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1. What are the system privileges that are required by a schema owner (user) to create a Answers
trigger on a table? plsql Multiple Choice Questions
A user must be able to alter a table to create a trigger on the table. The user must own the table
and either have the ALTER TABLE privilege on that table or have the ALTER ANY TABLE
system privilege. In addition, the user must have the CREATE TRIGGER system privilege. User
should have the CREATE ANY TRIGGER system privilege to be able to create triggers in any
other user account or schema.
A database-level event trigger can be created if the user has the ADMINISTER DATABASE
TRIGGER system privilege.

2. What are the different types of triggers?

There are following two types of triggers:
Database triggers are executed implicitly whenever a Data Manipulation Language (DML)
statement is carried out on a database table or a Data Definition Language (DDL) statement,
such as CREATE OR ALTER, is performed on the database.
They may also be executed when a user or database event occurs, such as a user logs on or a
database is shutdown.
Application triggers are executed implicitly whenever a DML event takes place within an
application, such as WHEN_NEW_FORM_INSTANCE in the Oracle Forms application.

7. How can triggers be used for the table auditing?

Triggers can be used to track values for data operations on tables. This is done using the old
and new qualifiers within the trigger code. These two clauses help keep track of the data that is
being inserted, updated, or deleted in the table; and therefore, facilitate in application auditing of
DML statements. The audit
trail can be written to a user-defined table and audit records can be generated for both row-level
and statement-level triggers.

9. What are INSTEAD OF triggers?

The INSTEAD OF triggers are used in association with views. The standard table-based triggers
cannot be used by views.
These triggers inform the database of what actions are to be performed instead of the actions
that invoked the trigger.

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Therefore, the INSTEAD OF triggers can be used to update the underlying tables, which are
part of the views.
They can be used on both relational views and object views. The INSTEAD OF triggers can only
be defined as row-level triggers and not as statement-level triggers.
10. What is the difference between database trigger and stored procedure?
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The main difference between database trigger and stored procedure is that the trigger is invoked
implicitly and stored procedure is invoked explicitly.

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Transaction Control statements, such as COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT, are not
allowed within the body of a trigger whereas, these statements can be included in a stored
procedure.

11. How can the performance of a trigger be improved?

The performance of a trigger can be improved by using column names along with the UPDATE
clause in the trigger. This will make the trigger fire when that particular column is updated and
therefore, prevents unnecessary action of trigger when other columns are being updated.

12. What are the events on which a database trigger can be based?

Database triggers are based on system events and can be defined at database or schema level.
The various events on which a database trigger can be based are given as follows:
Data definition statement on a database or schema object
Logging off or on of a specific user
Database shutdown or startup
On any specific error that occurs

13. What is a CALL statement? Explain with an example.

A CALL statement within a trigger enables you to call a stored procedure within the trigger rather
than writing the Procedural Language/Structured Query Language (PL/SQL) code in it, The
procedure may be in PL/SQL, C, or Java language. Following is an example of the CALL
statement:
CREAT OR REPLASE TRIGGER<trigger_name>
BEFORE UPDATE OF <column_name> ON <table_name>
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN <condition_clause>
CALL <procedure_name>

14. What is a mutating table?

A mutating table is a table, which is in the state of transition. In other words, it is a table, which is
being updated at the time of triggering action. If the trigger code queries this table, then a
mutating table error occurs, which causes the trigger to view the inconsistent data.

15. Which data dictionary views have the information on the triggers that are available in
the database?

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The data dictionary views that have information on database triggers are given as follows:
USER_OBJECTS —Contain the name and status of a trigger as well as the date and time of
trigger creation
USER_ERRORS—Contain the compilation error of a trigger
USER_ TRIGGERS— Contain the source code of a trigger
USER_ TRIGGER_COLS—Contain the information on columns used in triggers

16. What are schema-level triggers?

Schema-level triggers are created on schema-level operations, such as create table, alter table,
drop table, rename, truncate, and revoke. These triggers prevent DDL statements, provide
security, and monitor the DDL operations.

17. What is a database event trigger?

Trigger that is executed when a database event, such as startup, shutdown, or error, occurs is
called a database event trigger. It can be used to reference the attributes of the event and
perform system maintenance functions immediately after the database startup.

