Algebraic expressions 1A

1 a x3 × x4 = x3 + 4 m 9x2 × 3(x2)3 = 9 × 3 × x2 × x2 × 3
= x7 = 27x2 + 6
= 27x8
b 2x3 × 3x2 = 2 × 3 × x3 + 2
= 6x5 n 3x3 × 2x2 × 4x6 = 3 × 2 × 4 × x3 + 2 + 6
= 24x11
k3
c = k3 − 2 o 7a4 × (3a4)2 = 7a4 × 9a8
k2
=k = 63a12

p (4y3)3 ÷ 2y3 = 64y9 ÷ 2y3

d 4p3 ÷ 2p = 42 × p3 ÷ p
= 32y6
= 2 × p3 − 1
= 2p2 q 2a3 ÷ 3a2 × 6a5 = 2 ÷ 3 × 6 × a3 − 2 + 5
= 4a6
3x3 3 x3
e = ×
3x 2 3 x 2 r 3a4 × 2a5 × a3 = 3 × 2 × a4 + 5 + 3
= 1 × x3 − 2  = 6a12
=x
2 a 9(x − 2) = 9x – 18
2 5 2×5
f (y ) = y
= y10 b x(x + 9) = x2 + 9x

g 10x5 ÷ 2x3 = 5x5 − 3 c −3y(4 − 3y) = −12y + 9y2

= 5x2
d x(y + 5) = xy + 5x
3 2 4 6 4
h (p ) ÷ p = p ÷ p
= p6 − 4 e −x(3x + 5) = −3x2 − 5x
= p2
f −5x(4x + 1) = −20x2 − 5x
i (2a3)2 ÷ 2a3 = 22 × a6 ÷ 2a3
= 4a6 ÷ 2a3 g (4x + 5)x = 4x2 + 5x
= 2a6 − 3
= 2a3 h −3y(5 − 2y2) = −15y + 6y3

j 8p4 ÷ 4p3 = 2p4 − 3 i −2x(5x − 4) = −10x2 + 8x

= 2p1
= 2p j (3x − 5)x2 = 3x3 − 5x2

k 2a4 × 3a5 = 2 × 3 × a4 × a5 k 3(x + 2) + (x − 7) = 3x + 6 + x − 7

= 6 × a4 + 5 = 4x − 1
= 6a9
l 5x − 6 − (3x − 2) = 5x − 6 − 3x + 2
21a 3b 7 21 a 3 b
7
= 2x − 4
l 4
= × × 4
7 ab 7 a b m 4(c + 3d2) − 3(2c + d2)
3−1 7−4
= 3a b
= 4c + 12d2 − 6c − 3d2
= 3a2b3
= −2c + 9d2

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
2 n (r2 + 3t2 + 9) − (2r2 + 3t2 − 4) 8 x3 + 5 x 8 x3 5 x
= r2 + 3t2 + 9 − 2r2 − 3t2 + 4 3 d = +
2x 2x 2x
= 13 − r2
5
= 4 x 3−1 + x1−1
o x(3x2 − 2x + 5) = 3x3 − 2x2 + 5x 2
5
= 4x2 +
p 7y2(2 − 5y + 3y2) = 14y2 − 35y3 + 21y4 2

q −2y2(5 − 7y + 3y2) = −10y2 + 14y3 − 6y4 7 x7 + 5x2 7 x7 5x2

e = +
5x 5x 5x
r 7(x − 2) + 3(x + 4) − 6(x − 2)
7 7 −1 2−1
= 7x − 14 + 3x + 12 − 6x + 12 = x +x
= 4x + 10 5
7 x6
= +x
s 5x − 3(4 − 2x) + 6 = 5x − 12 + 6x + 6 5
 = 11x − 6
9 x5 − 5 x3 9 x5 5 x3
t 3x − x(3 − 4x) + 7 = 3x − 3x + 4x + 7
2 2 2 f = −
= 7x2 − 3x + 7 3x 3x 3x
5
= 3 x5−1 − x3−1
u 4x(x + 3) − 2x(3x – 7) 3
= 4x2 + 12x − 6x2 + 14x 5x2
= 26x − 2x2 = 3x 4 −
3
v 3x2(2x + 1) − 5x2(3x − 4)
= 6x3 + 3x2 − 15x3 + 20x2
= 23x2 − 9x3

6 x 4 + 10 x 6 6 x 4 10 x 6
3 a = +
2x 2x 2x
= 3 x + 5 x 6–1
4–1

= 3x3 + 5 x5

3x5 − x 7 3x5 x 7
b = −
x x x
= 3 x – x 7 –1
5–1

= 3x 4 − 5 x6

2 x4 − 4 x2 2 x4 4 x2
c = −
4x 4x 4x
1 4−1 2−1
= x −x
2
x3
= −x
2

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.
2
Algebraic expressions 1B
1 a (x + 4)(x + 7) m (x + 2y − 1)(x + 3)
= x2 + 7x + 4x + 28 = x(x + 3) + 2y(x + 3) − (x + 3)
= x2 + 11x + 28 = x2 + 3x + 2xy + 6y − x − 3
= x2 + 2x + 2xy + 6y − 3
b (x − 3)(x + 2)
= x2 + 2x − 3x − 6 n (2x + 2y + 3)(x + 6)
= x2 − x − 6 = 2x(x + 6) + 2y(x + 6) + 3(x + 6)
= 2x2 + 12x + 2xy + 12y + 3x + 18
c (x − 2)2 = 2x2 + 15x + 2xy + 12y + 18
= (x − 2)(x − 2)
= x2 − 2x − 2x + 4 o (4 − y)(4y − x + 3)
= x2 − 4x + 4 = 4(4y − x + 3) − y(4y − x + 3)
= 16y − 4x + 12 − 4y2 + xy − 3y
d (x − y)(2x + 3) = -4y2 − 4x + 12 + xy + 13y
= 2x2 + 3x − 2xy − 3y
p (4y + 5)(3x − y + 2)
e (x + 3y)(4x − y) = 4y(3x − y + 2) + 5(3x − y + 2)
= 4x2 − xy + 12xy − 3y2 = 12xy − 4y2 + 8y + 15x − 5y + 10
= 4x2 + 11xy − 3y2 = 12xy − 4y2 + 3y + 15x + 10

f (2x − 4y)(3x + y) q (5y − 2x + 3)(x − 4)

