Oct-16, 2022

Advanced
Statistics
Assignment Report
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Contents
Problem Statement................................................................................................................................................................3
Solution................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Problem 1..................................................................................................................................................................6
Problem 2..................................................................................................................................................................6
Problem 3..................................................................................................................................................................7
Problem 4................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Problem 5................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Problem 6:.................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Problem 7:.................................................................................................................................................................. 8
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Problem Statement
Problem 1
A physiotherapist with a male football team is interested in studying the relationship between foot injuries and
the positions at which the players play from the data collected
 

Striker Forward Attacking Midfielder Winger Total

Players Injured 45 56 24 20 145

Players Not Injured 32 38 11 9 90

Total 77 94 35 29 235

 
1.1 What is the probability that a randomly chosen player would suffer an injury?
1.2 What is the probability that a player is a forward or a winger?
1.3 What is the probability that a randomly chosen player plays in a striker position and has a foot injury?
1.4 What is the probability that a randomly chosen injured player is a striker?
1.5 What is the probability that a randomly chosen injured player is either a forward or an attacking midfielder? 
 
Problem 2
An independent research organization is trying to estimate the probability that an accident at a nuclear power
plant will result in radiation leakage. The types of accidents possible at the plant are, fire hazards, mechanical
failure, or human error. The research organization also knows that two or more types of accidents cannot occur
simultaneously.
According to the studies carried out by the organization, the probability of a radiation leak in case of a fire is
20%, the probability of a radiation leak in case of a mechanical 50%, and the probability of a radiation leak in
case of a human error is 10%. The studies also showed the following;
 The probability of a radiation leak occurring simultaneously with a fire is 0.1%.
 The probability of a radiation leak occurring simultaneously with a mechanical failure is 0.15%.
 The probability of a radiation leak occurring simultaneously with a human error is 0.12%.

On the basis of the information available, answer the questions below:

Problem 3:
The breaking strength of gunny bags used for packaging cement is normally distributed with a mean of 5 kg per
sq. centimeter and a standard deviation of 1.5 kg per sq. centimeter. The quality team of the cement company
wants to know the following about the packaging material to better understand wastage or pilferage within the
supply chain; Answer the questions below based on the given information; (Provide an appropriate visual
representation of your answers, without which marks will be deducted)

3.1 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength less than 3.17 kg per sq cm?
3.2 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength at least 3.6 kg per sq cm.?
3.3 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength between 5 and 5.5 kg per sq cm.?
3.4 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength NOT between 3 and 7.5 kg per sq cm.?
 
Problem 4:
Grades of the final examination in a training course are found to be normally distributed, with a mean of 77 and
a standard deviation of 8.5. Based on the given information answer the questions below.
 
4.1 What is the probability that a randomly chosen student gets a grade below 85 on this exam?
4.2 What is the probability that a randomly selected student scores between 65 and 87?
4.3 What should be the passing cut-off so that 75% of the students clear the exam?
 
Problem 5:
Zingaro stone printing is a company that specializes in printing images or patterns on polished or unpolished
stones. However, for the optimum level of printing of the image the stone surface has to have a Brinell's
hardness index of at least 150. Recently, Zingaro has received a batch of polished and unpolished stones from
its clients. Use the data provided to answer the following (assuming a 5% significance level);
 
5.1 Earlier experience of Zingaro with this particular client is favorable as the stone surface was found to be of
adequate hardness. However, Zingaro has reason to believe now that the unpolished stones may not be suitable
for printing. Do you think Zingaro is justified in thinking so?
5.2 Is the mean hardness of the polished and unpolished stones the same?
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Problem 6:
Aquarius health club, one of the largest and most popular cross-fit gyms in the country has been advertising a
rigorous program for body conditioning. The program is considered successful if the candidate is able to do
more than 5 push-ups, as compared to when he/she enrolled in the program. Using the sample data provided can
you conclude whether the program is successful? (Consider the level of Significance as 5%)
Note that this is a problem of the paired-t-test. Since the claim is that the training will make a difference of
more than 5, the null and alternative hypotheses must be formed accordingly.
 
Problem 7:
Dental implant data: The hardness of metal implant in dental cavities depends on multiple factors, such as the
method of implant, the temperature at which the metal is treated, the alloy used as well as on the dentists who
may favour one method above another and may work better in his/her favourite method. The response is the
variable of interest.
1. Test whether there is any difference among the dentists on the implant hardness. State the null and alternative
hypotheses. Note that both types of alloys cannot be considered together. You must state the null and alternative
hypotheses separately for the two types of alloys.?
2. Before the hypotheses may be tested, state the required assumptions. Are the assumptions fulfilled? Comment
separately on both alloy types.? 
3. Irrespective of your conclusion in 2, we will continue with the testing procedure. What do you conclude regarding
whether implant hardness depends on dentists? Clearly state your conclusion. If the null hypothesis is rejected, is it
possible to identify which pairs of dentists differ?
4. Now test whether there is any difference among the methods on the hardness of dental implant, separately for the two
types of alloys. What are your conclusions? If the null hypothesis is rejected, is it possible to identify which pairs of
methods differ?
5. Now test whether there is any difference among the temperature levels on the hardness of dental implant, separately for
the two types of alloys. What are your conclusions? If the null hypothesis is rejected, is it possible to identify which
levels of temperatures differ?
6. Consider the interaction effect of dentist and method and comment on the interaction plot, separately for the two types
of alloys?
7. Now consider the effect of both factors, dentist, and method, separately on each alloy. What do you conclude? Is it
possible to identify which dentists are different, which methods are different, and which interaction levels are different?
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Solution
Problem 1
1.1 What is the probability that a randomly chosen player would suffer an injury?
Probability of a randomly chosen player can be calculated as 145/235 = 61.70%