18. In what condition is it good to disable a trigger?

It is good to disable triggers during data load operations. This improves the performance of the
data loading activities. The data modification and manipulation that the trigger would have
performed has to be done manually after the data loading.

19. Which column of the USERJTRIGGERS data dictionary view displays the database
event that will fire the trigger?
The Description column of the USERJTRIGGERS view combines information from many
columns to display the trigger header, which includes the database event.

20. What is the meaning of disabling a trigger?

When a trigger is disabled, it does not mean that it is deleted.
The code of the trigger is still stored in the data dictionary but the trigger will not have any effect
on the table.

21. Can triggers stop a DML statement from executing on a table?

Yes, triggers have the capability of stopping any DML statement from execution on a table. Any
logical business rule can be implemented using PL/SQL to block modification on table data.

22. Can a view be mutating? If yes, then how?

No, a view cannot be mutating like a table. If an UPDATE statement fires an INSTEAD OF
trigger on a view, the view is not considered to be mutating. If the UPDATE statement had been
executed on a table, the table would have been considered as mutating.

23. Can a COMMIT statement be executed as part of a trigger?

No, A COMMIT statement cannot be executed as a part of a trigger because it is a Transaction
Control statement, which cannot be executed within a trigger body. Triggers fire within
transactions and cannot include any Transaction Control statement within its code.

24. What is the difference between ALTER TRIGGER and DROP TRIGGER statements?
An ALTER TRIGGER statement is used to recompile, disable, or enable a trigger; whereas, the
DROP TRIGGER statement is used to remove the trigger from the database.

25. Do triggers have restrictions on the usage of large datatypes, such as LONG and
LONG RAW?
Triggers have restrictions on the usage of large datatypes as they cannot declare or reference
the LONG and LONG RAW datatypes and cannot use them even if they form part of the object
with which the trigger is associated. Similarly, triggers cannot modify the CLOB and BLOB
objects as well; however, they can reference them for read-only access.

32. Are DDL triggers fired for DDL statements within a PL/SQL code executed using the
DBMS.SQL package?
No, DDL triggers are not executed for DDL statements, which are executed within the PL/SQL
code using the DBMS_SQL package.

33. Does a USER_OBJECTS view have an entry for a trigger?

Yes, the USER_OBJECTS view has one row entry for each trigger in the schema.

34. How can you view the errors encountered in a trigger?

The USERJERRORS view can be used to show all the parsing errors that occur in a trigger
during the compilation until they are resolved.

35. Does USERJTRIGGERS have entry for triggers with compilation errors?
Yes, USER_TRIGGERS have entries for all triggers that are created in the schema with or
without errors.
36. Which of the following events cannot be customized with triggers?
a. INSERT INTO statement
b. CREATE TABLE statement in a schema
c. DELETE CASCADE CONSTRAINTS
d. SET PAUSE ON
Option D cannot be customized; whereas, all the other options can be customized using
triggers.

37. Is it possible to pass parameters to triggers?

No, it is not possible to pass parameters to triggers. However, triggers fired by INSERT and
UPDATE statements can reference new data by using the mew prefix. In addition, the triggers
fired in response to UPDATE and DELETE statements can reference old, modified, or deleted
data using the :old prefix.

38. Can a SELECT statement fire a trigger?

No, a SELECT statement cannot fire a trigger. DML statements, such as INSERT, UPDATE, and
DELETE, can cause triggers to fire.

39. Can cursors be part of a trigger body?

Yes, cursors can be a part of code in trigger.

42. Is it possible to create STARTUP or SHUTDOWN trigger for ON-SCHEMA?

No, It is not possible to create STARTUP or SHUTDOWN triggers for ON-SCHEMA.

43. What does the BASE_OBJECT_TYPE column shows in the USER.TRIGGERS data
dictionary view?
The BASE_OBJECT_TYPE column identifies the type of database object with which the trigger
is associated. It shows whether the object of database is a TABLE, VIEW, SCHEMA, or
DATABASE.

44. Is it possible to create the following trigger:

BEFORE OR AFTER UPDATE trigger FOR EACH ROW?
No, it is an invalid trigger as both BEFORE and AFTER cannot be used in the same trigger. A
trigger can be either BEFORE TRIGGER or AFTER TRIGGER.