= 6x2 + 2xy − 12xy − 4y2 = 5y(x − 4) − 2x(x − 4) + 3(x − 4)
= 6x2 − 10xy − 4y2 = 5xy − 20y − 2x2 + 8x + 3x − 12
= 5xy − 20y − 2x2 + 11x − 12
g (2x − 3)(x − 4)
= 2x2 − 8x − 3x + 12 r (4y − x − 2)(5 − y)
= 2x2 − 11x + 12 = 4y(5 − y) − x(5 − y) − 2(5 − y)
= 20y − 4y2 − 5x + xy − 10 + 2y
h (3x + 2y)2 = 22y − 4y2 − 5x + xy − 10
= (3x + 2y)(3x + 2y)
= 9x2 + 6xy + 6xy + 4y2 2 a 5(x + 1)(x − 4)
= 9x2 + 12xy + 4y2 = (5x + 5)(x − 4)
= 5x2 − 20x + 5x − 20
i (2x + 8y)(2x + 3) = 5x2 − 15x − 20
= 4x2 + 6x + 16xy + 24y
b 7(x − 2)(2x + 5)
j (x + 5)(2x + 3y − 5) = (7x − 14)(2x + 5)
= x(2x + 3y − 5) + 5(2x + 3y − 5) = 14x2 + 35x − 28x − 70
= 2x2 + 3xy − 5x + 10x + 15y − 25 = 14x2 + 7x − 70
= 2x2 + 3xy + 5x + 15y − 25
c 3(x − 3)(x − 3)
k (x − 1)(3x − 4y − 5) = (3x − 9)(x − 3)
= x(3x − 4y − 5) − (3x − 4y − 5) = 3x2 − 9x − 9x + 27
= 3x2 − 4xy − 5x − 3x + 4y + 5 = 3x2 − 18x + 27
= 3x2 − 4xy − 8x + 4y + 5
d x(x − y)(x + y)
l (x − 4y)(2x + y + 5) = (x2 − xy)(x + y)
= x(2x + y + 5) − 4y(2x + y + 5) = x3 + x2y − x2y − xy2
= 2x2 + xy + 5x − 8xy − 4y2 − 20y = x3 − xy2
= 2x2 + 5x − 7xy − 4y2 − 20y

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
2 e x(2x + y)(3x + 4) o 3x (x − 2y)(2x + 3y + 5)
= (2x2 + xy)(3x + 4) = (3x2 − 6xy)(2x + 3y + 5)
= 6x3 + 8x2 + 3x2y + 4xy = 3x2(2x + 3y + 5) − 6xy(2x + 3y + 5)
= 6x3 + 9x2y + 15x2 − 12x2y − 18xy2 − 30xy
f y(x − 5)(x + 1) = 6x3 + 15x2 − 3x2y − 18xy2 − 30xy
= (xy − 5y)(x + 1)
= x2y + xy − 5xy − 5y p (x + 3)(x + 2)(x + 1)
= x2y − 4xy − 5y = (x2 + 2x + 3x + 6)(x + 1)
= (x2 + 5x + 6)(x + 1)
g y(3x − 2y)(4x + 2) = x2(x + 1) + 5x(x + 1) + 6(x + 1)
= (3xy − 2y2)(4x + 2) = x3 + x2 + 5x2 + 5x + 6x + 6
= 12x2y + 6xy − 8xy2 − 4y2 = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6

h y(7 − x)(2x − 5) q (x + 2)(x − 4)(x + 3)

= (7y − xy)(2x − 5) = (x2 − 4x + 2x − 8)(x + 3)
= 14xy − 35y − 2x2y + 5xy = (x2 − 2x − 8)(x + 3)
= 19xy − 35y − 2x2y = x2(x + 3) − 2x(x + 3) − 8(x + 3)
= x3 + 3x2 − 2x2 − 6x − 8x − 24
i x(2x + y)(5x − 2) = x3 + x2 − 14x − 24
= (2x2 + xy)(5x − 2)
= 10x3 − 4x2 + 5x2y − 2xy r (x + 3)(x − 1)(x − 5)
= (x2 − x + 3x − 3)(x − 5)
j x(x + 2)(x + 3y − 4) = (x2 + 2x − 3)(x − 5)
= (x2 + 2x)(x + 3y − 4) = x2(x − 5) + 2x(x − 5) − 3(x − 5)
= x2(x + 3y − 4) + 2x(x + 3y − 4) = x3 − 5x2 + 2x2 − 10x − 3x + 15
= x3 + 3x2y − 4x2 + 2x2 + 6xy − 8x = x3 − 3x2 − 13x + 15
= x3 + 3x2y − 2x2 + 6xy − 8x
s (x − 5)(x − 4)(x − 3)
k y(2x + y − 1)(x + 5) = (x2 − 4x − 5x + 20)(x − 3)
= (2xy + y2 − y)(x + 5) = (x2 − 9x + 20)(x − 3)
= 2xy(x + 5) + y2(x + 5) − y(x + 5) = x2(x − 3) − 9x(x − 3) + 20(x − 3)
= 2x2y + 10xy + xy2 + 5y2 − xy − 5y = x3 − 3x2 − 9x2 + 27x + 20x − 60
= 2x2y + 9xy + xy2 + 5y2 − 5y = x3 − 12x2 + 47x − 60

l y(3x + 2y − 3)(2x + 1) t (2x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 1)

