Calc 152 Qs Practice Collection

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Calc 152 Qs - practice collection
Calculus II (Simon Fraser University)
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A Collection of Problems in Integral Calculus

Problems Given At the Math 152 - Calculus II
Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University
1992 - 2010
Timothy Chung · Sibo Gao · Ilya Grebeshkov · Veselin Jungic

Maria Kaardal · Eric LeGresley · Ahmed Medhioub · Afshin Nikzat
Demin Ruan · Manpreet Singh · Steve Yang · John Zwiep
Department of Mathematics
Simon Fraser University
c Draft date July 16, 2011


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To my sons, my best teachers. - Veselin Jungic

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Contents
Contents i
Preface 1
Recommendations for Success in Mathematics 3
1 Integrals 11
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2 Definition of the Definite Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 Properties of Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 Techniques Of Integration 17
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Table Integrals and the Substitution Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Integration By Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Trigonometric Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5 Trigonometric Substitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.6 Integration By Partial Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.7 Approximate Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.8 Improper Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3 Applications Of Integrals 33
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

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3.2 Areas Between Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.3 Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4 Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.5 Average Value of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.6 Arc Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.7 Area of a Surface of Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.8 Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4 Sequences And Series 57

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2 Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.4 Power Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.5 Taylor and Maclaurin Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5 Miscellaneous Problems 71
5.1 True or False . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2 Mixed Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Bibliography 75

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Preface
The purpose of this Collection of Problems is to be an additional learning resource

for students who are taking an integral calculus course at Simon Fraser University.
The Collection contains problems given at Math 152 - Calculus II final exams in
the period 1992-2010. The problems are sorted by topic and most of them are
accompanied with hints or solutions.
No project such as this can be free from errors and incompleteness. The au-
thors will be grateful to everyone who points out any typos, incorrect solutions, or
sends any other suggestion on how to improve this manuscript.
Timothy Chung, Sibo Gao, Ilya Grebeshkov, Veselin Jungic, Maria Kaardal, Eric
LeGresley, Ahmed Medhioub, Afshin Nikzat, Demin Ruan, Manpreet Singh, Steve
Yang, and John Zwiep
Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University

Contact address: [email protected]
In Burnaby, B.C., June 2011

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Recommendations for Success in

Mathematics by Petra Menz
The following is a list of various categories gathered by the Department of Mathe-

matics. This list is a recommendation to all students who are thinking about their
well-being, learning, and goals, and who want to be successful academically.
Tips for Reading these Recommendations:

• Do not be overwhelmed with the size of this list. You may not want to read
the whole document at once, but choose some categories that appeal to you.
• You may want to make changes in your habits and study approaches after
reading the recommendations. Our advice is to take small steps. Small changes
are easier to make, and chances are those changes will stick with you and
become part of your habits.
• Take time to reflect on the recommendations. Look at the people in your

life you respect and admire for their accomplishments. Do you believe the
recommendations are reflected in their accomplishments?
Habits of a Successful Student:

• Acts responsibly: This student
– reads the documents (such as course outline) that are passed on by the
instructor and acts on them.
– takes an active role in their education.
– does not cheat and encourages academic integrity in others.

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• Sets goals: This student
– sets attainable goals based on specific information such as the academic

calendar, academic advisor, etc..
– is motivated to reach the goals.
– is committed to becoming successful.
– understands that their physical, mental, and emotional well-being influ-
ences how well they can perform academically.
• Is reflective: This student
– understands that deep learning comes out of reflective activities.

– reflects on their learning by revisiting assignments, midterm exams, and
quizzes and comparing them against posted solutions.
– reflects why certain concepts and knowledge are more readily or less read-
ily acquired.
– knows what they need to do by having analyzed their successes and their
failures.
• Is inquisitive: This student
– is active in a course and asks questions that aid their learning and build
their knowledge base.
– seeks out their instructor after a lecture and during office hours to clarify
concepts and content and to find out more about the subject area.
– shows an interest in their program of studies that drives them to do well.
• Can communicate: This student
– articulates questions.
– can speak about the subject matter of their courses, for example by ex-
plaining concepts to their friends.
– takes good notes that pay attention to detail but still give a holistic
picture.
– pays attention to how mathematics is written and attempts to use a
similar style in their written work.
– pays attention to new terminology and uses it in their written and oral
work.
• Enjoys learning: This student

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– is passionate about their program of study.

– is able to cope with a course they dont like because they see the bigger
picture.
– is a student because they made a positive choice to be one.
– reviews study notes, textbooks, etc..
– works through assignments individually at first and way before the due
date.
– does extra problems.
– reads course related material.
• Is resourceful: This student
– uses the resources made available by the course and instructor such as
the Math Workshop, the course container on WebCT, course websites,
etc..
– researches how to get help in certain areas by visiting the instructor, or
academic advisor, or other support structures offered through the univer-
sity.
– uses the library and internet thoughtfully and purposefully to find addi-
tional resources for a certain area of study.
• Is organized: This student
– adopts a particular method for organizing class notes and extra material
that aids their way of thinking and learning.
• Manages his/her time effectively: This student
– is in control of their time.

– makes and follows a schedule that is more than a timetable of course. It
includes study time, research time, social time, sports time, etc..
• Is involved: This student
– is informed about their program of study and their courses and takes an
active role in them.
– researches how to get help in certain areas by visiting the instructor, or
academic advisor, or other support structures offered through the univer-
sity.

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– joins a study group or uses the support that is being offered such as
a Math Workshop (that accompanies many first and second year math
courses in the Department of Mathematics) or the general SFU Student
Learning Commons Workshops.
– sees the bigger picture and finds ways to be involved in more than just
studies. This student looks for volunteer opportunities, for example as
a Teaching Assistant in one of the Mathematics Workshops or with the
MSU (Math Student Union).
How to Prepare for Exams:

• Start preparing for an exam on the FIRST DAY OF LECTURES!
• Come to all lectures and listen for where the instructor stresses material or
points to classical mistakes. Make a note about these pointers.
• Treat each chapter with equal importance, but distinguish among items within
a chapter.
• Study your lecture notes in conjunction with the textbook because it was
chosen for a reason.
• Pay particular attention to technical terms from each lecture. Understand
them and use them appropriately yourself. The more you use them, the more
fluent you will become.
• Pay particular attention to definitions from each lecture. Know the major ones
by heart.
• Pay particular attention to theorems from each lecture. Know the major ones
by heart.
• Pay particular attention to formulas from each lecture. Know the major ones
by heart.
• Create a cheat sheet that summarizes terminology, definitions, theorems, and
formulas. You should think of a cheat sheet as a very condensed form of lecture
notes that organizes the material to aid your understanding. (However, you
may not take this sheet into an exam unless the instructor specifically says
so.)
• Check your assignments against the posted solutions. Be critical and compare
how you wrote up a solution versus the instructor/textbook.

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• Read through or even work through the paper assignments, online assignments,
and quizzes (if any) a second time.
• Study the examples in your lecture notes in detail. Ask yourself, why they
were offered by the instructor.
• Work through some of the examples in your textbook, and compare your
solution to the detailed solution offered by the textbook.
• Does your textbook come with a review section for each chapter or grouping
of chapters? Make use of it. This may be a good starting point for a cheat
sheet. There may also be additional practice questions.
• Practice writing exams by doing old midterm and final exams under the same
constraints as a real midterm or final exam: strict time limit, no interruptions,
no notes and other aides unless specifically allowed.
• Study how old exams are set up! How many questions are there on average?
What would be a topic header for each question? Rate the level of difficulty
of each question. Now come up with an exam of your own making and have
a study partner do the same. Exchange your created exams, write them, and
then discuss the solutions.
Getting and Staying Connected:

• Stay in touch with family and friends:
– A network of family and friends can provide security, stability, support,

encouragement, and wisdom.
– This network may consist of people that live nearby or far away. Tech-
nology in the form of cell phones, email, facebook, etc. is allowing us to
stay connected no matter where we are. However, it is up to us at times
to reach out and stay connected.
– Do not be afraid to talk about your accomplishments and difficulties
with people that are close to you and you feel safe with, to get different
perspectives.
• Create a study group or join one:
– Both the person being explained to and the person doing the explaining
benefit from this learning exchange.

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– Study partners are great resources! They can provide you with notes and
important information if you miss a class. They may have found a great
book, website, or other resource for your studies.
• Go to your faculty or department and find out what student groups there are:
– The Math Student Union (MSU) seeks and promotes student interests
within the Department of Mathematics at Simon Fraser University and
the Simon Fraser Student Society. In addition to open meetings, MSU
holds several social events throughout the term. This is a great place to
find like-minded people and to get connected within mathematics.
– Student groups or unions may also provide you with connections after
you complete your program and are seeking either employment or further
areas of study.
• Go to your faculty or department and find out what undergraduate outreach

programs there are:
– There is an organized group in the Department of Mathematics led by

Dr. Jonathan Jedwab that prepares for the William Lowell Putnam
Mathematical Competition held annually the first Saturday in Decem-
ber: http://www.math.sfu.ca/ ugrad/putnam.shtml
– You can apply to become an undergraduate research assistant in the
Department of Mathematics, and (subject to eligibility) apply for an
NSERC USRA (Undergraduate Student Research Award):
http://www.math.sfu.ca/ugrad/ awards/nsercsu.shtml
– You can attend the Math: Outside the Box series which is an undergrad-
uate seminar that presents on all sorts of topics concerning mathematics.
Staying Healthy:
• A healthy mind, body, and soul promote success. Create a healthy lifestyle by
taking an active role in this lifelong process.
• Mentally:
– Feed your intellectual hunger! Choose a program of study that suits

your talents and interests. You may want to get help by visiting with an
academic advisor: math [email protected].
– Take breaks from studying! This clears your mind and energizes you.

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• Physically:
– Eat well! Have regular meals and make them nutritious.

– Exercise! You may want to get involved in a recreational sport.
– Get out rain or shine! Your body needs sunshine to produce vitamin D,
which is important for healthy bones.
– Sleep well! Have a bed time routine that will relax you so that you get
good sleep. Get enough sleep so that you are energized.
• Socially:
– Make friends! Friends are good for listening, help you to study, and make
you feel connected.
– Get involved! Join a university club or student union.
Resources:
• Old exams for courses serviced through a workshop that are maintained by
the Department of Mathematics: http:www.math.sfu.caugradworkshops
• WolframAlpha Computational Knowledge Engine:

http://www.wolframalpha.com/examples/Math.html
• Survival Guide to 1st Year Mathematics at SFU:

http://www.math.sfu.ca/ugrad/guide1.shtml
• Survival Guide to 2nd-4th Year Mathematics at SFU:

http://www.math.sfu.ca/ugrad/guide2.shtml
• SFU Student Learning Commons: http://learningcommons.sfu.ca/
• SFU Student Success Programs:

http://students.sfu.ca/advising/studentsuccess/index.html
• SFU Writing for University: http://learningcommons.sfu.ca/strategies/writing
• SFU Health & Counselling Services: http://students.sfu.ca/health/
• How to Ace Calculus: The Streetwise Guide:

http://www.math.ucdavis.edu/ hass/Calculus/HTAC/excerpts/excerpts.html
• 16 Habits of Mind (1 page summary): http://www.chsvt.org/wdp/Habits of Mind.pdf

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10
References:
Thien, S. J. Bulleri, A. The Teaching Professor. Vol. 10, No. 9, November
1996. Magna Publications.
Costa, A. L. and Kallick, B. 16 Habits of Mind.

http://www.instituteforhabitsofmind.com/what-are-habits-mind.

