Statistical Research Proposal

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Statistical Research Proposal
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Introduction
Researchers have proposed various psychological models to explain the maintenance and
development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The most protuberant contemporary
theories draw on dual representation, emotional processing, and cognitive concepts of PTSD
pegged on earlier work, specifically on information processing, conditioning, and classical
cognitive theory. Psychodynamic and attachment models also influence thinking (Davies, 2020).
Contemporary theories combine response and stimulus aspects with appraisal, interpretation, and
meaning. These theories claim that the successful processing of data depends on assimilating and
accessing new information within the contexts of pre-existing schemas. Researchers have also
recognized social aspects as playing integral roles in influencing the maintenance and
development of PSTD. These factors are considered together with the argument that PTSD is a
fundamental construct of the social-political atmosphere and not a real disorder.
Research Hypothesis
This proposal is designed to test the preliminary efficacy, acceptability, and feasibility of
mechanized 12-session group comparison focused therapy in a sample of Veteran Affairs
patients with comorbidity PTSD and complex anger management disorders. This proposal is
premised on the hypothesis that patients with PTSD and dramatic anger management disorders
would accept the proposed intervention, and trends would be monitored to treat and manage
anger and PTSD symptoms from the onset to post-intervention outcomes. Secondly, this
proposal hypothesized that sample patients would experience fewer fears of compassion and
tremendous compassion after the intervention relative to the baseline.

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Literature Review
According to Koven (2018) PTSD is most prominently triggered by various factors
include witnessing or being affected by a traumatic instance. Koven further argues that traumatic
events induce the secretion of adrenaline which prepares the body for a fight or flight response.
When the danger subsides, the adrenaline hormone already in the body develops to respond to
the production of another suppressant hormone called cortisol which suppresses and stops the
secretion of adrenaline (Weathers et al., 2001). In some cases, cortisol is never produced or its
produced in relatively low quantities; hence, adrenaline levels remain relatively higher making
the person to remain in an alert mode. Such persons react overly and quickly to any predisposing
factors and small acts of provocations; a condition which is called PTSD.
About 50% of women and 60% of men in the United States are diagnosed with traumatic
events throughout their lifetime (Grodin et al., 2019). These events predispose them to PTSD, a
complication characterized by the alertness of the body to other potential causes of trauma
(Davies, 2020). This has led to a situation where approximately eight million are diagnosed with
PTSD every year (Arnon et al., 2020). Usually, PTSD strikes when the patient's body is already
too weak to fight the traumatic event; in effect, this makes the system alert for potential re-
occurrence of the disease.
Methodology
The participants in this research comprised of patients with PTSD recruited from VA
medical center. The study took one year which ran from September 2019 to September 2020.
Eligible participants were patients aged 18 years and above with the ability to give an informed
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consent had must have self-reported issues with anger management. This study used a total of
300 participants with an average of 49.2 years and most of whom had served in different careers
especially in the military. 79% of the patients were male. Demographic data from our patients
was gathered from their electronic health record. Respondents further proceeded to fill in a
baseline questionnaire before starting their sessions with the comparison focus therapy (Arnon et
al., 2020). Researchers administered the same measures after completing the final session with
the CFT group. This study used a comparatively large sample size which allowed researchers to
perform robust tests on intervention efficacy. Furthermore, the sample sized enabled the
scientists to have randomized and control groups, which in effect, allowed to account for both
unknown and known prospective confounds.
Analysis and Discussion
Descriptive statistics characterized clinical and sociodemographic variables in the
participant’s sample. A series of eleven GEEs were employed to examine changes in this
research’s dependent variables for the findings of PTSD symptoms analyzed by anger, the PCL-
5, fears of compassion, and self-compassion (Grodin et al., 2019). The outcomes will then be
assessed by pre-intervention and post-intervention points. The generalized estimating equations
(GEEs) helped to categorize unstructured correlation matrices and estimation of model-based
variants. However, 26 participants who did completed less than four sessions did not have post-
intervention outcome data (Davies, 2020). We used GEE models to measures all available data
collected from the survey.
The main objective of this research was to assess and examine the acceptability, efficacy,
and feasibility of a novel approach to and dramatic anger among older adults with PTSD (Grodin
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et al., 2019). The secondary goal was to establish whether there is any literature to confirm if this
intervention will be effective in alleviating the symptoms of PTSD, anger, and fears of increasing
self-compassion. With regard to the study’s primary goal, the survey established that it is
possible to recruit and retain respondents in the intervention (Earles et al., 2015). When a large
sample size is used, it is feasible to speculate on specific strategies of change that causes the
dramatic shift witnessed in the symptom assessment.

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References
Arnon, S., Fisher, P., Pickover, A., Lowell, A., Turner, J., & Hilburn, A. et al. (2020). Equine-
Assisted Therapy for Veterans with PTSD: Manual Development and Preliminary
Findings. Military Medicine, 185(5-6), e557-e564. Retrieved 13 December 2020, from.
Davies, S. (2020). What are the benefits and harms of multiple-session early psychological
interventions for preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?. Cochrane Clinical
Answers, 8(13).
Earles, J., Vernon, L., & Yetz, J. (2015). Equine-Assisted Therapy for Anxiety and Posttraumatic
Stress Symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(2), 149-152. Retrieved 13 December
2020, from.
Grodin, J., Clark, J., Kolts, R., & Lovejoy, T. (2019). Compassion focused therapy for anger: A
pilot study of a group intervention for veterans with PTSD. Journal of Contextual
Behavioral Science, 13, 27-33. Retrieved 13 December 2020, from.
Koven, S. (2018). Veteran Treatments: PTSD Interventions. Healthcare, 6(3), 94. Retrieved 13
December 2020, from.
Weathers, F., Keane, T., & Davidson, J. (2001). Clinician-administered PTSD scale: A review of
the first ten years of research. Depression and Anxiety, 13(3), 132-156. Retrieved 13
December 2020, from.

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1

development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The most protuberant contemporary

pegged on earlier work, specifically on information processing, conditioning, and classical

fundamental construct of the social-political atmosphere and not a real disorder.

mechanized 12-session group comparison focused therapy in a sample of Veteran Affairs

tremendous compassion after the intervention relative to the baseline.

According to Koven (2018) PTSD is most prominently triggered by various factors

factors and small acts of provocations; a condition which is called PTSD.

occurrence of the disease.

unknown and known prospective confounds.

Analysis and Discussion

Descriptive statistics characterized clinical and sociodemographic variables in the

assessed by pre-intervention and post-intervention points. The generalized estimating equations

(GEEs) helped to categorize unstructured correlation matrices and estimation of model-based

collected from the survey.

dramatic shift witnessed in the symptom assessment.

Findings. Military Medicine, 185(5-6), e557-e564. Retrieved 13 December 2020, from.

interventions for preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?. Cochrane Clinical

Stress Symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(2), 149-152. Retrieved 13 December

pilot study of a group intervention for veterans with PTSD. Journal of Contextual

Behavioral Science, 13, 27-33. Retrieved 13 December 2020, from.

Koven, S. (2018). Veteran Treatments: PTSD Interventions. Healthcare, 6(3), 94. Retrieved 13

December 2020, from.

the first ten years of research. Depression and Anxiety, 13(3), 132-156. Retrieved 13

December 2020, from.

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