46. Can INSTEAD OF triggers be used to fire once for each statement on a view?
No, INSTEAD OF triggers cannot be used for each statement however, It can only be used for
each row on a view.

47. Is it possible to include an INSERT statement on the same table to which the trigger is
assigned?
If an INSERT statement is used on the same table to which the trigger is associated, then this
will give rise to a mutating table, as it is not possible to change the same table that is already in
the process of being changed.

48. What are conditional predicates?

Triggers use conditional predicates, such as INSERTING, UPDATING, and DELETING, to
determine which particular event will cause the trigger to fire. All the three predicates have
Boolean values and are useful in triggers, such as AFTER INSERT or UPDATE.

49. Write the ALTER statement to enable all the triggers on the T.STUDENTS table.
The ALTER statement is given as follows:
ALTER TABLE T_STUDENTS ENABLE ALL TRIGGERS;

50. Which column in the USER.TRIGGERS data dictionary view shows that the trigger is a
PL/SQL trigger?
The ACTION_TYPE column of the USER_TRIGGERS data dictionary view shows that the
trigger is a PL/SQL trigger.

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4 comments:

Unknown said...

Very good collection of questions and answers thank you for sharing this
article with us. know more about PLSQL Online Training

14 September 2016 at 02:53

Sgraph Infotech said...

Nice questions and very interesting information and thanks for share the
information.
oracle sql interview questions and answers for java developers

31 May 2017 at 04:06

Unknown said...

very nice information.Thank you...

8 October 2017 at 10:23

Unknown said...

Hi Bru,

This is indeed great! But I think perhaps you are generally referring ,which
is getting unsustainable.

I need to check various columns of a particular table to see if they are not
really being populated or the data is always the same. So that we can
perhaps remove some columns going forward. This table will be filtered by
std_job_no column as i have a list of values for this column which pertain to
a particular area of the data.

To retrieve the column names for the table i have written this which
produces the correct results.. note i do not require std_job_no column as i
will be using this later as part of the group by query.

SELECT DISTINCT TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME FROM

ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
WHERE OWNER ='ELLIPSE'
AND TABLE_NAME='MSF690'
AND COLUMN_NAME<>'STD_JOB_NO'
ORDER BY TABLE_NAME

Now i want to loop through these column names and substitute

column_name into the following query

select
COL,UMN_NAME, COUNT(STD_JOB_NO)
from msf690
where std_job_no in (
'009045', '009053', '009188', '009189', '009190', '009236', '009275',
'009310', '009319', '009320', '009321', '009322', '009323', '009324',
'009325', '009326', '009327', '009328', '009419', '009459', '009460',
'009461', '009462', '009463', '009464', '009582', '009590', '009591',
'009594', '009616', '009617', '009618', '009619', '009620', '009621',
'009622', '009623', '009624'
)
and dstrct_code='RTK1'
 GROUP BY COLUMN_NAME

So i would then get the list of all values for each column name and how
often they are populated.

It should be something along the lines of..

DECLARE

BEGIN
FOR RRR IN (

SELECT DISTINCT TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME FROM

ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
WHERE OWNER ='ELLIPSE'
AND TABLE_NAME='MSF690'
AND COLUMN_NAME<>'STD_JOB_NO'
ORDER BY TABLE_NAME
)
LOOP
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'select ' ||
RRR.COLUMN_NAME || ', COUNT(STD_JOB_NO)
from msf690
where std_job_no in (
'009045', '009053', '009188', '009189', '009190', '009236', '009275',
'009310', '009319', '009320', '009321', '009322', '009323', '009324',
'009325', '009326', '009327', '009328', '009419', '009459', '009460',
'009461', '009462', '009463', '009464', '009582', '009590', '009591',
'009594', '009616', '009617', '009618', '009619', '009620', '009621',
'009622', '009623', '009624'
)
and dstrct_code='RTK1'
GROUP BY RRR.COLUMN_NAME'

and then i want to dbms_output this without inserting the values into a table
as I don't have permissions to create tables.

Great effort, I wish I saw it earlier. Would have saved my day :)

,Merci

4 May 2018 at 04:48

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