= (3xy + 2y2 − 3y)(2x + 1) = (2x2 − 4x + x − 2)(x + 1)
= 3xy(2x + 1) + 2y2(2x + 1) − 3y (2x + 1) = (2x2 − 3x − 2)(x + 1)
= 6x2y + 3xy + 4xy2 + 2y2 − 6xy − 3y = 2x2(x + 1) − 3x(x + 1) − 2(x + 1)
= 6x2y + 4xy2 + 2y2 − 3xy − 3y = 2x3 + 2x2 − 3x2 − 3x − 2x − 2
= 2x3 − x2 − 5x – 2
m x (2x + 3)(x + y − 5)
= (2x2 + 3x)(x + y − 5) u (2x + 3)(3x − 1)(x + 2)
= 2x2(x + y − 5) + 3x(x + y − 5) = (6x2 − 2x + 9x − 3)(x + 2)
= 2x3 + 2x2y − 10x2 + 3x2 + 3xy − 15x = (6x2 + 7x − 3)(x + 2)
= 2x3 + 2x2y − 7x2 + 3xy − 15x = 6x2(x + 2) + 7x(x + 2) − 3(x + 2)
= 6x3 + 12x2 + 7x2 + 14x − 3x − 6
n 2x (3x − 1)(4x − y − 3) = 6x3 + 19x2 + 11x − 6
= (6x2 − 2x)(4x − y − 3)
= 6x2(4x − y − 3) − 2x(4x − y − 3)
= 24x3 − 6x2y − 18x2 − 8x2 + 2xy + 6x
= 24x3 − 6x2y − 26x2 + 2xy + 6x

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.
2
2 v (3x − 2)(2x + 1)(3x − 2)
= (6x2 + 3x − 4x − 2)(3x − 2)
= (6x2 − x − 2)(3x − 2)
= 6x2(3x − 2) − x(3x − 2) − 2(3x − 2)
= 18x3 − 12x2 − 3x2 + 2x − 6x + 4
= 18x3 − 15x2 − 4x + 4

w (x + y)(x − y)(x − 1)
= (x2 − xy + xy − y2)(x − 1)
= (x2 − y2)(x − 1)
= x2(x − 1) − y2(x − 1)
= x3 − x2 − xy2 + y2

x (2x − 3y)3
= (2x − 3y)(2x − 3y)(2x − 3y)
= (4x2 − 6xy − 6xy + 9y2)(2x − 3y)
= (4x2 − 12xy + 9y2)(2x − 3y)
= 4x2(2x − 3y) − 12xy(2x − 3y) + 9y2(2x − 3y)
= 8x3 − 12x2y − 24x2y + 36xy2 + 18xy2 − 27y3
= 8x3 − 36x2y + 54xy2 − 27y3

3 Shaded area
= (x + 7)(3x − y + 4) − (x − 2)2
= x(3x − y + 4) + 7(3x − y + 4) − (x − 2)(x − 2)
= 3x2 − xy + 4x + 21x − 7y + 28 − x2 + 2x + 2x − 4
= 2x2 − xy + 29x − 7y + 24

4 Volume = (x + 2)(2x − 1)(2x + 3)

= (2x2 − x + 4x − 2)(2x + 3)
= (2x2 + 3x − 2)(2x + 3)
= 2x2(2x + 3) + 3x(2x + 3) − 2(2x + 3)
= 4x3 + 6x2 + 6x2 + 9x − 4x − 6
= 4x3 + 12x2 + 5x − 6 cm3

5 (2x + 5y)(3x − y)(2x + y)

= (6x2 − 2xy + 15xy − 5y2)(2x + y)
= (6x2 + 13xy − 5y2)(2x + y)
= 6x2(2x + y) + 13xy(2x + y) − 5y2(2x + y)
= 12x3 + 6x2y + 26x2y + 13xy2 − 10xy2 − 5y3
= 12x3 + 32x2y + 3xy2 − 5y3
= ax3 + bx2y + cxy2 + dy3
Therefore, a = 12, b = 32, c = 3 and d = −5

Challenge
(x + y)4
= (x + y)(x + y)(x + y)(x + y)
= (x2 + xy + xy + y2)(x2 + xy + xy + y2)
= (x2 + 2xy + y2)(x2 + 2xy + y2)
= x2(x2 + 2xy + y2) + 2xy(x2 + 2xy + y2) + y2(x2 + 2xy + y2)
= x4 + 2x3y + x2y2 + 2x3y + 4x2y2 + 2xy3 + x2y2 + 2xy3 + y4
= x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.
3
Algebraic expressions 1C
1 a 4x + 8 = 4(x + 2) 2 c x2 + 11x + 24 = x2 + 8x + 3x + 24
= x(x + 8) + 3(x + 8)
b 6x – 24 = 6(x − 4) = (x + 8)(x + 3)

c 20x + 15 = 5(4x + 3) d x2 + 8x + 12 = x2 + 2x + 6x + 12
= x(x + 2) + 6(x + 2)
d 2x2 + 4 = 2(x2 + 2) = (x + 2)(x + 6)

e 4x2 + 20 = 4(x2 + 5) e x2 + 3x – 40 = x2 + 8x − 5x − 40
= x(x + 8) − 5(x + 8)
f 6x2 − 18x = 6x(x − 3) = (x + 8)(x − 5)

g x2 − 7x = x(x − 7) f x2 − 8x + 12 = x2 − 2x − 6x + 12
= x(x − 2) − 6(x − 2)
h 2x2 + 4x = 2x(x + 2) = (x − 2)(x − 6)

i 3x2 – x = x(3x − 1) g x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + 3x + 2x + 6
= x(x + 3) + 2(x + 3)
j 6x2 − 2x = 2x(3x − 1) = (x + 3)(x + 2)

k 10y2 − 5y = 5y(2y − 1) h x2 − 2x – 24 = x2 − 6x + 4x − 24
= x(x − 6) + 4(x − 6)
l 35x2 − 28x = 7x(5x − 4) = (x − 6)(x + 4)

