ABSTRACT

In this researcher from all around the world be have tried to improve distillate output of solar
still, making the fresh water without losses of energy there is a lot of scope of research work
on the solar still. present review various research works done by researchers have shown, and
three primary methods like use of fin, energy storage materials and multi-basin solar still
have discussed. All of above methods are crucial for improvement in distillate output of solar
still. Fin enhances the surface area of water inside the basin for even distribution of water for
increment in distillate production. Energy storage materials have pore holes to store the hot
water and excess energy during sunshine hours and release during off-sunshine hours for the
increase in distillate production. Multi-basin solar still uses the latent heat of condensation
from lower basin to increase a temperature of the top or middle basin for increment in
distillate production. Hence combination all of above method in the solar still, then the solar
still can be used as a commercial product for potable water in household and industry.

1
INTRODUCTION

Solar Still: - Solar distillation is a device which is used to convert the impure saline
water into pure water using solar radiation.Usually solar distillation is used in remote
area where drinkable water is not available in sufficient quantity.

People of rural areas reserve the rainwater but they can’t it used to drink directly due
to impurity contents in the water.

A solar still distill water with substances dissolved in it by using the heat of the sun to

evaporate water so that it may be cooled and collected, thereby purifying it. They are
used in areas where drinking water is unavailable, so that clean water is obtained from
impure water or from plants by exposing them to sunlight.

 In a solar still, impure water is contained outside the collector, where it is evaporated
by sunlight shining through a transparent collector. The pure water vapour condenses
on the cool inside surface and drips into a tank.

Solar Still side view

2
 COMPONENT
Different parts of the Solar still will be explained in the following:
Basin liner
This is the major part of the solar still. It absorbs the incident radiation that is transmitted
through the glass cover. The basin liner should be resistant to hot saline water, have a high
absorbance to solar radiation and to resistance to accidental puncturing and in the case of
damage, (the shape of drawer, for maintenance and cleaning purposes); it should be easily
repaired.

A very large part of the solar radiation, direct and diffused, falling in the still is absorbed in
the black base. Small reflection losses occur at the glass surface, the water surface and to a
very small extent at the base.

The energy absorbed at the base is largely transferred to the water in the still and a small
fraction of it lost to the ambient by conduction through the base. The water enters the basin
through an inlet hose. A trough is fixed inside the still, and is tilted so that condensed water
can be accumulated in the glass beaker outside the still through a plastic pipe.

3
Glass

The temperature of glass is high when the sun rays strike on this glass then create hot steam
in the basin of solar still which improves the vaporization rate giving higher distilled water of
solar still. That’s why glass used in this project

Plain Glass ( 4mm )

Alumunium sheet

The Aluminium are used as heat storage material since it has a high thermal conductivity of
167 W/mk which helps in conducting more heat to the brackish water

Size of alumunium sheet = 1m*1m ( Length & width )

Alumunium sheet

4
Plywood

Plywood is an engineered timber product made from layers (or plies) of thin sheets of wood it
is used for protecting hot steam if I do not use plywood then hot steam can pass which are
used together under pressure at high temperature to bear stronger and more flexible flat sheet

Plywood thickness = 18 mm , size = 4*8

Plywood

5
Black Paint

Light energy can be converted into heat energy. A black object absorbs all wavelengths of
light and converts them into heat, so the object gets warm. A white object reflects all
wavelengths of light, so the light is not converted into heat and the temperature of the object
does not increase noticeably.

Iron Frame

In this project we used Lshape iron stand for keep the box above the table of solar still box.
Iron is a type of carbon steel that contains a low level of carbon

6
Aluminium foil

Aluminium foil is prepared in thin metal leaves with a thickness less than 0.2 mm; thinner gauges
down to 6 micrometres are also commonly used. It is used for absorb of hot steam in solar still .

Thermocol

Thermocol use for prevent steam of the solar still

7
Transparent water bottle

It is used store water for transfer water through the pvc pipe in solar still tank for purifying
with the help of sun rays, transfer normal water to the inlet and received fresh water from the
outlet pipe

Valve
Valve is used for stop water and transfer of transparent water bottle and solar still tank and
valve helps to remove water from the tank

8
 LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Rafiqul Islam etal (2021)
Abstract
There is a scarcity of fresh water in many rural communities where solar stills can be used to
produce drinking water at a minimal cost. These stills use solar energy, which is a sustainable
form of energy, and hence this can contribute towards achievement of United Nations (UN)
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This study aims to develop empirical models of a
solar stills based on experimental data obtained at Werrington South, New South Wales,
Australia. Two solar stills were used in the experiment, a conventional design (Con-Still) and
a con-still modified with adding extra thermal mass inside the still (mod-still)

2.Md Raquibul Hasan etal (2021)

Abstract
The worldwide crisis of drinking water availability is increasing day by day, whereas the
freshwater necessity is tremendously growing. Sustainable water distillation (purification)
could be a solution to overcome this problem. As a familiar technique, solar desalination
used to convert brackish or saline water into potable water. Thus, solar still would be a
useful device to distil brackish water for drinking purposes. A range of solar still designs has
been developed globally. Many researchers outlined mathematical terms, performed
experiments, and validated various solar stills by varying the design and operating
parameters. In this article, a review of the passive and active solar stills' performance has
been carried out