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Chapter 1
Integrals
1.1 Introduction
1. Area. The area A of the region S that lies under the graph of the continuous
function f is the limit of the sum of the areas of approximating rectangles:
A = lim Rn = lim (f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + ... + f (xn )) · ∆x.

n→∞ n→∞
We often use sigma notation:

n
X
A = lim Rn = lim f (xi )∆x.
n→∞ n→∞
i=1
2. Definite Integral. If f is a continuous function defined on the closed interval

[a, b], we divide a, b] into n subintervals of equal width ∆x = (b?a)/n. We let
x0 = a, x1 , x2 , . . . , xn = b be the end points of these subintervals and let
x∗1 , x∗2 , . . . , x∗n be any sample points in these subintervals, so x∗i lies in the i-th
subinterval [x∗i−1 , x∗i ]. Then the definite integral of f from a to b is
Z b n
X
f (x)dx = lim f (x∗i )∆x.
a n→∞
i=1
Z b
3. Vocabulary. f (x)dx:
a
R
• - integral sign
11

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12 CHAPTER 1. INTEGRALS
• f (x) - integrand
• a and b - limits of integration
• a - lower limit
• b - upper limit
• The procedure of calculating an integral is called integration.
Xn
• f (x∗i )∆x - Riemann sum (Bernhard Riemann, German mathemati-
i=1
cian, 1826-1866)
4. If m ≤ f (x) ≤ M for a ≤ x ≤ b, then
Z b
m(b − a) ≤ f (x)dx ≤ M (b − a).
a
5. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1. If f is a continuous Z x

on [a, b], we divide [a, b], then the function g defined by g(x) = f (t)dt,
a
a ≤ x ≤ b, is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), and g ′ (x) = f (x).
6. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2. If f is continuous on
[a, b], then
Z b
f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a)
a
where F is any antiderivative of f , that is a function such that F ′ = f .
R
7. Indefinite Integral. f (x)dx = F (x) means that F ′ (x) = f (x).
8. The Net Change Theorem. The integral of a rate of change is the net
change: Z b
F ′ (x)dx = F (b) − F (a).
a
1.2 Definition of the Definite Integral

1. Let y= f (x) be a function which is continuos and increasing on [a, b] such that
c = f (a) and d =f (b).
Let g(x) be a continuos function on [c, d] which is inverse to f .
Rb
(a) State the geometrical significance of a f (x)dx.
Rb Rb
(b) Explain carefully why a f (x)dx + a g(y)dy = bd − ac.

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1.2. DEFINITION OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 13
2. Use a regular partition of n subintervals to write the right end-point Riemann

1
Sum for the function f (x) = 1−x 2 for x in the interval [1,5].
Simplify and leave your answer in summation notation of a simple simple

fraction in terms of n and the index of the summation i.
Z 5
3. (a) Use Riemann sums to evaluate ex dx.
0
1 + 2 + 3 3 + · · · + n3
3 3
(b) Evaluate the limit lim 4
by recognizing it as a Rie-
n→∞
n
n
X n2 (n + 1)2
mann sum. You may use i3 = .
i=1
4
Z 5
4. (a) Use Riemann sums to evaluate: ex dx.
0
13 +23 +33 +...+n3
(b) Evaluate the limit by recognizing it as a Riemann sum: limn→∞ n4
.
n
X n2 (n + 1)2
You may use i3 = .
i=1
4
5. (a) Find an expression (in terms of n only) for the approximate area under
f (x) = 3x2 + 2 between x = 1 and x = 4 using n equal subintervals.
Choose the sample point (x∗i ) to be the right-hand endpoint of the subin-
terval.
(b) Use a limit to find the exact area in part (a). (No credit will be given for
simply using an antiderivative)
6. Use the definition of an integral (with right end-points) to evaluate the integral
Z 2
(x2 − x) dx.
0
7. (a) Express the area of the region that lies under the curve y = cos x and
above the interval [−π/2, π/2] on the x-axis as the limit of right Riemann
sums
(b) Find the area of the region that lies between the curves y = x3 +x2 −x−1
and y = x2 − 1
8. (a) Using a regular partition and the right endpoints of each subinterval, set
up and simplify the Riemann sum for the function f (x) = x2 + 5 on the
interval [0,2].
(b) Use the RRiemann sum you set up in part a) to calculate the definite
2
integral 0 (x2 + 5) dx. No credit will be given if you evaluate the integral
using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

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R4 Xh 2i
i
2
9. By definition, 2
2x dx = lim 2(2+ n ) n
n→∞
n−1
X
(a) Evaluate the limit above directily by using the formula arn−1 = a +
i=1
a(1−r n )
ar + ar2 + · · · + arn−1 = 1−r
and L’Hospital’s rule.
(b) Evaluate the integral by using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (or
the Evaluation Theorem).
10. (a) Using n equal intervals and the right-hand endpoints of each interval, set
up the Riemann sum for the function f (x) = x2 + 3 on the interval [0,3].
(b) Use the Riemann sum you set up in part a) to calculate a numerical value
for
Z 3
(x2 + 3)dx.
0
[Do NOT use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus]
1.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

d
Z sin x √
1. Evaluate ( 1 − t2 dt), where π/2≤ x≤ π.
dx 0
R x3
2. Find G′ (x) given G(x) = 0 t3 cos t dt.
Z sin x
d
3. Find ln(t3 − 2)dt.
dx π
Z 17
4. If we define the function f (x) as f (x) = sin(t3 )dt then find f ′ (x).
x2
d
Z 2 √
3
5. Find 1 − t3 dt.
dx x2
R x2 √ √
6. Define the function F by F (x) = 0 t + sin πt dt. Compute F ′ (1/ 2) and
explain the computation. Do not attempt to evaluate the integral which defines
F (x).
Z ex
d
7. Simplify the expression sin(t) cos(t)dt.
dx 2x

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1.3. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 15

x √
f (t)
Z
8. Find a function f and a number a such that 6 + 2
dt = 2 x for all
a t
x > 0.
x √
f (t)
Z
9. Find a function f and a number a such that a + dt = 2 x for all
9 t2
x ≥ 0.
ex
ln t
Z
10. If the function F is defined by F (x) = dt then evaluate F ′ (ln 3). Do
1 t+4
not attempt to evaluate the integral which defines F (x).
Z sec x q
11. Define the function F by F (x) = tan−1 (t2 )dt. Compute F ′ (x). Do
0
not attempt to evaluate the integral which defines F (x).
Z 14
12. Suppose y(x) = 3 sin5 sds. Find y ′ (x).
x
Z x3
13. Find G (x) given G(x) =
′
t3 cos(t) dt.
0
ln x
d
Z
14. Find sin (t2 + 1)dt.
dx e
15. (a) State both parts of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Z t
d sin x
(b) Evaluate dt √ dx
0 1 + x2
16. (a) State the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
R ex
(b) Find the derivative of the function g(x) = 3x2 (t3 + 2)dt.
(c) Suppose that the point (0, 5) belongs to the graph of a differentiable
function y = f (x). Also Zsuppose that p Zand q belong to the domain of f
p q
and that f (p) = 10 and f ′ (x)dx = 5 f ′ (x)dx. Find f (q).
0 0
17. (a) State both parts of the Fundamental Therem of Calculus.

Z 2
d t sin(x2 )
(b) Evaluate √ dx.
dt −t3 1 + ex
18. Write down a “formula” for a function g(x), defined for all real numbers x,
such that g ′ (x) = esin x for all x. [Hint: Your “formula” can involve an integral!]

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x2
1 1
Z
′
19. Define the function F by: F (x) = dt. Compute F √
0 2 + cos(πt) 2
and explain the computation. Do not attempt to evaluate the integral which
defines F (x).
Z x Z b
20. Let f be a continuous function with the property that f (t)dt = (t)dt
a x
for all x in the interval [a, b], (a 6= b). Show that f (x) = 0 for all x in [a, b].
R x3
21. If x sin πx = 1 f (t) dt, where f is a continuous function, find f (8).
Rx
22. Let ln function be defined as ln x = 1 1t dt, x > 0. Show that ln(xy) =
ln x + ln y for any two positive real numbers x and y.
Z x2 p
√
23. Define the function F by: F (x) = t + sin (πt) dt. Compute F ′ (1/ 2)
0
and explain the computation. Do not attempt to evaluate the integral which
defines F (x).
1.4 Properties of Integrals

1. Which of the following inequalities is true?
Z 1 Z 1
dx dx
5 1/2
< 5 1/2
0 (1 + x + x) 0 (1 + x + 2x)
Z 1 Z 1
dx dx
5 1/2
< 5 1/2
0 (1 + x + 2x) 0 (1 + x + x)
You may assume that the integrals are not equal. Justify your answer briefly.
Do not try to evaluate the integrals.
Z Z
′
2. Consider the formula xf (x)dx = xf (x) − f (x)dx, where f is a differen-
tiable function.
(a) Show that the formula is valid.
x
Z
(b) Use the formula to compute √
3
dx.
x−1
(c) Z
Suppose that y = f (x) is differentiable, f (2) = −3, f (6) = −6 and
6 Z 6
f (x)dx = −10. Compute xf ′ (x)dx.
2 2

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Chapter 2
Techniques Of Integration
2.1 Introduction
1. The Substitution Rule. If u = g(x) is a differentiable function whose range
is an interval I and f is continuous on I, then
Z Z
′
f (g(x))g (x)dx = f (u)du.
2. Substitution Rule for Definite Integrals. If g ′ is continuous on [a, b] and

if f is continuous on the range of u = g(x), then
Z b Z g(b)
′
f (g(x))g (x)dx = f (u)du.
a g(a)
3. Integration By Parts. Let f and g be differentiable functions. Then

Z Z
f (x)g (x)dx = f (x)g(x) − g(x)f ′ (x)dx.
′
R R
Or, for u = f (x) and v = g(x),
udv = uv − vdu.
4. Products of Sines and Cosines. sinn x cosm xdx

R
(a) At least one of the numbers n and m is odd:

Z Z
2k+1
sin x cos xdx = (1 − cos2 x)k cosm x sin xdx
m
17

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18 CHAPTER 2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
(b) Both n and m are even:

Z p q
1 − cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
Z Z
n m 2p 2q
sin x cos xdx = sin x cos xdx = dx
2 2
5. Products of Secants and Tangents. tann x secm xdx
R
(a) n = 2k + 1 is an odd positive integer:

Z Z
2k+1
tan x sec xdx = (sec2 x − 1)k secn−1 x sec x tan xdx.
m
(b) m = 2k is an even positive integer.

Z Z
tan x sec xdx = tanm (1 + tan2 x)k−1 sec2 xdx.
n m
6. Trigonometric Substitutions.
If the Integral Then And Use
Involves Substitute the Indetity
a2 − u2 u = a sin θ 1 − sin2 θ = cos2 θ
a2 + u2 u = a tan θ 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
u2 − a2 u = a sec θ sec2 θ − 1 = tan2 θ
7. Integration of Rational Functions. Integrate a rational function

P (x)
f (x) = .
Q(x)
If deg P (x) ≥ deg Q(x) then, by long division, there are polynomials R(x) and
S(x) such that deg S(x) < deg Q(x)
P (x) S(x)
= R(x) + .
Q(x) Q(x)
Since
P (x) S(x)
Z Z Z
dx = R(x)dx + dx
Q(x) Q(x)
P (x)
the general problem reduces to the problem of integration of f (x) = Q(x)
with
deg P (x) < deg Q(x).
P (x)
Let f (x) = Q(x)
with deg P (x) < deg Q(x).
Fact. Every polynomial Q can be factored as a product of linear factors (of
the form ax + b) and irreducible quadratic forms (of the form ax2 + bx + c,
where b2 − 4ac < 0).
Three steps.