m x2 + 2x = x(x + 2) i x2 − 3x – 10 = x2 − 5x + 2x − 10
= x(x − 5) + 2(x − 5)
n 3y2 + 2y = y(3y + 2) = (x − 5)(x + 2)

o 4x2 + 12x = 4x(x + 3) j x2 + x – 20 = x2 − 4x + 5x − 20

= x(x − 4) + 5(x − 4)
p 5y2 − 20y = 5y(y − 4) = (x − 4)(x + 5)

q 9xy2 + 12x2y = 3xy(3y + 4x) k 2x2 + 5x + 2 = 2x2 + x + 4x + 2

= x(2x + 1) + 2(2x + 1)
r 6ab − 2ab2 = 2ab(3 − b) = (2x + 1)(x + 2)

s 5x2 − 25xy = 5x(x − 5y) l 3x2 + 10x – 8 = 3x2 − 2x + 12x − 8

= x(3x − 2) + 4(3x − 2)
t 12x2y + 8xy2 = 4xy(3x + 2y) = (3x − 2)(x + 4)

u 15y − 20yz2 = 5y(3 − 4z2) m 5x2 − 16x + 3 = 5x2 − 15x − x + 3

= 5x(x − 3) −(x − 3)
v 12x2 – 30 = 6(2x2 − 5) = (x − 3)(5x − 1)

w xy2 − x2y = xy(y − x) n 6x2 − 8x – 8 = 6x2 − 12x + 4x − 8

= 6x(x − 2) + 4(x − 2)
x 12y2 − 4yx = 4y(3y − x) = (x − 2)(6x + 4)
= 2(x − 2)(3x + 2)
2 a x2 + 4x = x(x + 4)

b 2x2 + 6x = 2x(x + 3)

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
2 o 2x2 + 7x – 15 = 2x2 + 10x − 3x − 15 3 e x3 − x2 − 12x = x(x2 − x − 12)
= 2x(x + 5) − 3(x + 5) = x(x2 − 4x + 3x − 12)
= (x + 5)(2x − 3) = x(x(x − 4) + 3(x − 4))
= x(x − 4)(x + 3)
p Put y = x2
2x4 + 14x2 + 24 = 2y2 + 14y + 24 f x3 + 11x2 + 30x = x(x2 + 11x + 30)
= 2y2 + 6y + 8y + 24 = x(x2 + 5x + 6x + 30)
= 2y(y + 3) + 8(y + 3) = x(x(x + 5) + 6(x + 5))
= (y + 3)(2y + 8) = x(x + 5)(x + 6)
= (x2 + 3)(2x2 + 8)
= 2(x2 + 3)(x2 + 4) g x3 − 7x2 + 6x = x(x2 − 7x + 6)
= x(x2 − x − 6x + 6)
q x2 – 4 = x2 − 22 = x(x (x – 1) – 6(x − 1))
= (x + 2)(x − 2) = x(x – 1)(x – 6)

r x2 – 49 = x2 − 72 h x3 − 64x = x(x2 − 64)

= (x + 7)(x − 7) = x(x2 − 82)
= x(x + 8)(x − 8)
s 4x2 – 25 = (2x)2 − 52
= (2x + 5)(2x − 5) i 2x3 − 5x2 − 3x = x(2x2 − 5x − 3)
= x(2x2 + x − 6x − 3)
t 9x2 − 25y2 = (3x)2 − (5y)2 = x(x (2x + 1) − 3(2x + 1))
= (3x + 5y)(3x − 5y) = x(2x + 1)(x − 3)

u 36x2 – 4 = 4(9x2 − 1) j 2x3 + 13x2 + 15x = x(2x2 + 13x + 15)

= 4(3x)2 – 12 = x(2x2 + 3x + 10x + 15)
= 4(3x + 1)(3x − 1) = x(x(2x + 3) + 5(2x + 3))
= x(2x + 3)(x + 5)
v 2x2 – 50 = 2(x2 − 25)
= 2(x2 − 52) k x3 − 4x = x(x2 − 4)
= 2(x + 5)(x − 5) = x(x2 − 22)
= x(x + 2)(x − 2)
w 6x2 − 10x + 4 = 2(3x2 − 5x + 2)
= 2(3x2 − 3x − 2x + 2) l 3x3 + 27x2 + 60x = 3x(x2 + 9x + 20)
= 2 (3x(x − 1) − 2(x − 1)) = 3x(x2 + 4x + 5x + 20)
= 2(x − 1)(3x − 2) = 3x(x(x + 4) + 5(x + 4))
= 3x(x + 4)(x + 5)
x 15x2 + 42x – 9 = 3(5x2 + 14x − 3)
= 3(5x2 − x + 15x − 3) 4 x4 − y4 = (x2)2 −(y2)2
= 3 (x(5x − 1) + 3(5x − 1)) = (x2 + y2)(x2 − y2)
= 3(5x − 1)(x + 3) = (x2 + y2)(x + y)(x − y)

3 a x3 + 2x = x(x2 + 2)
5 6x3 + 7x2 − 5x = x(6x2 + 7x − 5)
b x3 − x2 + x = x(x2 − x + 1) = x(6x2 + 10x − 3x − 5)
= x(2x(3x + 5) −(3x + 5))
c x3 − 5x = x(x2 − 5) = x(3x + 5)( 2x − 1)
Challenge
d x3 − 9x = x(x2 − 9)
= x(x2 − 32) 4x4 − 13x2 + 9 = (4x4 − 4x2 − 9x2 + 9)
= x(x + 3)(x − 3) = 4x2(x2 − 1) − 9(x2 − 1)
= (x2 − 1)(4x2 − 9)
= (x2 − 12)( 2x)2 − 32)
= (x + 1)(x − 1)(2x + 3)(2x − 3)
© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
Algebraic expressions 1D
1 a x3 ÷ x−2 = x3 − (−2)
( x)
2
3 2 1
= x5 l = x3 ÷ x2
x
b x5 ÷ x7 = x5 − 7 2 1
−
 = x −2 = x3 2

