form: .\? 6 5 5 () (3°)? x28} x5® (ii) (3] xX x(2) Gi (3) (3) (iv) (3) +3) 4. Write 9x9x9x9 xg in exponential form with base 3. 5. Simplify and write each of the following in exponential form: ; 368 Bee eee eens Je . 82x78x 138 () (25) +5 @ eye Wil) BGA? () “Sexe 6. Simplify: | (16x22! 4x2" () (BF) (BYE ~ (88) (89) ) rept _. 10x5%'4+25x5" _. (16)’ x(25f (81) (ii) S8"? 10x87 (™) 15)" x(24)® x (80) 7. Find the values of nin each of the following: 3 (i) 5% x59 =5" (ii) 9x3" =37 (iii) 8x2"? =32 (iv) 714.49 =7 mPa — @Glayf-er ad Pr go 6.29 : 27’ find the value of n ANSWERS 7 (i) 5° (ii) 78 (vy) 3° vy) 6? vi) 513 of ) Wi) 5 ' 2 (i) 2° (ii) 5° (iv) Py 20 sy oy f 30° (ii) (2xy)"” (3) (iv) () a 3° 5.) 8 i) 3° (ii) @x)* iv) 91 4 1 =o 500 ts (i) & (v2 104 (i) & (ili) 0 (iv) 2 (v) 4 (wi) 1 B 4 g4 USE OF EXPONENTS IN EXPRESSING LARGE NUMBERS IN STANDARD FORM In science and engineering and also in many other situations, we often come across numbers which are very large. For example, the mass of the Earth, the distance of Sun fom Earth, number of stars in our Galaxy, speed of light etc. are numbers which are very large. Such large numbers are normally approximate, and not exact numbers. For the sake of convenience to read, write and remember such large numbers we write them as a tenain number followed by a number of zeros. For example, the speed of light in vacuum is 99792.5 km per second. It is approximated as 300000 km per second or as 300,000,000 metre per second. Similarly, the mass of the earth is 5,976,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg. These numbers are not convenient to write and read. To make it convenient, we write these numbers by using exponents with base 10. For example, the speed of light in vacuum naybe written as 3 x 108 metre per second or 30 x 10’ metre per second or, 300 x 10° metre yer second. Thus, every large number can be expressed as k x10", where k is some natural number. However, for the sake of uniformity, we write the numbers in the form k x 10", here kis a terminating decimal number greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10 andn isanatural number. Using this notation the speed of light is written as 3 x 10° metre per second, the mass of the Earth is written as 5.976 x 10°! kg, etc. Such a form of a number is known as its standard form as defined below: STANDARD FORM A number is said to be in the standard form, if it is expressed as the prc ofa number between 1 and 10 (including 1 but excluding 10) and a positive integer ro = standard form of a number is also known as Scientific notation. Mn ‘ +, order to write large numbers in the standard form, we may use the following steps: Obtain the number and move the decimal point to the left till you get just one Teey digit to the left of the decimal point. Write the given number as the product of the number so obtained and 10", where n is the number of places the decimal point has been moved to the left. If the given number is between 1 and 10, then write it as the product of the Follow number itself and 10°. ‘'ng examples will illustrate the above procedure. so oa Mathematics for Cag, Q ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1 Express the following numbers in the standard form: (i) 3,90,878 (ii) 3,186,500,000 (iii) 65,950,000 Solution (i) We have, 3,90,878 = 390878.00 : Clearly, the decimal point is moved through five places to obtain a number which there is just one digit to the left of the decimal point. 390878,00 = 3.90878x10° (ii) We have, 3,186,500,000 = 3.186500000 10° = 8.186510" (iii) We have, 65,950,000 = 65,950,000.00 = 6.5950000x 10" = 6.595x10" Example2 Write the following numbers in the usual form: (i) 7.54x10° (ii) 9.32510" (iii) 8.4x10? Solution We have, (i) 7.54x10° = 7,540,000 (i) 9.825x10" =9,325,000,000,000 (iii) 8.4x10? = 840 EXERCISE 6.3 1. Express the following numbers in the standard form: (i) 3908.78 (i) 5,00,00,000 (ii) 3,18,65,00,000 (iv) 846 x 107 (v) 723 x 10° 2. Write the following numbers in the usual form: (i) 483x107 (i) 3.21108 (ii) 3.5x10% 3. Express the numbers appearing in the following statements in the standard form: (i) The distance between the Earth and the Moon is 384,000,000 metres. (ii) Diameter of the Earth is 1,27,56,000 