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2.1. INTRODUCTION 19
• Step 1 Factor Q(x) as

Q(x) = (a1 x+b1 )r1 . . . (an x+bn )rn (c1 x2 +d1 x+e1 )s1 . . . (cm x2 +dm x+em )sm
P (x)
• Step 2 Express f (x) = Q(x)
as a sum of partial fractions of the form
P (x) A1,1 A1,2 A1,r1

= + 2
+ ... + +
Q(x) a1 x + b1 (a1 x + b1 ) (a1 x + b1 )r1
..
.
An,1 An,2 An,rn
= + 2
+ ... + +
an x + bn (an x + bn ) (an x + bn )rn
B1,1 x + C1,1 B1,2 x + C1,2 B1,s1 x + C1,s1
= 2
+ 2 2
+ ... + +
c1 x + d1 x + e1 (c1 x + d1 x + e1 ) (c1 x2 + d1 x + e1 )s1
..
.
Bm,1 x + Cm,1 Bm,2 x + Cm,2 Bm,sm x + Cm,sm
= 2
+ 2 2
+ ... +
cm x + dm x + em (cm x + dm x + em ) (cm x2 + dm x + em )sm
• Step 3 Integrate.
8. Approximate Integration:
(a) Endpoint Approximation. The left-point approximation Ln and the

Rb
right-point approximation Rn to a f (x)dx with ∆x = b−a
n
are
n
X
Ln = f (xi−1 )∆x
i=1
and
n
X
Rn = f (xi )∆x.
i=1
(b) Midpoint Approximation. The midpoint approximation Mn with

∆x = b−a
n
is
n
X
Mn = f (xi )∆x
i=1
where
xi−1 + xi
xi = .
2

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(c) Trapezoid Rule. The trapezoidal approximation to

Z b
b−a
f (x)dx with ∆x =
a n
is
∆x
Tn = [f (x0 ) + 2f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + . . . + 2f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )].
2
(d) Error Bounds. Suppose that |f ”(x)| ≤ K for a ≤ x ≤ b. If ET and EM
are the errors in the Trapezoidal and Midpoint Rules then
K(b − a)3 K(b − a)3
|ET | ≤ and |E M | ≤ .
12n2 24n2
(e) Simpson’s Rule. Let f be continuous on [a, b] and let [a, b] be divided
into n subintervals
[a = x0 , x1 ], [x1 , x2 ], . . . , [xn−1 , xn = b]
of equal length ∆x = b−a n
with n even.
Then
Rb
a
f (x)dx ≈ Sn = ∆x 3
[f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + 4f (x3 ) + . . . + 2f (xn−2 ) +
4f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )].
(f) Error Bound for Simpson’s Rule. Suppose that |f (4) (x)| ≤ K for
a ≤ x ≤ b. If ES is the errors involved in using Simpson’s Rule, then
K(b − a)5
|ES | ≤ .
180n4
9. Improper Integral of Type I.
Rt
(a) If a f (x)dx exists for every number t ≥ a, then
Z ∞ Z t
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx
a t→∞ a
provided hat this limit exists (as a finite number).

Rb
(b) If t f (x)dx exists for every number t ≤ b, then
Z b Z b
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx
−∞ t→−∞ t

R∞ Rb
The improper integrals a f (x)dx and −∞ f (x)dx are called conver-
gent if the corresponding limit exists and divergent if the limit does
not exists.

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2.2. TABLE INTEGRALS AND THE SUBSTITUTION RULE 21

R∞ Rb
(c) If both a
f (x)dx and −∞
f (x)dx are convergent, then we define
Z ∞ Z a Z ∞
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx.
−∞ −∞ a
10. Improper Integral of Type II.
(a) If f is continuous on [a, b) and is discontinuous at b, then

Z b Z t
f (x)dx = lim− f (x)dx
a t→b a

(b) If f is continuous on (a, b] and is discontinuous at a, then
Z b Z b
f (x)dx = lim+ f (x)dx
a t→a t

Rb
The improper integrals a f (x)dx is called convergent if the correspond-
ing limit exists and divergent if the limit does not exists.
Rc
(c) If f has a discontinuity at c, where a < c < b, and both a f (x)dx and
Rb
c
f (x)dx are convergent, then we define
Z b Z c Z b
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx.
a a c
2.2 Table Integrals and the Substitution Rule

4 √
dx
Z
(1 + x)4
Z
1. 5. √ dx.
x2 + 5 2 1 x
x+1
Z Z 2 √
2. √ dx 6. x2 1 + x3 dx
x3 0
dx
Z
ex
Z
3. √ √ 7. dx
x+1+ x e2x + 2ex + 2
x
Z Z
2 3x3 −1 √
4. xe dx. 8. dx
16 − x4

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Z 4 √
Z √
9. e dt t 24. x5 x3 + 1 dx
0
√
ex
Z
tan−1 t
Z
10. dx 25. √ dt
e2x + 2ex + 2 t
Z
11. x2 e3x
3 −1
dx
Z 2 √
26. t3 4 − t2 dt
0
dx
Z
12. e
ln x
Z
x ln x 27. dx
1 x
Z 2
2
√
13. x 1 + x3 dx 28. x sec(x2 ) tan(x2 ) dx
0
Z 1
arctan x
√
3
ln(arcsin x)
Z
2
√ 29. dx
14. dx 0 1 + x2
1
2
1 − x2
1
Z
t √
Z
30. √ dx
15. √ dt x+1− x
4 − t2
x
Z
9
1
Z
31. dx
16. √ √ dt 36 − x4
4 te t
cos(1/t)
Z
sec2 z
Z
32. dt
17. dz t2
tan z
Z 2
Z 2
18. e4x ln x (1 + ln x)dx 33. e4x ln x (1 + ln x) dx
1
1
√
Z
ln x3
Z
19. dx 34. tan−1 ( x)dx.
x
ex
Z
Z 2
20. 3
x (x + 1) 2 3/2
dx 35. dx.
ex + e2x
1
√ Z
x
Z 2
21. dx 36. sin x cos xecos x dx.
(3 + x)
Z
x3
Z 2 √
22. dx 37. x2 1 + x3 dx
1 + 4x2 0
3 ex
Z Z
23. dx 38. dx
x−1/2 (x3/2 − x1/2 ) e2x + 2ex + 2
39. Suppose f is continuous, f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1, f ′ (x) > 0 for all x, and

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2.3. INTEGRATION BY PARTS 23

R1 R 1 −1
0
f (x)dx = 1/3. Find the value of the integral 0
f (y) dy.
Z 1 Z 1
a b
40. If a and b are positive numbers, show that x (1 − x) dx = xb (1 − x)a dx.
0 0
√
3
Z 2
3
41. Compute the exact value for x2 e−x dx and explain you answer.
1
2.3 Integration By Parts

Use integration by parts to compute the following integrals:
ln x
Z
(1 + x)1/2
Z
1. dx 13. dx
(1 − x) 1/2 x3
R Z
2. arctan x dx 14. xe2x dx
3. x(ln x)2 dx
R Z
3
15. x5 e−x dx
4. x3 ln x
Z
x2 ex dx
Z
16.
5. e3x sin xdx
√
Z
17. arctan( x)dx
Z
3x
6. e cos 5xdx
Z
R
7. x sin x cos x dx 18. x2 ln xdx
1
Z Z
2
8. (ln x) dx 19. (x + 1)ex dx
0
1
Z Z
9. x2 (ln x)2 dx 20. x tan−1 x dx?
0
2
Z Z
10. xe−x dx 21. x ln(x + 1)dx
0
Z Z π/3
11. xe2x dx 22. 3x6 sin xdx
−π/3
4 √
√
Z Z
12. e t dt 23. x ln xdx.
0

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√
Z Z
24. sin xdx 26. x sin x cos x dx
π2 √
1
Z
25. cos xdx
0 2
Z eπ
27. Find an exact value for sin(ln t)dt. Hint. Begin with the substitution
1
u = ln t.

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2.4. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 25
2.4 Trigonometric Integrals

Z π Z
4
1. 2
cos θ tan θdθ 2 14. 3 cos2 x sin3 xdx
0
Z
π/4
1
Z
2. dx 15. (sin x)4 (cos x)3 dx
0 sin x + cos x
Z
Z π/4
3. cos3 θdθ 16. sin6 3x cos3 3xdx
0
π/2
Z Z
2
4. cos 5x dx 17. cot3 x csc4 xdx
π/6
1 + sin x
Z
1
Z
5. dx
1 − sin x 18. dx
Z sin x − cos x
6. tan2 θ sec4 θdθ 1
Z
19. dx.
Z 2 sin x + sin 2x
7. sec4 xdx Z
20. tan4 x sec4 xdx.
Z π/2
8. (4 sin3 x − 3 sin x)dx Z
cos x
0 21. dx
4 − sin2 x
Z π/2
9. cos3 x sin 2xdx R sin3 4t
0
22. cos2 4t
dt
tan3 x
Z Z
10. √ dx 23. sec3 x tan3 xdx
sec x
Z π
2
Z π/2
11. sin4 x cos3 x dx 24. sin3 x cos2 xdx
0 0
Z 3π/4
cos x
Z
12. sin4 xdx 25. dx
π/4 1 + sin2 x
π/4
1 + sin x
Z Z
3
13. tan (x) sec x dx 26. dx
0 1 − sin x
27. Let “c” and “s” Zabbreviate “cos x” and “sin

Z x” respectively. Using the recur-
rence relation m cm dx = cm−1 s + (m − 1) cm−2 dx, or otherwise, show that
Z π/2
5π
cos6 xdx = .
0 32

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Z π/4
28. Find an exact value for sec4 θ tan4 θdθ.
0
dx x
Z
29. Compute using the substitution, u = tan .
sin x + tan x 2
2.5 Trigonometric Substitutions

Use a trigonometric substitution to find the following integrals:
Z
1
Z √
1. √ dx 10. x2 x2 − 4dx
9 + 16x − 4x2
dx
Z
1
Z
2. 2
11. dx
x + 4x + 9
p
(x2 + 9)3
Z 2
1 Z
4
3. √ dx 12. √ dx
2x − x 2
1 x 4 + x2
2
Z 3
x2 Z 5√
4. 2 1/2
dx 13. −x2 + 6x − 5dx
0 (9 − x )
1
Z 3
1 Z
dx
5. 2 3
dx. 14. √
0 (x + 9) 1 + x2
4
Z Z
6. dx 15. (x − x2 )3/2 dx
(1 + x2 )2
dx
Z
Z 2p
7.
x2 − 6x + 13 16. | 1 − x2 |dx.
0
Z √ 2
x −1
x2
Z
8. dx
x 17. √ dx.
25 + x 2
x2
Z
√ 18. √ x 4 dx
R
9. dx
4−x 2 (16−x )
3
√ x
R
19. Using a geometric substitution compute the integral 25−x2
dx.
√
x2 −25
R
20. Using a geometric substitution compute the integral x
dx.

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2.6. INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS 27

√
3
1
Z
21. Convert dx into a trigonometric integral. Simplify, but do
1 x(4 − x2 )3/2
not evaluate, the trigonometric integral you obtain.
Z 2
dx
22. 2 3/2
0 (4 + x )
2.6 Integration By Partial Fractions

Use partial fractions to compute the following integrals:
Z 2 Z 3
x2 x3 + 2x − 1
1. dx 12. 2
dx
1 2x − 1 2 (x − 1)(x + 1)
dx
Z
x+5
Z
2. 13. dx
x2 − x − 2 x(4 − x2 )
1
Z
3. 3
dx Z
(x + 2)2
x +x 14. dx
x4 + 4x2
3
x
Z
4. dx. Z
x−1
2x − 1 15. dx
2
x (2x + 1)
2x − 4
Z
5. dx.
x2 − x Z 3
2x
16. 2
dx
2 (x − 1)(x + 1)
4
x + 16
Z
6. dx
x(x2 + 4)2
3x + 1
Z 6 17. dx
x+1 x(x + 1)
7. dx
2 (x + 3)(x − 1)
5x2 + 2x + 2
Z
Z 2
x+1 18. dx
8. dx (x2 + x + 1)(x − 1)
3
1 x +x Z 3
dx
x+4
Z
19.
9. dx 2
−1 3 − x + 2x
x3 + x
3x − 1
Z
u2
Z
10. √ du 20. dx
1 − u2 x(x − 1)(x + 2)
(3x − 1)dx 5
Z Z
11. 21. dx
x(x − 1)(x + 2) (2x + 1)(x − 2)

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x2 − 2x − 1
22. Find the partial fraction decomposition for the rational function .
(x − 1)2 (x2 + 1)
Note: You are not asked to calculate an integral in this question.
1
23. Find the partial fraction expansion for the rational function: .
(x − 1)2 (x2 + 1)
3x2 − 4x − 3
24. Find the partial fraction decomposition for the rational function: .
(x − 1)2 (x + 1)
x2 − 2x − 1
25. Find the partial fraction decomposition for the rational function: .
(x − 1)2 (x2 + 1)
2.7 Approximate Integration

R1√
1. (a) Calculate the trapezoidal approximation T5 to the integral 0 x dx.
Z 2
1
(b) We have ln 2 = dx. Use the trapezoidal error estimate to determine
1 x
how large n must be in order to guarantee that Tn differs from ln 2 by at
most 0.0005.
R 1 dx
2. (a) Use the Trapezoidal rule with four subintervals to approximate −1 1+x 2
(b) Use the appropriate formula from the last page to bound the erroe in this
approximation.
(c) The exact value of the given integral is 2 arctan 1. Find the true error,
and contrast this with the error bound in part (b). Is this to be expected?
1
Z
3. (a) Use the Trapezoidal rule with four subintervals to approximate 11 dx.
− 1 + x2
(b) Use the appropriate formula from the last page to estimate the error in
this approximation.
Z b
4. Suppose you want to approximate the integral f (x)dx where f is the func-
0
tion given in the Figure 2.1. You decide to use the Riemann Sum with 4
subdivisions (i.e. n = 4), but are debating whether to use a right-hand ap-
proximation R4 or the Trapezoid rule T4 . Which approximation will be more
accurate? Give an explanation supporting your answer and sketch the approx-
imating areas (rectangles or trapezoids) in the diagram.