3.Imad Al-Hayek (2020)

Abstract

Solar distillation is one of the

important methods of utilizing the
solar energy for the supply of potable
water to

9
small communities where the natural
supply of fresh water is inadequate
or of poor quality, and where
sunshine is
abundant. Solar energy utilization in
two different types of solar stills is
considered, and factors that influence
the
productivity of solar stills are
discussed. The present investigation
showed that the productivity of
asymmetric
greenhouse type still (ASGHT)
having mirrors on its inside walls
was higher than that of the
symmetric greenhouse
type still (SGHT) and more efficient.
Solar distillation is one of the
important methods of utilizing the

10
solar energy for the supply of potable
water to
small communities where the natural
supply of fresh water is inadequate
or of poor quality, and where
sunshine is
abundant. Solar energy utilization in
two different types of solar stills is
considered, and factors that influence
the
productivity of solar stills are
discussed. The present investigation
showed that the productivity of
asymmetric
greenhouse type still (ASGHT)
having mirrors on its inside walls
was higher than that of the
symmetric greenhouse
type still (SGHT) and more efficient.

11
Solar distillation is one of the
important methods of utilizing the
solar energy for the supply of potable
water to
small communities where the natural
supply of fresh water is inadequate
or of poor quality, and where
sunshine is
abundant. Solar energy utilization in
two different types of solar stills is
considered, and factors that influence
the
productivity of solar stills are
discussed. The present investigation
showed that the productivity of
asymmetric
greenhouse type still (ASGHT)
having mirrors on its inside walls
was higher than that of the
symmetric greenhouse
12
type still (SGHT) and more efficient.
Solar distillation is one of the
important methods of utilizing the
solar energy for the supply of potable
water to
small communities where the natural
supply of fresh water is inadequate
or of poor quality, and where
sunshine is
abundant. Solar energy utilization in
two different types of solar stills is
considered, and factors that influence
the
productivity of solar stills are
discussed. The present investigation
showed that the productivity of
asymmetric
greenhouse type still (ASGHT)
having mirrors on its inside walls

13
was higher than that of the
symmetric greenhouse
type still (SGHT) and more efficient.
Solar distillation is one of the
important methods of utilizing the
solar energy for the supply of potable
water to
small communities where the natural
supply of fresh water is inadequate
or of poor quality, and where
sunshine is
abundant. Solar energy utilization in
two different types of solar stills is
considered, and factors that influence
the
productivity of solar stills are
discussed. The present investigation
showed that the productivity of
asymmetric

14
greenhouse type still (ASGHT)
having mirrors on its inside walls
was higher than that of the
symmetric greenhouse
type still (SGHT) and more efficient
Solar distillation is one of the
important methods of utilizing the
solar energy for the supply of potable
water to
small communities where the natural
supply of fresh water is inadequate
or of poor quality, and where
sunshine is
abundant. Solar energy utilization in
two different types of solar stills is
considered, and factors that influence
the
productivity of solar stills are
discussed. The present investigation

15
showed that the productivity of
asymmetric
greenhouse type still (ASGHT)
having mirrors on its inside walls
was higher than that of the
symmetric greenhouse
type still (SGHT) and more efficient
Solar distillation is one of the
important methods of utilizing the
solar energy for the supply of potable
water to
small communities where the natural
supply of fresh water is inadequate
or of poor quality, and where
sunshine is
abundant. Solar energy utilization in
two different types of solar stills is
considered, and factors that influence
the

16
productivity of solar stills are
discussed. The present investigation
showed that the productivity of
asymmetric
greenhouse type still (ASGHT)
having mirrors on its inside walls
was higher than that of the
symmetric greenhouse
type still (SGHT) and more efficient
Solar distillation is one of the
important methods of utilizing the
solar energy for the supply of potable
water to
small communities where the natural
supply of fresh water is inadequate
or of poor quality, and where
sunshine is
abundant. Solar energy utilization in
two different types of solar stills is

17
considered, and factors that influence
the
productivity of solar stills are
discussed. The present investigation
showed that the productivity of
asymmetric
greenhouse type still (ASGHT)
having mirrors on its inside walls
was higher than that of the
symmetric greenhouse
type still (SGHT) and more efficient
Solar distillation is one of the
important methods of utilizing the
solar energy for the supply of potable
water to
small communities where the natural
supply of fresh water is inadequate
or of poor quality, and where
sunshine is

18
abundant. Solar energy utilization in
two different types of solar stills is
considered, and factors that influence
the
productivity of solar stills are
discussed. The present investigation
showed that the productivity of
asymmetric
greenhouse type still (ASGHT)
having mirrors on its inside walls
was higher than that of the
symmetric greenhouse
type still (SGHT) and more efficient
Solar distillation is one of the
important methods of utilizing the
solar energy for the supply of potable
water to
small communities where the natural
supply of fresh water is inadequate