1.2 What is the probability that a player is a forward or a winger?

1.3 What is the probability that a randomly chosen player plays in a striker position and has a foot injury?
Probability of a randomly chosen player can be calculated as 45/235 = 19.15%

1.4 What is the probability that a randomly chosen injured player is a striker?
Probability of a randomly chosen player injured player is a striker can be calculated as 45/145 = 31.03%

1.5 What is the probability that a randomly chosen injured player is either a forward or an attacking midfielder? 
Probability of a randomly chosen player injured player is is either a forward or an attacking midfielder (56+24)/145=
55.17%

Problem 2
2.1 What are the probabilities of a fire, a mechanical failure, and a human error respectively?
Probabilities are as below;

Fire 0.90%
Mechanical Failure 0.85%
Human Error 0.88%

2.2 What is the probability of a radiation leak?

2.3 Suppose there has been a radiation leak in the reactor for which the definite cause is not known. What is the
probability that it has been caused by:
RL-Y RL-N RL_y(p) RL_N(p)
Fire 0.2 0.001 0.009 0.0002 0.0018 18.69%
Mechanical 0.5 0.0015 0.0085 0.0008 0.00425 70.09%
Human Error 0.1 0.0012 0.0088 0.0001 0.00088 11.21%
0.0011
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Problem 3
3.1 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength less than 3.17 kg per sq cm?
Proportion of Gunny bag having a breaking strength less than 3.17 kg is 88.88.

3.2 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength at least 3.6 kg per sq cm.?
Proportion of Gunny bag having a breaking strength at least 3.6 kg is 82.47%

3.3 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength between 5 and 5.5 kg per sq cm.?
Proportion of Gunny bag having a breaking strength between 5 and 5.5 kg per sq cm is 13.06%
3.3 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength NOT between 3 and 7.5 kg per sq cm.?
Proportion of Gunny bag having a breaking strength not between 3 and 7.5 kg per sq cm is 13.90%

Problem 4
4.1 What is the probability that a randomly chosen student gets a grade below 85 on this exam?
Probability of a randomly chosen student gets a grade below 85 on this exam is 82.67%.

4.2 What is the probability that a randomly selected student scores between 65 and 87?
Probability of a randomly selected student scores between 65 and 87 is 80.13%

4.3 What should be the passing cut-off so that 75% of the students clear the exam?
Probability of cut-off so that 75% of the students clear the exam 71.27%

Problem 5

5.1 Earlier experience of Zingaro with this particular client is favorable as the stone surface was found to be of
adequate hardness. However, Zingaro has reason to believe now that the unpolished stones may not be suitable
for printing. Do you think Zingaro is justified in thinking so?
Hypothesis Formulation
H0 = unpolished stones are suitable for printing.
H1 = unpolished stones are not suitable for printing.

Hence after performing the T test, we can say that we reject the Null Hypothesis and can conclude that Assessment of
Zingaro is correct to say that unpolished stones are not suitable for Printing.
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5.2 Is the mean hardness of the polished and unpolished stones the same?
Hypothesis Formulation
H0 = Mean Hardness of the Polished and unpolished stones are same
H1 = Mean Hardness of the Polished and unpolished stones are not same

With the result we can reject the Null Hypothesis and conclude that Mean hardness of the Polished and unpolished
stones are not same.

Problem 6:
Aquarius health club, one of the largest and most popular cross-fit gyms in the country has been advertising a
rigorous program for body conditioning. The program is considered successful if the candidate is able to do
more than 5 push-ups, as compared to when he/she enrolled in the program. Using the sample data provided can
you conclude whether the program is successful? (Consider the level of Significance as 5%)

Note that this is a problem of the paired-t-test. Since the claim is that the training will make a difference of
more than 5, the null and alternative hypotheses must be formed accordingly.

As the p-value comes out to less than 0.05 hence we fail to reject the null hypothesis. So, we have enough proof to claim
that Program is unsuccessful as the candidate is not able to perform 5 push-ups.

Problem 7:
1. Test whether there is any difference among the dentists on the implant hardness. State the null and
alternative hypotheses. Note that both types of alloys cannot be considered together. You must state the
null and alternative hypotheses separately for the two types of alloys.?
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2. Before the hypotheses may be tested, state the required assumptions. Are the assumptions fulfilled?
Comment separately on both alloy types.? 
The assumptions are as follow and we can agree that the assumptions are met for both alloy types.

3. Irrespective of your conclusion in 2, we will continue with the testing procedure. What do you conclude
regarding whether implant hardness depends on dentists? Clearly state your conclusion. If the null
hypothesis is rejected, is it possible to identify which pairs of dentists differ?
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4. Now test whether there is any difference among the methods on the hardness of dental implant,
separately for the two types of alloys. What are your conclusions? If the null hypothesis is rejected, is it
possible to identify which pairs of methods differ?
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5. Now test whether there is any difference among the temperature levels on the hardness of dental
implant, separately for the two types of alloys. What are your conclusions? If the null hypothesis is
rejected, is it possible to identify which levels of temperatures differ?
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6. Consider the interaction effect of dentist and method and comment on the interaction plot, separately
for the two types of alloys?

7. Now consider the effect of both factors, dentist, and method, separately on each alloy. What do you
conclude? Is it possible to identify which dentists are different, which methods are different, and which
interaction levels are different?