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2.7. APPROXIMATE INTEGRATION 29
Figure 2.1: Accuracy of approximation
Figure 2.2: y = f (x) on [0, 6]
5. On Figure 2.2 is shown the graph of y = f (x) on [0, 6]. Let RT6 ,M6 ,S6 denote
6
the trapezoidal, mid-point, and Simpson approximations to 0 f (x)dx.
(a) On the diagram draw the graph of a function y = g(x) which

R 6 illustrates
the meaning of T6 and which satisfies, in particular, T6 = 0 g(x)dx.
(b) Now Rsuppose that f (x) is a cubic polynomial. Explain carefully why
6
S6 = 0 f (x)dx.
6. (a) State the Trapeziodal Rule and an error bound for the Trapezoidal Rule.
(b) State the Simpson’s Rule and an error bound for Simpson’s Rule
(c) The table shows values of a force function f (x) where x is a measured in
meters and f (x) in newtons.
x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
f (x) 10 9.5 9 8.5 8 7.5 7

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i. Use the Trapezoidal Rule to estimate the work done by the force in
moving an object a distance 12 m.
ii. If | f ′′ (x) | < 0.2, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 , how accurate is your estimate?
7. (a) State Simson’s Rule and an error bound for Simson’s Rule.
1
(b) Use f (x) = , x ∈ [1, 3], and Simson’s Rule with n = 6 to approximate
x
ln 3.
(c) Estimate the error in the approximation of part (b).
Z 2
8. Use Simpson’s Approximation (with n = 4)to approximate x ln (x + 1) dx.
0
9. Choose one of the following three methods to do this question. Clearly indicate
which method you are using by circling it: Midpoint Rule Trapezodial
Rule Simpon’s Rule.
R1
Approximate 0 (x4 + 1)dx with n = 4. Round your answer to four decimal
places.
Z 2π
10. Consider the integral I = x sin x dx. Approximate with n = 4 by the
0
following methods:
(a) Riemann sum with left end-points.

(b) Trapezoid rule.
11. Let f (x) be the function graphed on Figure 2.3.
Figure 2.3: Approximate the Area
Z 10
Let f (x)dx be the integral that needs to be approximated.
0

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2.8. IMPROPER INTEGRALS 31
(a) Draw the midpoint Rule with 4 equal subintervals.

(b) Draw the Left Endpoint Rule with 4 equal subintervas.
(c) Draw the Trapezoidal Rule with 4 equal subintervals.
(d) Which ofZ the above three approximation rules gives the best approxima-
10
tion for f (x)dx and why?
0
12. Suppose a car is moving on a road. At time t = 0, it is at position 0. Suppose

we know the following information about the velocity v(t):
v(0) = 0, v(1) = 4, v(2) = 10, v(3) = 6, v(4) = 4, v(5) = 8, v(6) = 17.
Use the midpoint rule to best approximate where the car is at t = 6.
2.8 Improper Integrals

1. Determine whether or not the improper integrals converges. Evaluate those
that converge.
Z1
R∞
1 (h) 1 x31+x dx
(a) dx Z ∞
x1/3 (i) xdx
−1
−∞
8
1
Z Z ∞
(b) dx (j) (2 + x)−3/2 dx
0 x2/3
Z ∞ Z0 ∞
(c) |x|e −x2
dx e3x
(k) dx
−∞
0 (e6x + 1)
Z ∞ Z ∞
(d) x3 dx 1
(l) e−x + dx
−∞ 0 1 + x2
Z ∞ Z ∞
1
(e) e−(x+1) dx (m) 2
dx
0 2 x −1
6
Z 3
y 1
Z
(f) √ dy (n) dx
2 y−2 0 x−1
4 Z 1
1
Z
1
(g) dx (o) dx
0 (x − 3)2 0 x
1/3

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1 R π/2
ln x
Z
(s) √cosx dx
(p) dx 0 sinx
0 x ∞
dx
Z
Z ∞
3x2 (t) √
(q) dx 1 x2 x2 + 1
−∞ 1 + x6 6
y
Z
(r)
R ∞ e3x
dx (u) √ dy
0 e6x +1 2 y−2
2
dx
Z
2. For the integral p state why it is improper, and establish conver-
1 x(2 − x)
gence or divergence.
3. Let R be the region to the right of x = 1 which is bounded between the x-axis
1
andy = .
x
(a) Find the volume of the tapered cone obtained by rotating R about the
xaxis.
(b) Set up (but do NOT evaluate) the integral for determining the surface
area of the tapered cone set up in part (a).
(c) Show that the cone has
Z ∞infinite surface area. (Hint: compare the integral
1
found in part (b) to dx.)
0 x
4. Let S be the solid obtaines by rotating the region under the curve y = 1/x,
above the line y = 0, and to the right of x = 1 around the x-axis.
(a) Find the volume of S.

(b) Show that the surface area of S is infinite.

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Chapter 3
Applications Of Integrals
3.1 Introduction
1. Area Between Curves I. The area A bounded by the curves y = f (x),
y = g(x), and the lines x = a, x = b, where f and g are continuous an
f (x) ≥ g(x) for all x ∈ [a, b], is
Z b
A= [f (x) − g(x)]dx.
a
2. Area Between Curves II. The area of a polar region R given by r = f (θ),
θ ∈ [a, b], is calculated as
b b
1 1 2
Z Z
A= [f (θ)]2 dθ = r dθ.
a 2 a 2
3. Volume. Let S be a solid that lies between x = a and x = b. If the cross-

sectional area of S in the plane Px , through x and perpendicular to the x-axis,
is A(x), where A is a continuous function, then the volume of S is
Z b
V = A(x)dx.
a
4. Washers: The volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the x-axis the
region between the graph of a continuous function f : [a, b] → R and the
Rb
x-axis, is V = π a [f (x)]2 dx.
33

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34 CHAPTER 3. APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS
5. Cylindrical Shells: The volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the
y-axis the region between the graph of a continuous function f : [a, b] → R
Rb
and the x-axis, is V = 2π a xf (x)dx.
Rb
6. Work. By definition, the work of the force f is W = a f (x)dx.
7. Average Value. We define the average value of f on the interval [a, b] as

Z b
1
fave = f (x)dx.
b−a a
8. The Arc Length Formula. If f ′ is continuous on [a, b], then the length of
the curve y = f (x), a ≤ x ≤ b is
Z bp
L= 1 + [f ′ (x)]2 dx.
a
9. Surface Area. Let a smooth curve C be given by y = f (x), x ∈ [a, b].
(a) The area of the surface obtained by rotating C about the x-axis is defined
as Z b p
S= 2f (x)π 1 + [f ′ x)]2 dx.
a
(b) The area of the surface obtained by rotating C about the y-axis is defined
as Z b p
S= 2xπ 1 + [f ′ x)]2 dx.
a
10. Separable Equation. A separable equation is a first-order differential equa-

tion in which the expression for dy/dx can be factored as a product of a
function of x and a function of y:
dy
= f (x) · g(y).
dx
3.2 Areas Between Curves

1. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = x4 + x2 − 2 and
y = x4 − x3 + 8x − 2.
2. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = (1 + x2 )−1 and the
x-axis.

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3.2. AREAS BETWEEN CURVES 35
3. Sketch the region bounded by the given curves, and find its area: y 2 = x and
x − 2y = 3.
4. Find the area of the region bounded by the x-axis and the graph of y =
x2 ex , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
1
5. Find the area of the finite region bounded by the curves y = x2 and y =
2
1 2
2−x− x .
2
6. Find the area between the curves y = 3x2 and y = 2x3 .
7. We consider the two curves y = 2x and x = (y − 1)2 .
(a) Sketch the two curves.

(b) Compute the area enclosed by the two curves.
8. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = x4 + x2 − 2 and

y = x4 − x3 + x2 + 4x − 2.
9. Find the area of the region bounded by the x-axis and the graph of y =
x2 cos x, 0 ≥ x ≥ π2 .
10. Find the area of the region that lies inside both the circle r = sin θ and the
circle r = cos θ.
11. Use polar coordinates to find the area of the region of the plane inside the
cardioid r = 2 − 2 cos θ and outside the circle r = 3.
12. Find the area of the region enclosed by the cardioid r = 1 + sin θ. (Sketch the
graph of this polar equation on a coordinate system. Label the scales.)
13. Find the area of the region enclosed by the 3-leaved rose r = 4 sin (3θ).
14. Find the area of the region that lies inside the curve r = 2 cos(2θ) and outside
the circle r = 1. Begin by sketching the curve and shading the indicated
region.
15. Let P be the polar curve defined by:
r = θ(π − θ)
(a) Sketch P for0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.

(b) Part of P forms the boundary of a closed (finite) region. Determine the
area of this region. Simplify your result as much as possible.

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16. Find the area of region which lies outside the circle of radius 2, and inside the
polar curve r = 1 + 2 cos θ.
17. Find the area bounded by one loop of the polar curve r = 5 cos 5θ.
18. Find the area of the region that lies inside both of the curves r = 3 − 2sinθ
and r = 2.
19. Find the area of the region shared by the circle r = 2 and the cardioid r =
2 − 2 cos θ.
20. Consider the curves given in polar coordinates by: r = sin θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π. and
r = sin 2θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.
(a) Find the value of θ corresponding to the point of intersection which is

not the origin.
(b) Find the area of the region obtained by combining the region enclosed by
the first curve with that enclosed by the second.
21. Consider the following polar curves: the cardioid r = 1 − sin θ and the circle
r = 1.
(a) On the polar plot below, identify each curve and the points of inter-
section.
(b) Find the area of the region that lies inside the cardioid and outside the
circle.
22. Find the area of one of the loops of the curve whose equation in polar coordi-
nates is r = 2 cos 2θ.
23. Consider the region bounded below by the x − axis and above by the polar
curve r = 0. Sketch this region and then write down an integral which gives
its area.
24. Find the area inside one half of the lemniscate r2 = cos(2θ).
25. Find the area of the region inside the circle r = 2 cos θ and outside the circle
r = 1.
26. The origin O of polar coordinates is the same as that for Cartesian coordinates
and the polar axis is the positive x-axis. The graph of r = sin θ + cos θ is a
circle γ through O. Compute the area in the first quadrant enclosed by γ.