1
3 5 3 5
+ =x 6

c x ×x = x
2 2 2 2

= x4 =6x

1
3 3

(x )
2× 2
d 2 2
= x 2 2 a 25 = 25
= x3 =5

( 81)
3 3
5 5

(x )
3× b 812 =
e 3 3
=x 3

=  x5  = 93
= 729
f 3x0.5 × 4x−0.5 = 12x0.5 + (−0.5) 1
= 12x0 c 27 3 = 3 27
= 12 =3
2 1 2 1
−
g 9 x 3 ÷ 3 x 6 = 3x 3 1
d 4−2 =
6

1 42
= 3x 2 1
=
7 2 7 2
16
−
h 5x ÷ x = 5x
5 5 5 5
1
− 1
= 5x e 9 2
= 1
2
i 3x4 × 2x−5 = 6x4 + (−5) 9
= 6x−1 1
=
9
1
1 1
j x × 3 x = x2 × x3 =
1 1
3
+
= x2 3
1
f (−5)−3 =
5
= x6 (−5)3
= ( 6 x )5 1
= −
125
( ) ( )
3 4
3 4
k x × 3
x = x2 × x3 0
3
3 4
+ g   =1
= x2 3 4
17
= x6
( )
3 3
4
h 1296 4 = 1296
= ( 6 x )17
= 63
= 216

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.
1
 ( 25 ) x + 4 x3
3
3
x 4 x3
 25  2 3 d = 3+ 3
2 i   = x3 x x
 16  ( 16 )
3
= x + 4 × x3 − 3
1− 3

53 = x −2 + 4 x 0
=± 3 1
4 = 2 +4
125 x
=±
64
2x + x 2 2x x 2
e = +
( 27 ) x4 x4 x4
2 2
3
 27  3 = 2 × x1− 4 + x 2− 4
j   =
 8  ( 8)
2
3
= 2x −3 + x −2
2 1
32 = 3+ 2
= x x
22
9 3 3
 4  2  4  4× 2
= 3
4 f  x 4  =   x
9   9
−1 1
6 5 8 6
k   =  = x
5 6 27
5
=
6 9 x 2 − 15 x5 9 x 2 15 x5
g = 3− 3
3x3 3x 3x
( ) = 3 × x − 5 × x5 − 3
2 2 2−3
− 3
 343  3 512
l   = = 3 x −1 − 5 x 2
 512  ( 343 )
2
3
3
= − 5x 2
82 x
=
72
5 x + 3x 2 5x 3x 2
64 h = +
= 15 x3 15 x 3 15 x3
49
1 1
= × x1− 3 + × x 2 − 3
1 1 3 5
( 64x10 ) 2 =
10 ×
2
3 a 64x 1 1
= x −2 + x −1
= 8x5 3 5
1 1
= 2+
5 x3 − 2 x 2 5 x3 2 x 2 3x 5 x
b = − 5
x5 x5 x
1
= 5 × x − 2 × x2−5
3−5
4 a 814 = 4 81
= 5 x −2 − 2 x −3 = 3
5 2
= 2− 3
x x −
1 1
− ×4
b x(2 x 3 ) 4 = x × 24 x 3

1 1 4

(125x )
12 × − +1
12 3 3 4 3
c = 125x 3 = 2 x
1
−
= 5x 4 = 16x 3

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
 1
 1 3
1
5 a y =  x3 
3

8 
1 3× 13
= 3 x
8
x
=
2

−2
1 −2 1  1 3 
b y =  x 
2 28 
1 1
= ×
2  1 3 2
 x 
8 
1 64
= × 3× 2
2 x
32
= 6
x
= 32x −6

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
Algebraic expressions 1E
1 a =
28 4× 7 j 175 + 63 + 2 28
=2 7 = 25 × 7 + 9 × 7 + 2 × 4 × 7
= 5 7 +3 7 +4 7
b =
72 8× 9
= 7(5 + 3 + 4)
= 2× 4× 9
= 12 7
= 2 × 2×3
=6 2 k 28 − 2 63 + 7= 4 7 −2 9 7 + 7
= 2 7 −6 7 + 7
c =
50 25 × 2
= −3 7
=5 2
l 80 − 2 20 + 3 45
d =
32 16 × 2
= 16 5 − 2 4 5 + 3 9 5
=4 2
= 4 5 −4 5 +9 5
e =
90 9 × 10 =9 5
= 3 10
m 3 80 − 2 20 + 5 45
12 4× 3 = 3 16 5 − 2 4 5 + 5 9 5
f =
2 2 = 12 5 − 4 5 + 15 5
2× 3
= = 23 5
2
= 3
44 4 11
n =
11 11
27 9× 3
g = =2
3 3
3× 3 12 + 3 48 + 75
= o
3 = 4 3 + 3 16 3 + 25 3
= 3
=2 3 + 12 3 + 5 3
h 20 + 80 = 4 5 + 16 5 = 19 3
= 2 5+4 5
=6 5
2 a ( )
3 2+ 3 = 2 3 + 3 3
= 2 3+ 9
i 200 + 18 − 72 = 2 3 +3
= 100 2 + 9 2 − 9 4 2
= 10 2 + 3 2 − 6 2 b ( )
5 3− 3 = 3 5 − 3 5