19
or of poor quality, and where
sunshine is
abundant. Solar energy utilization in
two different types of solar stills is
considered, and factors that influence
the
productivity of solar stills are
discussed. The present investigation
showed that the productivity of
asymmetric
greenhouse type still (ASGHT)
having mirrors on its inside walls
was higher than that of the
symmetric greenhouse
type still (SGHT) and more efficient
Solar distillation is one of the
important methods of utilizing the
solar energy for the supply of potable
water to

20
small communities where the natural
supply of fresh water is inadequate
or of poor quality, and where
sunshine is
abundant. Solar energy utilization in
two different types of solar stills is
considered, and factors that influence
the
productivity of solar stills are
discussed. The present investigation
showed that the productivity of
asymmetric
greenhouse type still (ASGHT)
having mirrors on its inside walls
was higher than that of the
symmetric greenhouse
type still (SGHT) and more efficient
Solar distillation is one of the important methods of utilizing the solar energy for the supply
of potable water to small communities where the natural supply of fresh water is
inadequate or of poor quality, and where sunshine is abundant. Solar energy utilization in
two different types of solar stills is considered, and factors that influence the productivity of
solar stills are discussed. The present investigation showed that the productivity of

21
asymmetric greenhouse type still (ASGHT) having mirrors on its inside walls was higher than
that of the symmetric greenhouse type still (SGHT) and more efficient.

METHODOLOGY
Radiation measurement
Instruments for radiation observation can be divided by purpose and requirements
into pyranometers, pyrgeometers, net pyrradiometers, and photosynthetically active radiation
meters. Pyranometers are the most common instrument for measuring total surface radiation.
As their name implies, pyrgeometers measure upward and downward longwave radiation.
General pyradiometers measure shortwave radiation and longwave radiation, while net
pyrradiometers 

radiation measurement instrument

22
Air velocity instrument
A Hot Wire Anemometer is an instrument for measuring velocity and direction of fluid (in this
case air) by measuring heat loss of an electrically-heated wire placed in the air stream.

23
Digital thermometer
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient. It is measure
temp of cold . hot water of solar still and outer enviorment of temp. A thermometer has two
important elements: a temperature sensor in which some change occurs with a change in
temperature; and some means of converting this change into a numerical value.

24
CONCLUSION
 Solar still is a device to desalinate impure water like brackish or saline water.

 It a simple device to get potable/fresh distilled water from impure water, using solar
energy as fuel.

 Based on the above research narrative and reasoning’s it can be concluded that the
most effective method of water refinement in the contemporary time is solar
desalination.

 The standards of safe drinkable water can be measured by distillate water. enhance
of various constraints can fetch high performance of the system.

 In this works review, the possible research work can have thought for the ground of
improving the productivity of Solar Still.

 By insulation, the heat transfer can be decreased.

 Therefore, insulation is to the bottom and side wall of the Solar Still to lessen the
heat loss from the basin.

 The output can also be affected by both the external and internal modification.

25
Reference

S. Abduallaha , O.O. Badranb *

Applied Sciences University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Amman, Jordan b
Al-Balqa Applied University, FET, Amman, Jordan
Tel. +962 6 5679773; email: [email protected] Received
21 February 2007; accepted 25 February 2020

Abdallah, S., and Badran, O. (2008). Sun tracking system for productivity enhancement
of solar still. Desalination 220, 669–6

Abdallah, S., Badran, O., and Abu-Khader, M. (2008). Performance evaluation of a

modified design of a single slope solar still. Desalination 219, 222–230

Abdel-Rahim, N. (2001). Utilization of new technique to improve the efficiency of

horizontal solar desalination still. Desalination 138, 121–128.

Abdel-Rahim, Z., and Lasheen, A. (2005). Improving the performance of solar

desalination systems. Renewable Energy 30, 1955–197

Abdel-Rahim, Z., and Lasheen, A. (2007). Experimental and theoretical study of a solar
desalination system located in Cairo, Egypt. Desalination 217, 52–64.

Aboabboud, M., Mink, G., and Kudish, A. (2009). Condensation heat recycle in solar stills.
Paper presented at the World Congress on Engineering, London, England, July 1–3

Royal Scientific Society (RSS), The potential of solar energy application in Jordan,
Assessment

O.O. Badran, Study in industrial applications of solar energy and the range of its
utilization in Jordan, Int. J. Renew. Ener., 24 (2001) 485–490.

26
S.A. Kalogirou, Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources, Prog. Ener.
Combust. Sci., 31 (3) (2005) 242–281.

M.A. Samee, U.K. Mirza, T. Majeed and N. Ahmad, Design and performance of a simple
single basin solar still, Renew. Sustain. Ener. Rev., 11 (2007) 543–549

S.A. Kalogirou, Solar thermal collectors and application, Prog. Ener. Combust. Sci., 30
(3) (2004) 231–295.

O.O. Badran and M.M. Abu-Khader, Evaluating thermal performance of a single slope
solar still, Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Springer Verlag, doi 10.1007/s00231-006-
980-0.

O.O. Badran and H. Al-Tahaineh, The effect of coupling a flat-plate collector on the solar
still productivity, Desalination, 183 (2005) 137–142.

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