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3.2. AREAS BETWEEN CURVES 37
27. Consider the region R bounded on the left by the y-axis and on the right
by the curve given in polar form as r = θ where θ varies from θ = 0 to
θ = π/2. Determine the definite integral in terms of the parameter θ which
gives the volume of the solid obtained by revolving R about the x-axis (It is
not necessary to evaluate the definite integral.)
28. (a) Draw the region to the right of the y-axis that is bounded by the graphs
of the four functions x = 4, y = 1, y = x2 /4, and y = −x2 /6.
(b) Find the area of this region (for example, by dividing the region in two
or more separate pieces).
1
29. Let R be the region bounded by the graphs y = x2 and x − 2y + 4 = 0.
4
(a) Sketch the region R.
(b) Find the area R.
Z 1
30. Suppose f is continuous, f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1, f (x) > 0, and′
f (x) dx = 1/3.
Z 1 0
Find the value of the integral f −1 (y) dy.

0
31.
b
4dx
Z
32. What integration bound a and b are needed to make p equal to
a (4 + x2 )3
one of the areas below? Circle the area.

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3.3 Volumes
1. Consider the region R of xyz-space defined by
R = {(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z, y 2 + z 2 ≤ x2 }.
(a) Let 0 ≤ c ≤ 1. Show that the cross-section of R in the plane x = c is a

semicircular region. Find the centre and the radius of the semicircle in
terms of c.
(b) Letr(c) be the radius of the semicircle referred to in (a). Using r(x) write
down an integral formula for the volume V of R. Hence compute V .
2. Find the volume generated by rotating the region bounded by y = x3 , y 2 = x

about the line x = 2. Include a sketch of the bounded region.
3. Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by
y = x − x2 and y = 0 about the line x = 2.
4. Find the volume generated by revolving about the line y = −4 the area
bounded by y = −x2 and the line y = −4.
5. Let R denote the region bounded by the x-axis and

√
y = 16 − x2 .
Find the area of surface generated by revolving the region R about the line
x = 6. State the exact answer.
6. Let S be the region bounded by the two curves y = x2 − 6x and y = 12x − 2x2 .
Calculate the volume obtained by rotating S about the line x = 6. Do not
waste time doing arithmetic: indicating what arithmetic needs to be done
is sufficient.
7. By cross section method, find the volume of the solid that is generated by
revolving around the line x = 5, the plane region bounded by y = x2 , and
y = 4x.
8. Find the volume generated by rotating the area bounded by y = x2 and y = 1

about the line y = −1.
9. Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by the
curves y 2 = x and x = 2y about the y-axis. Sketch the region, the solid, and
a typical disk or ”washer”.

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3.3. VOLUMES 39
10. By cylindrical shells method, find the volume of the solid that is generated
by revolving around the x-axis the plane region bounded by x = 9 − y 2 and
x = 0.
11. Let R denote the region bounded by the curve y = x2 (x − 2), 0 ≤ x ≤ 2

and the x-axis. Compute an exact value for the volume of the solid of
revolution obtained by rotating R about the y-axis. Sketch a diagram and
indicate which method you are using: Washer Method or Shell Method.
12. Formulate, but do not evaluate, an integral representing the volume of

the solid of revolution obtained by rotating R about y = 3. Sketch a diagram
and indicate which method you are using: Washer Method or Shell Method.
13. Find the volumes obtained by rotating the region bounded by the curves
1
y=√ , x = 0, x = 3, and y = 0
1+x
about:
(a) the x-axis

(b) the y-axis
14. Find the volumes obtained by rotating the region bounded by the curves y =
πx
sin , x = 1, x = 2, and y = 0 about:
2
(a) the x-axis
(b) the y-axis.
15. Find√the volume generated by revolving the region bounded by x = 0, x = 1,

y = x3 , and y = 8 about the line x = −1.
16. Let R rotate the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves f (x) =
x2 and g(x) = 2x − x2 . Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating R
around the y-axis.
17. Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume generated by rotating
2
the region bounded by the given curves about the y-axis: y = e−x , y = 0,
x = 0, and x = 1.
18. The region bounded by the circle whose equation is (x − 2)2 + y 2 = 1 is rotated
about the y-axis. Compute the volume of the resulting solid of revolution.

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19. Let S denote the region bounded by the loop of the graph of x2 (1 − x3 ) = y 2
found in the half-plane x > 0.Find the volume obtained by rotating the region
S about the x-axis.
20. A solid S sits on the parabolic region {(x, y)|x2 ≤ y ≤ 4}. That is, the base of
S is the finite region in the xy-plane which lies below the horizontal line y = 4
and above the parabola y = x2 . Each cross-section of S, perpendicular to the
y-axis, is an equilateral triangle. (The base of this triangle is a horizontal line
segment in the xy-plane. Find the volume of S.
21. We consider the following body of revolution. We take the area between y =
sin(x) and the x-axis, for 0 ≤ x ≤ π and rotate this area around the y-axis.
(a) Provide a labelled sketch and express the volume of this body as an
integral.
(b) Compute the volume of this body.
22. A region in the x-y-plane is bounded by the curves y = (x − 3)2 and y = 9 − x.
(a) Sketch the region, clearly labelling any points of interest.

(b) Find the area of the region.
(c) Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region about the
y-axis.
√
23. A region in the x-y plane is bounded by the curves x = 0, x = 1, y = x3 and
y = 8.
(a) Sketch the region, clearly labelling all curves of interest.

(b) Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region about the
line x = −1.
24. A region R is bounded by the graphs of y = x2 , x + y = 1 and the y-axis in

the first quadrant.
(a) Find the volume of the region obtained by rotating the area enclosed by
y = ln x, y = 0 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, about the y-axis.
(b) Sketch the region R and shade it. Clearly indicate all pertinent points.
(c) Set up, but do not evaluate, an integral to find the following:
i. The area of R.
ii. The volume of the solid obtained by rotating R about the x-axis.
iii. The volume of the solid obtained by rotating R about the y-axis.

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3.3. VOLUMES 41
iv. The volume of the solid obtained by rotating R about the line y = −1.
25. Consider the region bounded by the x − axis, the circle given by x2 + y 2 = 2,
and the curve y = x2 .
(a) Sketch this region and then write down an integral which gives its area.
(b) Revolve this region about the x-axis. Write down an integral which gives
the volume of the resulting solid of revolution.
(c) Revolve this region about the y-axis. Write down an integral which gives
the volume of the resulting solid of revolution.
26. Let R be the region bounded by the graphs y 2 = x and y = x. Set up, but
do not evaluate, the integral to find the volume of the solid of revolution
described below. Provide a sketch with each part.
(a) R is revolved about the x-axis.
(b) R is revolved about the y-axis.
(c) R is revolved about the line y = 2.
27. Consider the region R below between the curves y = 4x and y = 2x2 − 2x + 4.
(a) Find the points of intersection.
(b) Graph the region, shade it and provide important labels.
(c) Set up, but do NOT evaluate, and integral to find the volume of the
solid obtained by rotating R about the line X = −1. Do NOT simplify.
Name your method and draw one general disk, washer or shell on the
graph above.
1 1
28. Consider the region S bounded by the graphs of y = x + x2
and y = x − x2
for 1 ≤ x. which is shown on Figure 3.1.
(a) Is the area of S finite or infinite? If finite, find the area, if not explain
why not.
(b) Suppose S is rotated about the X-axis generating a solid D. is the vol-
ume of D finite or infinite? If finite, find the volume, if not explain why
not.

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Figure 3.1: Infinite Region
29. (a) Let R denote the region bounded by the curve y = x2 (x − 2), 0 ≤ x ≤ 2,
and the x-axis. (Figure 3.2.) Using the method of cylindrical shells
compute an exact value for the volume of the solid of revolution obtained
by rotating R about the y-axis. Draw a typical cylindrical shell in the
diagram.
Figure 3.2: Region R
(b) Formulate, but do not evaluate, an integral representing the volume of

the solid of revolution obtained by rotating R about x = 3. Sketch a
diagram and indicate which method you are using: Washer Method or
Shell Method.

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3.4. WORK 43
3.4 Work
1. A spherical tank of radius 4 feet is half full of oil. Find the work required to
pump all the oil out of the outlet. As shown in the figure the outlet is flush
with the highest point of the tank. Express your answer as a multiple of the
density of the oil, ρ pounds/[ft3 ].
2. The tank in the figure is full of water. Find the work required to pump all the
water out of the spout located 2 meters above the top of the tank. You may
assume the triangles in the figure are isosceles. (Use the facts that the density
of water is ρ = 1000 kg/m3 , and the constant of gravity is g = 9.81 m/s2 , but
you don’t have to plug in the actual number.)
3. A heavy rope, 15 metres long, weighs 5 Newtons/metre and hangs over the
edge of a building 40 metres high. How much work is done in pulling the rope
to the top of the building?
4. A building demolisher consists of a ball attached to a crane by a 50 m long

chain. The ball weighs 10, 000 Newtons and the chain weights 40 Newtons/m.
At night the chain is wound up and the ball is secured to a point 50 m high.
Find the work done by gravity on the ball and the chain when the ball is
lowered from its nighttime position to its daytime position at ground level.
5. The tank in the figure is full of water. Find the work required to pump all the
water out of the spout located 2 metres above the top of the tank. You may
assume the triangles in Figure 3.3 are right triangles. (Use the fact that the
density of water is 1000kg/m3 and acceleration due to gravity is 10m/s2 .)
Figure 3.3: Work to pump water out of tank

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6. A 2-kg bucket and a rope of negligible weight are used to draw water from a
well that is 21m deep. The bucket is filled with 10kg of water and is pulled up
at the rate 0.1 m/sec, but water leaks out of a hole in the bucket at the rate
of 0.05 kg/sec.
(a) How much time is needed for the bucket to reach the top of the well?
How much water is in the bucket at the moment when the bucket reaches
the top of the well?
(b) Find the work done in pulling the bucket to the top of the well.
Note: You may assume for the sake of simplicity that acceleration due
to gravity is 10m/s2 .
7. In a 10m deep water well, we have a 15L bucket attached to a rope that weighs
0.10kg per meter. How much work does it take to get a full bucket of water out
of the well? You may assume that the water weighs 1kg/L and that gravity
exerts a 10N downwards force per kilogram. You can neglect the weight of
the empty bucket.
8. A cylindrical gas tank 1 metre in diameter and 1.5 metres in length is used
to fuel tractors. See Figure 3.4 Set up (but do not evaluate) an integral to
determine how much work is done pumping the entire contents of the fuel tank
into a tractor if the opening in the tractor tank is 1 metre above the top of
the fuel tank. Assume that the fuel weighs 6800 N/m3 .
Figure 3.4: Work to pump fuel out of tank
9. A force 40N is required to hold a spring which has been stretched from its
natural length of 10cm to a length of 12cm. Compute the work required to
stretch the spring from 12cm to 14cm.