= 2(10 + 3 − 6) = 3 5 − 15
=7 2
c ( )
2 4− 5 = 4 2 − 2 5
= 4 2 − 10

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
2 d ( 2 − 2 )(3 + 5 ) = 6 + 2 5 −3 2 − 2 5 3 75 − 12 = 25 3 − 4 3
= 5 3−2 3
= 6 + 2 5 − 3 2 − 10
=3 3
e ( 2 − 3 )(3 − 7 ) = 6 − 2 7 −3 3 + 3 7
= 6 − 2 7 − 3 3 + 21

f ( 4 + 5 )( 2 + 5 ) = 8 + 4 5+2 5+ 5 5
= 8 + 6 5 + 25
= 8+6 5 +5
= 13 + 6 5

g (5 − 3 )(1 − 3 ) = 5 − 5 3− 3+ 3 3
= 5−6 3 + 9
= 5−6 3 +3
= 8−6 3

h ( 4 + 3 )( 2 − 3 ) = 8 − 4 3+2 3− 3 3
= 8−2 3 − 9
= 8−2 3 −3
= 5−2 3

i ( 7 − 11)( 2 + 11 )
= 14 + 7 11 − 2 11 − 11 11
= 14 + 5 11 − 121
= 14 + 5 11 − 11
= 3 + 5 11

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
Algebraic expressions 1F
1 1× 5 12 12
1 a = g =
5 5× 5 156 12 × 13
5 1
= =
5 13
1× 13
=
1 1× 11 13 × 13
b =
11 11 × 11 13
11 =
= 13
11
7 7
1 1× 2 h =
c = 63 7× 9
2 2× 2 1
=
2 9
=
2 1
=
3
3 3 × 15
d =
15 15 × 15
2 a
1
=
1× 1 − 3 ( )
=
3 ×15
15
1+ 3 (
1+ 3 1− 3 )( )
1− 3
=
45 =
15 1− 3 + 3 − 9
9×5 1 − 3 −1 + 3
= = or
15 −2 2
9× 5
=
15 b
1
=
1× 2 − 5 ( )
=
5 2+ 5 2+ 5 2− 5( )( )
5
2− 5
=
4−5
12 12
e = 2− 5
48 12 × 4 =
−1
1
= =−2 + 5
4
1
= 1 3+ 7
c =
( )( )
2
3− 7 3− 7 3+ 7
5
=
5 3+ 7
f =
80 5 × 16 9−7
1 3+ 7
= =
16 2
1
=
4

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
2 d
4
=
4× 3 + 5 ( ) h
5 2
=
5 ( 16 + 14 )
3− 5 (
3− 5 3+ 5 )( ) 8− 7 1

12 + 4 5
= 5 4 + 14 ( )
=
9−5

=
12 + 4 5
i
11
=
11 3 − 11 ( )
4 3 + 11 (
3 + 11 3 − 11 )( )
= 3+ 5
=
(
11 3 − 11 )
1 5+ 3 9 − 11
=
( )
e
5− 3 ( 5− 3 )( 5+ 3 ) =
11 3 − 11

5+ 3 −2
=
5−3 −11(3 − 11)
=
5+ 3 2
=
2
3− 7
=
( 3− 7 )( 3− 7 )
f
3− 2
=
(
3− 2 4+ 5 )( ) j
3+ 7 ( 3+ 7 )( 3− 7)
4− 5 (
4− 5 4+ 5 )( ) =
3 − 21 − 21 + 7

=
(3 − 2 )( 4 + 5 ) 3−7
10 − 2 21
16 − 5 =
−4
=
(3 − 2 )( 4 + 5 ) 5 − 21 21 − 5
11 = or
−2 2
12 + 3 5 − 4 2 − 10
=
11
k
17 − 11
=
( 17 − 11 )( 17 − 11 )
5 5× 2 − 5 ( ) 17 + 11 ( 17 + 11 )( 17 − 11 )
g =
2+ 5 (
2+ 5 2− 5 )( ) =
17 − 187 − 187 + 11
17 − 11

=
5 2−( 5)
=
28 − 2 187
4−5 6

=
(
5 2− 5 ) =
14 − 187
−1 3
= 5 ( 5−2 ) 41 + 29 ( 41 + 29 )( 41 + 29 )
l =
5 2 5 2 ( 8+ 7 )
41 − 29 ( 41 − 29 )( 41 + 29 )
h =
8− 7 ( 8− 7 )( 8+ 7 ) =
41 + 2 41 29 + 29
41 − 29

=
5 ( 8× 2 + 2× 7 ) =
70 + 2 1189
8−7 12
35 + 1189
=
6
© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
 2− 3 ( 2− 3 )( 3+ 2 ) 3 c
4
=
4
=
(3 − 2 ) 11 − 6 2
2
2 m
3− 2 ( 3− 2 )( 3+ 2)
4 × (11 + 6 2)
6 + 2−3− 6 =
= (11 − 6 2)(11 + 6 2)
3− 2
−1 44 + 24 2
= =
1 121 + 66 2 − 66 2 − 72
= −1 44 + 24 2
=
49
1 1
3 a =
(3 − 2) 2
(3 − 2 )(3 − 2 ) d
3
=
3
(5 + 2 ) (5 + 2 )(5 + 2 )
2
1
=
9−3 2 −3 2 + 4
3
1 =
= 25 + 5 2 + 5 2 + 4
11 − 6 2
3
1× (11 + 6 2) =
= 27 + 10 2
(11 − 6 2)(11 + 6 2)
=
(
3 × 27 − 10 2 )
11 + 6 2
=
121 + 66 2 − 66 2 − 72
( 27 + 10 2 )( 27 − 10 2 )
11 + 6 2 3 × ( 27 − 10 2 )
= =
49 729 − 270 2 + 270 2 − 200
81 − 30 2
b
1
=
1 =
( 2 + 5 ) ( 2 + 5 )( 2 + 5 )
2 529

1 1
e =
=
1 (5 + 2 )(3 − 2 ) 15 − 5 2 + 3 2 − 4
4 + 2 5 + 2 5 + 25 1
1 =
= 13 − 2 2
9+4 5
1× (9 − 4 5) =
(
1× 13 + 2 2 )
=
(9 + 4 5)(9 − 4 5) (13 − 2 2 )(13 + 2 2 )
9−4 5 13 + 2 2
= =
81 − 36 5 + 36 5 − 80 169 + 26 2 − 26 2 − 8
9−4 5 13 + 2 2
= =
1 161
= 9−4 5
2 2
f =
c
4
=
4 (5 − 3 )( 2 + 3 ) 10 + 5 3 − 2 3 − 9