metres. (iii), Diameter of the Sun is 1,400,000,000 metres. {iv) The universe is estimated to be about 12,000,000,000 years old. ANSWERS 1. @ 3.90878x10° (i) 5x10" (ii) 3.1865x10° (iv). g.46x108 (v) 7.23x10" a , _ ae eee rac eee — 6.31 nts. 99,00,000 (i) 321,000 (m) 3.500 a4 , 8 m(i) 1.2756 10" m a gate" peomal NUMBER SYSTEM ( 4.410%m (iv) 1.210" years old & jer classes, we have learnt about place value and face value of a digit in a number. atl ine learnt that a natural number can be written as the sum of the place values of all 7 wre the numbers. For example ts fi 6847 = 6% 1000+8%100 +4210 6741 form of a natural number is known as its expanded form ggch ® expanded form of a number can also be expressed in terms of powers of 10 by using te 10” = 1, 10! = 10, 10? = 100, 10° = 1000, 10 = 10000 etc ample, 6847 = 6 x 1000 +8x100+4x10+7x1 =» 6847 = 6x10" +8x 10° +4.x10! +710" larly, we have 7504289 = 7x 1000000 + 5x 100000 + 0x 10000 + 4x 1000 + 2x 100 +8x10+9x1 for &* simi => 7504289 =7%10° +5x10° 40x10! +4 x10 +2x102 +8 x10! +9 x10". carly, each digit of the natural number is multiplied by 10", where n is the number of {igs to its right and then they are added, EXERCISE 6.4 1. Write the following numbers in the expanded exponential forms: () 20068 (ii) 420719 (ii) 7805192 (iv) 5004132 v) 927303 2 Find the number from each of the following expanded forms: () 710% + 6x10 +0x107 +.4x10'+5x10° (i) 510° +4x10* +2x109 +3x10° (ii) 9x10° +5x10? +310" (V) 3x10* +4102 +5x10° ANSWERS 0 2x108 40x10 +0x102 + 6x10" + 8x10? 19 4x10° 4 2104 +0x108 +7102 +1x 10" +9x10° {9 710° +8108 40x10! + 5x10? + 1x10? +9x 10" +210? 1 Sx10° + 0x10 sox 10! + 4x10? +110? +3x10! +2x 10° 2 ; a T2108 + 7x10" +3x107 +0x10' +910? (i) 542003 (ii) 900590 (Ww) 30405 1 << 6.32 Mathematics for Clasg : OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Mark the correct alternative in each ofthe following: - at 1, (61-84) = : 1 i s Fae @ (bye (©) ~28 () ~34 2%. ay 64 (b) 32 (0) 256 () 512 3. (345) = 1 1 - (@) 55 (b) ~4§ (15 (a) -15 : ( 5} 3 8 “8 3 (a) 5 (b) 5 tf 3 @ -| 5. (178 4 (17? + (9? +. (1 (a) 1 (b) 101 (c) 100 (do (4 Ita = 25, then at xa = U (a) 26 {b) 26 (c) 24 (d) 0 (as 3 may (Ay Lay. (3) y= 19 64 27 19 rea (0) 49 () 46 @) Se (8 (25? ~152)"" = (a) 4000 (b) 8000 (c) 3125 (4) 1024 5° (5 (sy a (8) (EP meee 1 3 3 4 @o5 Og Ww) y @ 5 i aay" 10. |! na | e last | A 1 1 @ 3 () © - @ -2 17. (144) + (256)? 3-2 (a) 8 (b) 4 (c) -4 (@) -8 »s 6.33 gt 3454 7484117" = t b / (ay 38 oe (c) 286 (d)_ None of these ‘s Seyayoy® cep} =0, then 7S. ole {wy @3 (0) 0 (c) -1 @ 4 “ 14. (2°) = 3 4 (a) 2 (b) 2 (o) (ty (d) None of these \ ard ole 15) (@3F - 7) (a) 64 (b) 16 (c) 32 @ 4 46, If abc = 0, then find the value of {(x9)P}° ue 1 (b) a () b (d) ¢ =3°-3° and b=3°-3°, then @_2 w7la=3 an then = 2 exo (b) 1 (c) -1 (d@) 2 18, What should be multiplied to 6~? so that the product may be equal to 216? (a) 6 (b) 68 (c) 6 (d) 6 19, xyz = 0, then find the value of (a Y* + (a” * + (a?) = Ww (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0 20) It 2” = 4096, then 2-5 = Y (a) 128 (b) 64 (c) 256 (a) 32 21. The number 4,70,394 is standard forms written as Ya) 4.70394 x 10° (b) 4,70394x 10% (c) 47.0394 10* 2. The number 2.35 x 10° in the usual form is written as (a) 2.35x10® —(b)- 23500 (c) 2350000 &. lf 3" — 6564, then 3%-3 — (@) 81 (b) 243 (c) 729 BW2" < 1024, then 22°? = (a) 64 (b) 128 (c) 256 (a8 ge) _ (@) 84 () 877 (0) 72 ANSWSERS 1 @) 2 (dj 3. (0) 4. 5. (d) 8. () 9. a 10. (a) 11. (0) 12. (b) 15 ( 16. (a) 17.@ 18. (0) 19. (a) 2 23. (b) 24. (0) 25. eee (d) 4703.94 x 102 (d) 235x104 (d) 27 (d) 512 (d) 865 6. (b) 7. (a) 13.) 14. @) 20. (a) 21. (a) Mathematics for Class yy THINGS TO REMEMBER Ifa is a non-zero rational number and n is a natural number, then the product axaxaxoxa (rimes) is denoted by a” and is read as ‘a raised to the power n’. Rational number ‘a’ is called the base ay natural number n is known as the exponent. Also, a” is known as the exponential form of axaxaxnxa (o-times) For any non-zero rational number, we have a =1 and a'=a | aand b are non-zero rational numbers and m and n are natural numbers, then following are the laws of exponents: @ axa" =a" (ii) =a™",wherem>n (hy) (axby' =o”) (2) ee

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