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3.4. WORK 45
10. If it takes 200 Newton-metres of work to stretch a certain spring 1 meter

beyond its natural length, how much work is required to stretch that same
spring 12 meter beyond its natural length?
11. (a) A spring with natural length 10cm exerts a force of 39 newtons when
stretched to a length of 13cm. Use Hooke’s law to find the work done in
stretching the spring from its natural length of 10cm to a length of 12cm
(b) A 20ft section of roper with linear density 1/2 pound per foot hangs over
the edge of a 30ft high buildig. Set up and evaluate an integral to find
the work done in lifting the rope to the top of the buidling.
12. A space module weighs around 5000 N on the surface of Earth. How much
work is done in propelling the module to a height of 1300 kilometers above
the earth? Use 6400 kilometers as the radius of Earth. Do not consider the
effect of air resistance or the weight of the propellant. Recall that Newton’s
Law of Universal Gravitation states that the force of gravitational attraction
between the Earth and other objects is inversely proportional to the distance
separating the earth’s center from the object’s center.
13. A student whose mass is 50 kg lifts a leaky bucket of sand to the top of a
building 100 m high. Suppose she is standing on a scale while she is lifting the
bucket and another student records her mass for every meter of rope she has
pulled in. He records these measurements (in kg) as Mi for i = 0 · · · 100 where
i = 0 is the initial measurement ( the bucket is at the ground) and i = 100 is
the final measurement ( the bucket is at the top of the building). Carefully
explain, using ideas from Riemann sums, how the students can come up with
an approximation for how much work is done in lifting the bucket. (You may
assume for the sake of simplicity that acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2 ).
14. A tank has the shape of a paraboloid of revolution; that is, its shape is obtained
by rotating a parabola about a vertical axis. The depth of the tank is 4 m,
the radius at the top of the tank is 2 m and it is initially filled with water 3
m deep. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and acceleration due to gravity
is 10 m/s2 . Calculate the work required to pump the water out of the tank,
through an outlet 1/2m above the top of the tank, until the tank is empty.
Do not waste time doing arithmetic: indicating what arithmetic needs
to be done is sufficient.
15. Consider a tank shaped like a snowman. That is, there are two spheres stacked
on top of each other: the bottom sphere has radius 4 m and the top has radius
2 m. There is a small hole at the intersection of the two spheres in which

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liquid can pass. Suppose both spheres are filled with liquid of mass density 50
kg/m3 . How much work is done against gravity to pump all the liquid to the
top of the small sphere? Leave the answer in integral form.
16. Homer Simpson is drinking a can of Duff beer through a straw. Assume the
can is a perfect cylinder with height 12 cm and radius 3 cm. The beer must
travel to Homer’s mouth, which is a distance of 15 cm above the top of the
can. Find the TOTAL WORK done in lifting all the beer to Homer’s mouth,
if the WEIGHT of the beer is 1/100 newtons per cubic centimeter.
3.5 Average Value of a Function

1. Find the average value of the function y = sin x over the interval [0, π].
2. Suppose that 5000 liters of water tank takes 10 min to drain and that after
t minutes, the amount of water remaining in the tank is V (t) = 50(10 − t)2
liters. What is the average amount of water in the tank during the time it
drains?
3. (a) State the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals.

3x2 + x − 1
(b) Find the average value of the function f (x) = 2 in the interval
x (1 + x2 )
[1,3].
(a) State the Mean value Theorem for Integrals

x3 + x2 − x + 1
(b) Find the average value of the function f (x) = in the
x2 (x2 + 1)
interval [1,3].
4. (a) At time t, the position (x(t), y(t)) of a car in the Cartesian plane is
given by x(t) = 1 − cos t, y(t) = sin2 t. Determine the function s(T )
which gives the distance travelled by the car from time t = 0 to t = T (it
is not necessary to evaluate the resulting definite integral).
√
(b) Show that s′ (T ) = sin2 T + sin2 2T .
π
(c) Find the average value of s′′ (T ) from T = 0 to T = .
2

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3.6. ARC LENGTH 47
3.6 Arc Length

1. Calculate the arc length of the curve 9y 2 = 4x3 between the points (0, 0) and
(1, 2/3).
2. Set up the integral (do not solve it) that gives the length of the smooth arc
x = 4y − y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
3. Find the length of the curve segment described parametrically by
x = ln(sec t + tan t), y = sec t, 0 ≤ t ≤ π/4.
4. Find an exact value for the length of the smooth arc y = ln(cos x), 0 ≤ x ≤
π/4.
5. Find the arc length of the curve y = ln(cos x) between x = 0 and x = π/3.
6. Find the length of the curve
x = et − t, y = 4et/2 , 0 6 t 6 1.
Z x √
7. Find the length of the curve y = t2 − 1dt where 1 6 x 6 5.
1
6. The curve traced out by a point P on the circumference of a circle as the circle
rolls along a straight line is called a cycloid (see diagram). If the circle has
radius r, then the cycloid is given by the parametric equations:
x = r(θ − sin θ)
y = r(1 − cos θ).
See Figure 3.5.
Figure 3.5: Cycloid
(a) Set up, but do NOT evaluate, the integral for the length of one arch
of the cycloid.

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(b) Set up, but do NOT evaluate, the integral for the area under one arch
of the cycloid.
8. Find an exact value for the length of the smooth arc y = ln(cos x) (0 ≤ x ≤
π/4).
9. Use the parametrization x = t cos t, y = t sin t of the Archimedean spiral

to find the arc length of the first full turn of this spiral corresponding to
0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. (Figure 3.6)
Figure 3.6: Archimedean Spiral
Z x √
10. Find the length of the curve y = t2 − 1dt where 1 ≤ x ≤ 5.
1
11. Find the length of the curve x = et − t, y = 4et/2 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

2 3
12. Find the length of the curve y = (x2 + 1) 2 on 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
3
13. (a) Give a rough sketch of the curve described in polar coordinates by r =
1 − |θ|, −1 ≤ θ ≤ 1.
(b) Find the length of the curve sketched in part (a).
14. (a) Sketch in polar coordinates r = 1 + cos(θ) for −π ≤ θ ≤ π.

(b) Work out the area bounded inside the above curve.
(c) Write the arc length of the above curve as an integral (do not evaluate
the integral).
15. Find the arc length of the parametric curve x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t between
t = 0 and t = π.
16. Find the area of ONE loop of the polar curve r(θ) = (cos 5θ)2 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
17. Find the arc length of the curve y = (1 − x2/3 )3/2 , from x = 0 to x = 1.

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3.7. AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION 49

Rx√
18. Find the arc length of the curve given by y = 1
t3 − 1dt for 1 ≤ x ≤ 9.
19. Find the length of the curve segment described parametrically by x = ln(sec t+
tan t), y = sec t,0 ≤ t ≤ π/4.
20. Sketch the curve, x = e−t cos t, y = e−t sin t, 0 ≤ t < ∞, and find its length.
What is the equation of this curve in polar coordinates θ and r?
3.7 Area of a Surface of Revolution

1. Find the area of the surface of revolution generated by revolving the curve
4
x = y8 + 4y12 , 1 ≤ y ≤ 2 around the x-axis.
2. (a) Let C denote the curve with the parametric equations x = 3 cos (2t),
y = sin (4t), 0 ≤ t ≤ π. Set up, but do not evaluate, the integral for the
length of the curve C.
(b) Set up, but do not evaluate, the integral for the are of the region bounded
by the two loops of curve C.
(c) Set up, but do not evaluate, the integral for the area of the surface of
revolution obtained by rotating the part of curve C in quadrant I about
the x-axis.
3. Write down an integral which gives the area of the surface obtained by revolv-
ing the curve y = x3 from x = 0 to x = 2 about the y-axis.
4. Let P denote the portion of the curve y = 32 x3 lying between x = 0 and x = 3.

Find the surface area obtained by rotating P around the line x = −1.
√
5. The curve y = 4 − x2 , −1 6 x 6 1, is an arc of the circle x2 + y 2 = 4. Find
the area of the surface obtained by rotating this arc about the x-axis.
6. The arc described parametrically by x = t3 , y = 2t + 3, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, is rotated

about the y-axis. Show that the area of the resulting surface of revolution is
π
27
(133/2 − 8).
√
7. The curve segment y = 2 1 − x, −1 ≤ x ≤ 0 is rotated about the x-axis.
√ 16 √
Show that the area of the resulting surface of revolution is: π(8 3 − 2).
3
8. Find the surface area generated by rotating the circle x2 + (y − 10)2 = 25
about the x-axis.

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9. Find the area of the surface formed by revolving the curve y = e−x , for 0 ≤
x < ∞ about the x-axis.
√
10. The curve y = 9 − x2 , −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, is an arc of the circle x2 + y 2 = 9. Find
the area of the surface obtained by rotating this arc about the x − axis
1√
11. A curve in the x-y-plane has equation y = x(3 − x).
3
(a) Find the length of the segment of the curve which lies above the x-axis.
(b) Find the area of the surface generated when the segment in part a) is
revolved about the x-axis.
1
12. (a) Compute the length of the arc γ: y = x3 + 12x
, 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 3/2.
(b) Formulate, but do not evaluate, the area of the surface of revolution
obtained by rotating the arc γ about the Y -axis.
13. (a) Describe and sketch the curve represented by the parametric equations
x = et cost and y = et sint.
(b) Carefully construct an integral that can be used to calculate the surface
area generated by rotating the above curve about the x-axis for 0 ≤
t ≤ π/2. Your integral should be in the simplest form possible but DO
NOT INTEGRATE. Indicate how you might try to integrate such an
integral.
14. (a) Show that the area of the surface generated by rotating the polar curve
r = f (θ), a ≤ θ ≤ b
(where f ′ is continuous and 0 ≤ a < b ≤ π) about the polar axis is
b
r
dr 2
Z
S = 2π r sin θ r2 + ( ) dθ.
a dθ
(b) Sketch a graph of the lemniscate r2 = 8 cos(2θ). Use the formula in

part (a) to find the surface area generated by rotating the lemniscate
r2 = 8 cos(2θ) about the polar axis.
15. Find the surface area of the ellipsoid generate by

Z rotating the ellipse x = a cos t,
√ 1 √
y = b sin t, (a > b), about the x-axis. Hint: a2 − u2 du = u a2 − u2 +
2
1 2 −1 u
a sin + C.
2 a

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3.7. AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION 51
Figure 3.7: A tank 6 m high
16. (a) A tank 6 meters high is filled up to a height of 4 meters with a greenish
liquid of density p on a planet whose gravitational constant is denoted
by g. Find the hydrostatic force on the vertical side of the tank, depicted
on Figure 3.7.
(b) Having drunk some of the strange liquid from the first part of this prob-
lem, you feel suddenly much smarter. Underneath the tank you spy a
curious flower with 10 petals, which you pick. Owing to your height-
ened mental state you observe, in polar coordinates, that the petals have
exactly the outline
r(θ) = (cos 5θ)2 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
Removing the petals one by one you hum “Calculus loves me, calculus
loves me not, ...”
Find the surface area of ONE petal.
17. Let C denote the curve with parametric equations x = 3 cos (2t), y = sin (4t),
0 ≤ t ≤ π. (Figure 3.8.)
(a) Set up, but do not evaluate, the integral for the length of the curve C.

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Figure 3.8: x = 3 cos (2t), y = sin (4t)
(b) Set up, but do not evaluate, the integral for the area of the region bounded
by the two loops of curve C.
(c) Set up, but do not evaluate, the integral for the area of the surface of
revolution obtained by rotating the part of curve C in quadrant I about
the x-axis.
3.8 Differential Equations

1. Solve the initial value problem
dy 3x2
ey = , y(2) = 0.
dx 1+y
Your answer should be an equation relating y and x. It is not possible in this

case to express y explicitly as a function of x.
2. Find the solution to the differential equation y‘(t) = 1 + y(t)2 for which y(0) =
0.
3. (a) What is the general solution to the differential equation y ′ (t) = 1 + y(t)2 ?
(b) Find the solution for which y(0) = 0.
dy ycosx
4. Find the solution to the differential equation = that satisfies the
dx 1 + y2
initial condition y(0) = 1. You may leave the solution in implicit form.
dy y sin x
5. Find the solution to the differential equation = with initial condi-
dx 1 + y2
tion y(0) = 1. Your answer can be left in implicit form.
dy
6. Find the general solution of (x2 + 4) dx = xy.

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3.8. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 53
√ dy p
7. Find the particular solution to y 1 − x2 − x 1 − y 2 = 0, y(0) = 1.
dx
8. Find a function g such that g ′ (x) = g(x)(1 + g(x)) and g(0) = 1.
dy
9. Solve the initial value problem y 2 = x2 dx − 1, y(1) = 0.
dy 1
10. Solve the initial value problem: = 2 , y(1) = 2.
dx xy
dy
11. Find the solution to the differential equation dx = y1+y
sin x
2 with initial condition
y(0) = 1. Your answer can be left in implicit form.

dy
12. Solve the differential equation dx = ex−y , y = 1 when x = 0. That is, you need
dy
to find a function y = f (x) such that dx = ex−y and f (0) = 1.
13. Find the solution to the differential equation that satisfies the initial condition:
dy
dx
= (1 + y 2 ) cos x, y(0) = 1.
14. (a) Find the solution of the initial value problem y ′ = y 2 − 9, y(0) = 0.
(b) For your solution evaluate lim y(t).
t→∞
15. (a) Find the solution of the differential equation y ′ = y 2 − 1, y(0) = −3.
(b) For your solution evaluate lim y(t).
t→∞
16. Find the curve, passing through the point (2, 1), for which the slope at any
point is half the slope of the straight line between this point and the origin.
x2
17. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of ellipses + y2 = k2.
3
18. A water tank is obtained by rotating the curve segment y = x2 /4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 4)
about the y-axis. All dimensions are in feet. See Figure 3.9.
The tank is full when at the time t = 0 a bottom plug is removed allowing
the tank to drain. The differential equation governing the draining of the tank
√
is dV
dt
= −c y, where c > 0 is constant, V = V (t) is the volume of water
remaining at time t, and y = y(t) is the depth of water in the tank at time t
hours.
dy
(a) Show that V = 2πy 2 and hence that dt
= − 4πc√y .
(b) It is given that after 1 hour, i.e., when t = 1, the depth of water is 1. Use
this information to show that c = 56π/3. Remember that y(0) = 4.