(3 − 2 ) (3 − 2 )(3 − 2 )
2
2
=
4 7+3 3
=
9−3 2 −3 2 + 4
=
(
2× 7 − 3 3 )
( 7 + 3 3 )( 7 − 3 3 )
© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
 2 14 − 6 3
3 f =
(5 − 3 )( 2 + 3 ) 49 − 21 3 + 21 3 − 27

14 − 6 3
=
22
7−3 3
=
11

4
3− 2 5
=
(
3− 2 5 )( 5 + 1)
5 −1 5 −1( )( 5 + 1)
3 5 + 3 − 10 − 2 5
=
5 + 5 − 5 −1
5 −7
=
4
−7 5
= +
4 4

7 5
p=
− ,q =
4 4

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 4
Algebraic expressions, Mixed Exercise 1
1 a y3 × y5 4 a 3(5y + 4)
= y3 + 5 = 15y + 12
= y8
b 5x2(3 − 5x + 2x2)
2
b 3x × 2x 5
= 15x2 − 25x3 + 10x4
= 3 × 2 × x2 + 5
= 6x7 c 5x(2x + 3) − 2x(1 − 3x)
= 10x2 + 15x − 2x + 6x2
c (4x2)3 ÷ 2x5 = 16x2 + 13x
= 43x2 × 3 ÷ 2x5
= 64x6 ÷ 2x5 d 3x2(1 + 3x) − 2x(3x − 2)
= 32x6 − 5 = 3x2 + 9x3 − 6x2 + 4x
= 32x = 9x3 − 3x2 + 4x

d 4b2 × 3b3 × b4 5 a 3x2 + 4x

= 4 × 3 × b2 + 3 + 4 = x(3x + 4)
= 12b9
b 4y2 + 10y
2 a (x + 3)(x − 5) = 2y(2y + 5)
= x2 − 5x + 3x − 15
= x2 − 2x − 15 c x2 + xy + xy2
= x(x + y + y2)
b (2x − 7)(3x + 1)
= 6x2 + 2x − 21x − 7 d 8xy2 + 10x2y
= 6x2 − 19x − 7 = 2xy(4y + 5x)

c (2x + 5)(3x − y + 2) 6 a x2 + 3x + 2
= 2x(3x − y + 2)+ 5(3x − y + 2) = x2 + x + 2x + 2
= 6x2 − 2xy + 4x + 15x − 5y + 10 = x(x + 1) + 2(x + 1)
= 6x2 − 2xy + 19x − 5y + 10 =(x + 1)(x + 2)

3 a x(x + 4)(x − 1) b 3x2 + 6x

= (x2 + 4x)(x − 1) = 3x(x + 2)
= x3 − x2 + 4x2 − 4x
= x3 + 3x2 − 4x c x2 − 2x − 35
= x2 − 7x + 5x − 35
b (x + 2)(x − 3)(x + 7) = x(x – 7) + 5(x − 7)
= (x2 − 3x + 2x − 6)(x + 7) = (x − 7)(x + 5)
= (x2 − x − 6)(x + 7)
= x2(x + 7) − x(x + 7) − 6(x + 7) d 2x2 − x − 3
= x3 + 7x2 − x2 − 7x − 6x − 42 = 2x2 − 3x + 2x − 3
= x3 + 6x2 − 13x − 42 = x(2x − 3) + (2x − 3)
= (2x − 3)(x + 1 )
c (2x + 3)(x − 2)(3x − 1)
= (2x2 − 4x + 3x − 6)(3x − 1) e 5x2 − 13x − 6
= (2x2 − x − 6)(3x − 1) = 5x2 + 2x − 15x − 6
= 2x2(3x − 1) − x(3x – 1) − 6(3x − 1) = x(5x + 2) − 3(5x + 2)
= 6x3 − 2x2 − 3x2 + x − 18x + 6 = (5x + 2)(x − 3)
= 6x3 − 5x2 − 17x + 6

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
6 f 6 − 5x − x2 2

= 6 + x − 6x − x2  8 3
9 a  
= (6 + x) − x(6 + x)  27 
= (6 + x)(1 − x) 2
2

= 
3
7 a 2x3 + 6x
= 2x(x2 + 3) 4
=
9
b x3 − 36x
= x(x2 − 36) 3

= x(x2 − 62)  225  2

b  
= x(x + 6)(x − 6)  289 
3
 225 
c 2x3 + 7x2 − 15x = 
= x(2x2 + 7x − 15)  289 
= x(2x2 − 3x + 10x − 15) 153
= x(x(2x − 3) + 5(2x − 3)) = ±
17 3
= x(2x − 3 )(x + 5 )
3375
= ±
3 −3 4913
8 a 9x ÷3x
= 3x3 − (−3)
= 3x6 3
10 a
63
1
3
 32  3 =
b 4  9× 7
  3
3 1
× =
= 4 2 3 3 7
1
1
= 42 =
7
= 4
=±2 7
=
7
c 3x−2 × 2x4 b 20 + 2 45 − 80
= 6x−2 + 4
= 6x2 = 4 5 + 2 9 5 − 16 5
= 2 5 + 2×3 5 − 4 5
1 2
d 3x ÷ 6 x
3 3 = 5 ( 2 + 6 − 4)
1
1 2
− = 4 5
= x 3 3

2
−
1 11 a When x = 25,
1 1
= 3 35x2 + 2x − 48
( x)
x or
2 = 35 × 252 + 2 × 25 − 48
3
2
= 21 877
2

9 a   b 35x2 + 2x − 48
8 3
 27  = 35x2 + 42x − 40x − 48
2 = 7x(5x + 6) − 8(5x + 6)
 38  = (5x + 6)(7x − 8)
= 
 27 
3
When x = 25, 5x + 6 = 131
and 7x − 8 = 167;
both 131 and 167 are prime numbers.