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Figure 3.9: Water Tank
19. A tank contains 1000L of pure water. Brine that contains 0.05 kg of salt per
liter of water enters the tank at a rate of 5L/min. Brine that contains 0.04 kg
of salt per liter of water enters that tank at a rate of 10L/min. The solution
is kept thoroughly mixed and drains from the tank at a rate of 15L/min. How
much salt is in the tank after t minutes?
20. A tank contains 20 kg of salt dissolved in 5000 L of water. Salt water containing
.03 kg/L of salt enters at a rate of 25 L/min. Water flows out at the same
rate in and mixes perfectly. How much salt is in the water in the tank after
30min?
21. A tank contains 100 L of pure water. Brine that contains 0.1 kg of salt per
liter enters the tank at a rate of 10 L/min. The solution is kept thoroughly
mixed and drains from the tank at the same rate. How much salt is in the
tank after 5 minutes?
22. Find the equation of a curve in the xy - plane that passes through (0, 3) and
2x
whose tangent at any point (x, y) has a slope .
y
dy 3x2
23. Solve the initial value problem ey = , y(2) = 0. Your answer should
dx 1+y
be an equation relating y and x. It is not possible in this case to express y
explicitly as a function of x.
24. Solve the logistic differential equation dy
dt
= y(10 − y) together with the initial
condition that y = 2 when t = 0. Let your solution be implicitly defined by
an equation involving x and y. Thus, you do not have to solve for y in terms
of x.

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3.8. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 55
2
25. Consider the linear first order differential equation y ′ (t) + 2t y(t) = 2t e−t .
(a) Find the general solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation

y ′ (t) + 2t y(t) = 0.
(b) Use variation of constants to find the general solution of the given equa-
tion.
(c) Find the particular solution of the given equation for which y(0) = 1.
26. A metal spatula is being used in cooking. Its blade is at a temperature of 200◦
C. The blade is plunged into a sink full of water whose temperature is 40◦ C.
After 2 seconds the blade has cooled to 130◦ C. How long will it take the blade
to cool to 60◦ C so that the cook can safely handle the blade?
27. A thermometer is taken from a room where the temperature is 20 ◦ C and placed
outdoors where the temperature is 5 ◦ C. After one minute, the thermometer
reads 10 ◦ C. Use Newtons’s law of cooling to predict the temperature of the
thermometer two minutes after it is placed outside.
28. A dam is filled to a height y = 0 with liquid of density 100kg/m3 . Find a

numerical expression for the force exerted on the section of a vertical wall
whose top is 10 m below the surface of the lake. The section is bounded by
the line y = −10m and the curve y = x2 − 19. See Figure 3.10
Figure 3.10: A dam
29. Consider a big pot of coffee which contains 10 liters of sweetened coffee. Sup-
pose by accident 60 grams of sugar has been dissolved into coffee. The resulting
coffee is far too sweet and no one will drink it unless the concentration of sugar
in the coffee is less than or equal to 3 grams per liter. So: we add fresh coffee
(i.e. no sugar) to the pot (stirring constantly), and at the same time allow the
stirred mixture to flow out via a little hole at the bottom of the pot. Assume
the rate in of fresh coffee is equal to the rate out of the mixture, and that both

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of these rates are 0.2 liters per minute. How long before the coffee is accept-
able to drink? Do not simplify your answer. Would it be more efficient(i.e.
less wasted coffee) to simply empty out half the pot and add 5 liters of freshh
coffee? Why?

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Chapter 4
Sequences And Series
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sequences
1. In each case determine whether the sequence {an }∞
n=1 converges or diverges.
n=1 converges, find the limit.

If {an }∞
n=1 diverges, give a brief explanation.
If {an }∞
n
(a) an = √
2n2 + 1
(b) an = sin(nπ/2)
1 · 3 · . . . · (2n − 1)
(c) an =
n!
2. Let {an } be a sequence of real numbers defined by the recursion equations

2an
a0 = 2, an+1 = . Show that the sequence {an } is convergent.
an + 1
3. In each case determine whether the sequence {an }∞ n=1 converges or diverges. If
{an }∞
n=1 converges, find the limit. If {a } ∞
n n=1 diverges, give a brief explanation.
n
(a) an = √
n2 + 1
57

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58 CHAPTER 4. SEQUENCES AND SERIES
n
(b) an =
ln n
4. Prove by using mathematical induction that the sequence defined by a1 = 1,
1
an+1 = 5 − is monotone increasing and is bounded above by 5. Does {an }
an
converge? Explain. If it converges, find its limit.

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4.3. SERIES 59
4.3 Series
1. For each series determine whether it is convergent or divergent. In each case,

state the test(s) you are using, justify the steps in using the test, and clearly
indicate whether the series is absolutely convergent, conditionally convergent,
or divergent..
∞ ∞
X n + 3n X tan−1 n
(a) (m) √
n=1
n + 6n n=1
n n
∞
X ln n ∞
√
(−1)n
X
(b) ( 2 − 1)n
n
(n)
n=1
n
n=1
∞
(−1)n n+1 n
P∞
X (o) n=1 (−1) 2n
(c)
n2 + 1 P∞ n2 +1
n=1 (p) n=0 (n+1)(n+2)(n+3)
∞
X (−1)n ∞
(d) X n4
n ln n (q)
n=1
n=1
(1 + n2 )3
∞
X (−1)n ∞
(e) X 1
n=1
3n (r)
n=2
n(ln n)2
∞
X (n!)2
(f) X∞
(−1)n
n=1
(2n)! (s) √
n=1
n
X∞
(g) (arctan(n + 1) − arctan(n)) ∞
X n
n=1 (t) (−1)n √
∞ n n=1
n5 + 4
X −3
(h) ∞
2n
π
X
n=1 (u) (−1)n
∞ n=1
n2 + 1
X 1
(i) ∞
(n + 1)5n
n(n + 1)
X
n=1 (v) (−1)n
∞ n=1
n32n
X 4n
(j) ∞
(n2 + 1)2
n=1
32n−1 (w)
X
(−1)n
∞ n=1
n6
X (−1)n
(k) Hint: n2 + 1 ≤ 2n2 for all n ≥ 1
n=1
21/n
∞ ∞
X 2n X 1
(l) (x) (−1)n
n=1
(2n + 1)! n=2
n ln n

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or divergent..
∞ ∞
X (−1)n+1 (2n − 1)! X (−1)n n3
(a) (n)
n=1
22n−1 n=1
n3 + n4
∞ ∞ ∞
X 1X X
n ln n + 1
(b) (arctan (n + 2) − arctan n) (o) (−1)
n=0 n=3
n(ln n)2 n=1 n
∞ √
cos( nπ
∞
X
3
) X n+3
(c) (p)
n=1
n! n=2
n2 − 1
∞ ∞
X n + 9n X 1
(d) (q) √
n=1
n + 52n n=1
n2+ n
∞ ∞
X (−1)n X e1/n
(e) (r)
n=2
n ln n n=1
n2
∞ ∞
X n + ln n X (−1)n=1
(f) (−1)n (s) √
n=1
n + (ln n)2 n=1
2n − 1
∞ √ ∞
X 3
n+1 X n
(g) √ (t) (−1)n+1
n=1
n(1 + n) n=1
n+1
∞
X∞
√ X 5(−4)n+2
(−1)n ( 2 − 1).
n
(h) (u)
n=1 n=1
32n+1
∞ ∞
X n! X 1
(i) (v)
n=1
(2n)! n=1
n + 2n
∞ ∞ √
X 1 X
n−1 n
(j) (w) (−1)
n=1
n1+1/n n=1
n+1
∞ ∞
X 1 X cos (nπ/3)
(k) (x) √
n=1
n ln(n) n=1
n n
∞ ∞
X (−1)n X (−1)n−1 n!
(l) √ (y)
n=1
n k=1
1 · 3 · 5 · ... · (2n − 1)
∞ ∞
X 2n X n
(m) (z) (−1)n+1 .
n=1
n + 3n n=1
n + ln n

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4.3. SERIES 61

or divergent..
∞ ∞ √ 2
X (n + 1)(n2 − 1) X n + e−n
(a) (n)
n=1
4n3 − 2n + 1 n=2
n2 − 1
∞ ∞
X (2n)! X 1
(b) (o)
n=1
nn n=1
n(ln n)2
∞ ∞
X 1 X ln(n)
(c) n sin (p)
n=1
n n=2
n3
∞ n ∞
X (−1) X 1
(d) √ (q)
n=2
n ln n n=1
3n −5
∞ ∞ √
X 1 X (−1)n+1 n
(e) (r)
n=0
2n+sin n n=1
n+1
∞ ∞
X (−1)n X n2 nn+1
(f) √ (s)
n=1
3
n2 n=0
3n
∞ ∞ Z
X n! X 2n
(g) (t)
n=1
nn n=1
(2n − 1)!
∞ ∞
X (−1)n X (−1)n
(h) (u)
n=1
3n n=1
21/n
∞ ∞
X (−1)n+1 X 3n
(i) (v)
n=1
n n=1
42n−1
∞ √
X 3
n2 + 4 X∞
√
(j) (w) (n 2 − 1)n
n=0
n3 + 5 n=1
∞ 2n ∞
X 2 X arctan n
(k) (x) √
n=1
n3n n=1
n n
∞ n ∞
X (−1) X (−1)n
(l) (y) √
n=1
1 + n ln n n=1
n
∞ ∞
X n2 cos n X 3n + 2
(m) (z) √
n=1
3n n=1
4n4 + 6n

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or divergent..
∞ ∞
X 9 X (−1)n
(a) 4
n ( )n . (i)
n=1
10 n=1
arctan n
∞
X 1 ∞
cos(e3n )
(b) (−1)n .
X
n ln n (j)
n=2
n=1
2n
(c)
∞
n sin n1 . n2
P∞
displaystyle n=1
X
(k)
X∞
(−1)n n=1
1 + n3
(d)
n ln n ∞ √ 2
n=2 X n +1−n
∞ (l)
X (−1)n n
(e) √
3
n=1
n=1 n2 ∞
X
X∞
n! (m) (arctan (n + 1) − arctan n)
(f) n=1
n=1
nn
∞
∞
(−1)n
X n + 3n
(n)
X
(g) n + 6n
n=1
3n n=1
∞ ∞
X (−1)n+1 X ln n
(h) (o) (−1)n
n=1
n n=1
n
∞ n
X 1
5. For which values of a > 0 is the series a+ convergent? Justify!
n=1
n
n ∞
k X X k
6. Let S denote the sum of the infinite series 2 2
. Let sn =
k=1
(1 + k ) k=1
(1 + k 2 )2
denote the n-th partial sum. Use the integral test to find upper and lower es-
timates for S − sn in terms of n.
∞
X 1
7. Apply the Integral Test to the series . Deduce how convergence/divergence
n=2
np
depends on the value of p.
8. Prove that if the infinite series ∞

P
P∞ 2n2 +1 n=1 an converges absolutely, then the infinite
series i=1 n2 an also converges absolutely.