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
12 a (
2 3+ 5 ) d
23 − 37
23 + 37
= 3 2+ 2 5
= 3 2 + 10
=
( 23 − 37 )( 23 − 37 )
b ( 2 − 5 )( 5 + 3 ) ( 23 + 37 )( 23 − 37 )

= 10 + 2 3 − 5 5 − 3 5 23 − 2 23 37 + 37
=
= 10 + 2 3 − 5 5 − 15 23 − 37
60 − 2 851
=
c ( 6 − 2 )( 4 − 7 ) −14
30 − 851
= 24 − 6 7 − 4 2 + 2 7 =
−7
= 24 − 6 7 − 4 2 + 14
1
e
(2 + 3)
1 2
13 a
3
1× 3 1
=
=
3× 3 ( 2 + 3 )( 2 + 3 )
3 1
= =
3 4+2 3 +2 3 + 9
1
1 =
b 4+2 3 +2 3 + 9
2 −1
2 +1 =
(
1× 7 − 4 3 )
=
( 2 −1 )( 2 +1 ) ( 7 + 4 3 )( 7 − 4 3 )
7−4 3
2 +1 =
= 49 − 28 3 + 28 3 − 48
2 −1
= 2 +1 7−4 3
=
1

c
3 =7−4 3
3−2
3 ( 3+2 ) f
1
= (4 − 7 )
2

( 3−2 )( 3+2 )
1
3 3+6 =
=
3− 4
( 4 − 7 )( 4 − 7 )
1
3 3+6 =
= 16 − 4 7 − 4 7 + 49
−1
1
= −3 3 − 6 =
23 − 8 7

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
 1 5
13 f 16
(4 − 7 ) 75 − 50
2

=
(
1 × 23 + 8 7 ) =
25 × 3 − 25 × 2
( 23 − 8 7 )( 23 + 8 7 ) =
5
5 3 −5 2
23 + 8 7
= 1
529 + 184 7 − 184 7 − 448 =
3− 2
23 + 8 7
= 1 × ( 3 + 2)
81 =
( 3 − 2)( 3 + 2)
14 a x3 − x2 − 17x − 15 3+ 2
= (x + 3)(x2 + bx + c) =
9+ 2 3− 2 3− 4
= x3 + bx2 + cx + 3x2 + 3bx + 3c
= x3 + bx2 + 3x2 + 3bx + cx + 3c 3+ 2
=
= x3 − x2 − 17x − 15 1
Equating the coefficients gives b + 3 = −1, = 3+ 2
3b + c = −17, 3c = −15
Using b + 3 = −1, b = −4
Using 3c = −15, c = −5
17 ( )(
11 − 5 5 − 11 )
= 5 11 − 121 − 25 + 5 11
b x3 − x2 − 17x − 15 = 10 11 − 36
= (x + 3)(x2 − 4x − 5)
= (x + 3)(x2 − 5x + x − 5) 18 x − 64x3
= (x + 3)(x(x − 5)+(x − 5)) = x(1 − 64x2 )
= (x + 3)(x − 5)(x + 1) = x [ 12 −(8x )2 ]
1
= x(1 + 8x )(1 − 8x)
3
15 a y
1
19 272x + 1
 1 3 3 = (33)2x + 1
= x  = 33(2x + 1)
 64  = 36x + 3
1
1 3× = 3y
= x 3
3
64 y = 6x + 3
8x
x 20 8 + x 12 =
= 3
4
8 3 + x 12 3 =
8x
−1
b 4y 8 3 + x 36 =
8x
−1
 1 3 8 3 + 6x =
8x
= 4 x 
 64  8 3 = 2x

= 4×
1
x 3× ( −1) x=4 3
1
64

= 256 x −3

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 4
21 Area = 12  cm2, length = 1 + 3 cm ( ) 23 243 3
1

12 = 35 × 3 2
Width =
1+ 3
1
5+
=3 2

=
12 × 1 − 3 ( ) 11

(1 + 3 )(1 − 3 )
= 32
11
a=
12 − 36 2
=
1− 3 + 3− 9 5

4×3 − 6 4x 3 + x 2
= 24
−2 x
5
2 3 −6
= 4x + x 2
3

−2 = 1

− 3 +3 x2
=
1  3 52 
−
1

= x  4x + x 
2

= 3 − 3 cm  
1 1 5
− +3 − +
= 4x 2
+x 2 2

(2 − x )
2

5
22 = 4x 2 + x2
x
1 = 4 x a + xb
(2 − x ) 2 2

= 1 =a
5
= , b 2
x2 2
1 1

(2 − x 2 )(2 − x 2 )
= 1

x2
1 1 1 1
+
4 − 2x 2 − 2x 2 + x 2 2
= 1

x2
1 1
−
= x (4 − 4 x 2 + x)
2

1 1 1 1
− − + 1−
=4 x 2
− 4x 2 2
+x 2

1 1
−
= 4 x 2 − 4 x0 + x 2
1 1
−
= 4x 2
− 4 + x2
4
= −4+ x
x

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 5
Challenge

a ( a+ b )( a− b )
= a − a b + a b −b
=a−b

b Rationalising the denominators:

1 1 1 1
+ + + ... +
1+ 2 2+ 3 3+ 4 24 + 25
1− 2 2− 3 3− 4 24 − 25
= + + + ... +
( 1+ 2 )( 1− 2 ) ( 2+ 3 )( 2− 3 ) ( 3+ 4 )( 3− 4 ) ( 24 + 25 )( 24 − 25 )
1− 2 2− 3 3− 4 24 − 25
= + + + ... +
1− 2 2−3 3− 4 24 − 25
( ) ( ) (
= − 1 − 2 − 2 − 3 − 3 − 4 − ... − 24 − 25 ) ( )
= − 1 + 2 − 2 + 3 − 3 + 4 − ... − 24 + 25
= − 1 + 25
= −1 + 5
=4

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 6