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4.3. SERIES 63
∞
X n
9. Let S denote the sum of the infinite series .
n=1
(1 + n2 )2
N
X n
Let sN = denote the N -th partial sum.
n=1
(1 + n2 )2
(a) Verify that the integral test applies to this series.
(b) Find upper and lower estimates for S − SN in terms of N using the
integral test remainder formula.
10. Determine how many terms you have to sum up to approximate the sum of
∞
X (−1)n+1
the series within 0.00005.
n=1
n5
11. Calculate the minimum number of terms needed to guarentee that the approx-
∞
X (−1)n+1
imation of the sum is correct to two decimal places.
n=1
n
12. Determine whether the following series is absolutely convergent, conditionally

∞
X (−1)n
convergent, or divergent: √ .
n=2
n − 1
13. The natural log of 2 can be found as the sum of the infinite series:
∞
X (−1)n
ln 2 = .
n=0
n
We can estimate ln 2 by adding together the first n terms of this infinite

sum. How many terms would we need to add together to be assured that
our estimate matched the actual value of ln 2 to two decimal places?
14. (a) State the Integral Test.

(b) Let p < 1. Prove that the series
∞
X 1
n=2
n(ln n)p
is convergent.
1
P∞
15. (a) Use the integral test to find all p for which n=1 np converges.

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1
(b) Estimate how accurately S100 estimates the series ∞
P
n=1 n10 .
P P
16. For each of the following series an write
P down a comparison series bn P such
that the convergence/divergence of an can be deduced from that of P bn
by the (limit) comparison test. Also, explain briefly why you know that bn
converges or diverges as the case may be.
X 1
(a) √
2
n +1
2/3
X 1
(b)
(2n)2 + 1
X 2n
(c)
3n − n
Z ∞
17. Determine whether sin(x2 ) dx is absolutely convergent, conditionally con-
Z √(n+1)π
0
vergent or divergent. Use an = √ sin(x2 ) dx, n ≥ 0 and the function

nπ
f (x) = sin(x2 ) (Figure 4.1.) Name the test(s) used.
Figure 4.1: f (x) = sin(x2 )
18. Each series below is convergent. Find a value n such that the remainder
Rn = s − sn satisfies
|Rn | ≤ 10−5 .
∞
X 1
(a) (−1)n
n=1
n2
∞
X 1
(b)
n=1
n2

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4.4. POWER SERIES 65
19. A ball is bouncing off the ground according to the following rule. Each time
it falls a distance d to the ground, it goes back up 31 d. Suppose it is initially
dropped from a height of 10 m. How far does the ball travel?
4.4 Power Series

1. For each of the following power series, find its centre c, radius of convergence
R, and its interval of absolute convergence I. Where applicable, test for abso-
lute convergence, conditional convergence or divergence at the left and the
right end-point of the interval I.
∞ n ∞
xn

X −n n
X
n
(a) x (k) (−1)
n=1
2 n=1
n5
∞ ∞
X 2n (x + 1)n X 2n (n!)2 2n
(b) (l) x
n! n=1
(2n)!
n=0
∞
∞
X (2x − 3) 2 X xn
(c) (m)
n4n n=0
(n + 1)10n
n=1
∞ ∞
(−1)n xn X 1
(−1)n−1 (x − 1)n
X
(d) . (n)
nn n=1
n1/3
n=1
∞
∞
x2n+1

X
n−1 (n + 1)xn X
n
(e) (−1) (o) (−1) √
2n n=0
2n + 1
n=1
∞
X∞
(x + 1) n X (−1)n (x − 1)n
(f) (−1)n−1 (p)
n2 n=0
32n + 1
n=1
∞ ∞
X 17n X (x − 2)n
(g) xn (q) √
(n + 1)! n=1
n
n=0
∞ ∞
X (x − 1) n X xn
(h) (r) (−1)n
2n (n + 1) n=1
n2n
n=1
∞ ∞
X (n + 1)x n X (x − 4)n
(i) (−1)n−1 (s) (−3)n √
n=1
2n n=0
n+1
∞ ∞
X (x + 1)n X (x + 2)n
(j) (−1)n−1 (t)
n=1
n n=1
3n n

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∞ ∞ ∞
X (−1)n (x − 3)n X n2 xn X (n + 1)xn
(u) 1 . (w) (−1)n−1
n=1 n 5n
2
n=1
3n n=1
2n
∞
∞
xn
X (x + 1)n
(−1)n−1
X
(v) . n2
n=1
n • 5n n=1
∞
X (−1)n
2. Assuming the radius of convergence of power series √ (x−1)n is R = 1,
n=1
n
find its interval of convergence.
3. For each of the following power series compute the radius R of convergence
and the interval I of convergence. Justify your answer. Credit will only be
given in so far as the reasons are adequate.
∞
X xn
(a) S = √
n=1
n · 2n
∞
X
(b) T = n!(x − 2)n
n=1
∞
X (x − 1)n−1
(c) .
n=1
n2 3n+1
n n
4. (a) Find the radius of convergence R of the power series ∞
P
n=0 3 x .
n n
(b) For |x| < R, calculate the sum of the series ∞
P
n=0 3 x .
5. Is it possible for a power series to have an interval of convergence of [0, ∞)?

Why or why not?
∞
X (x − 2)n
6. Determine the interval of convergence for n (n + 1)
.
n=0
2
Z 1
2
7. Use a power series to evaluate the integral e−x dx. You need only to write
0
the first four terms of your answer.
∞
X
8. Starting with the geometric series xn , find the sums of the series
n=0
∞
X
(a) nxn , |x| < 1.
n=1

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4.5. TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES 67
∞
X n
(b) .
n=1
2n
∞
X xn
9. Let f (x) = 2
. Find the interval of convergence of the power series for
n=1
n
the function f ′′ (x), the second derivative of f (x).
4.5 Taylor and Maclaurin Series

1. (a) Using the Maclaurin series for ex show that
∞
−x2
X (−1)n x2n
e = .
n=0
n!
(b) Find the Maclaurin series, in summation notation for f (x) defined by
Z x
2
f (x) = e−t dt.
0
State the interval of convergence.

(c) Z
Write the infinite series which converges to the value of the integral
2
2
e−t dt.
0
2. (a) Find the first four non-zero terms of the Maclaurin series representation
1
of the function f (x) = √ .
1 + 2x
Z 0.2
1
(b) Use you answer for part a) to estimate the value of √ dx
0 1 + 2x
correct to two decimal places.
x2 x3 x4 x5
3. Use the infinite series ln(1 + x) = x − + − + − · · · (|x| < 1)
2 3 4 5
to approximate ln 1.1 accurate to three decimal places. What is the minimum
number of terms you need to sum up?
4. Find the degree 4 Taylor polynomial with remainder of f (x) = sin x at x =

π/2.
5. (a) Define the Taylor Series of a function f at a.

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(b) Compute the Taylor series for the function f (x) = sin (2x) at a = π/2.
6. Find the Taylor series for f (x) = ex at a = 2 and its interval of convergence.
7. (a) Define the Taylor series of the function f at a

(b) Define Maclaurin series of the function f .
(c) State Taylor’s Inequality.
(d) Obtain the Maclaurin series for the function f (x) = sin2 x.
8. Use the Maclaurin series expansion of ex to find the Maclaurin series expansion
ofx3 e2x .
9. Find the Maclaurin series for f (x) = cosh x.

2
10. Find the Maclaurin series for the function f (x) = ex − 1 and state the radius
of convergence.
x
11. Find the Maclaurin series for the function g(x) = (1−3x2
and state the radius
of convergence.
12. (a) Let f (x) be a function for which all derivatives exist. Give the definition
of the Maclaurin series (which is a Taylor series centered at 0) of f (x).
(b) Using the definition, determine the Maclaurin series of f (x) = e2x .
e2x − 1 − 2x − 2x2
(c) Compute lim
x→0 x3
13. Find the first four terms of the Taylor series for f (x) = sin x at a = π4 .
R 0.1 dx
14. Use series to approximate the definite integral 0 1+x 3 within an error of 10
−5
.
1 n
= ∞
P
Hint: 1−x n=0 x , for −1 < x < 1.
15. Write Taylor’s Formula with the Lagrange’s form of the remainder with n = 2
for f (x) = ex about 0. Estimate the error in using T2 (x) to evaluate e0.1 .
16. Find P3 (x) the degree 3 Taylor polynomial at x = 0 of arctan x.

√
17. Find the 2nd degree Taylor polynomial for f (x) = sin x2 at a = π.
2
18. Find the 4th degree Taylor polynomial for f (x) = ex at a = 1.
19. Find the first 4 non-zero terms in the Taylor Series expansion, about x = 0
for

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4.5. TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES 69
(a) f (x) = ln(x + 1)

d 1
(b) f (x) = .
dx 1 + x4
Z x
(c) f (x) = sin(t2 )dt.
0
20. Find explicitly the general term of the Taylor series of ln(1 + x).
21. Find a fourth degree Taylor polynomial for f (x) = ln x about a = 1.
22. Write 1/(1 + t2 ) as a power series in t and by integrating term-by-term find a
power-series representation for arctan x.
24. (a) Define the Taylor series of the function f at a.
(b) Define Maclaurin series of the function f.
(c) State Taylor’s Inequality.
(d) Obtain the Maclaurin series for the function f (x) = sin2 x.
25. (a) Explain why the study of discrete infinite series is important. State why
we need to determine the convergence of infinite series.
(b) Find the first four terms of a Taylor series about x = π/4 for f (x) =
sin(3x).
(c) Find the Taylor series about x = 0 for g(x) = (x + 2)2 (x − 1)
26. Find the Taylor series at 0 of the function f (x) = ln 1 + x and find its radius
of convergence.
1
27. Use the geometric series = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ..., |x| ≤ 1, to find a power
1−x
series representation for f (x) = ln(1 + x). Find the interval of convergence for
this series for f (x).
29. (a) Compute the Taylor series at 0 of the function (1 − x)1/2 , and compute
its open interval I of convergence.
Show that the series converges at least one of the end points of I.
(b) Lagrange’s form of the “remainder” for the Taylor series of f (x) at 0 is
f (n+1) (z) n+1
Rn (x) = x where z, which depends on x, lies between 0 and
(n + 1)!
x. Use the formula to show that (1 − x)1/2 is equal to the sum of its
Taylor series whenever x < 0 and x is an interior point of I.

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30. Consider the function f (x) = ln x. Find the first three nonzero terms of the
Taylor series for f (x) at centre a = 1.
31. (a) Find the Taylor’s series for the function f (x) = ex at c = 2.
(b) Find the Taylor’s series for the funciton f (x) = 2x at c = 0.
√
32. (a) Let f (x) = 2 sin x.
(b) Compute the Taylor polynomial P3 (x) of degree 3 for f (x) at x = π/4.
(c) Use Lagrange’s formula for the remainder R3 to show that
p {sqrt(6)(π/12)4
| (2) sin(x) − P3 (x)| ≤ , (π/6 ≤ x ≤ π/3).
48
33. (a) Show using the binomial expansion that the first 4 non-zero terms in the
1 x2 3x4 5x6
Macluarin series of the function f (x) = √ are 1 + + + .
1 − x2 2 8 16
(b) Determine the fourth Taylor polynomial P4 (x) of g(x) = sin x centred at
x = π/2.
1
(c) Let g(x) = . Determine the second remainder term R2 (x) centred
1−x
at x = 0 in the application of Taylor’s formula to h(x).
34. Find the Taylor series expansion of f (x) = x12 at x = 1 by first finding the
Taylor series expansion of g(x) = x1 at x = 1. Also, state the interval conver-
gence.
35. Given the Taylor series
x2 x4 x6
cos x = 1 − + − + ...
2! 4! 6!
1 − cos x
write down the Taylor series for the function f (x) = . Use this to
x2
1 − cos x
evaluate lim .
x→0 x2
36. Compute the Taylor series for the function f (x) = sin (2x) at a = π/2.

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Chapter 5
Miscellaneous Problems
5.1 True or False

1. True or False. Give a brief explanation if you choose false.
n
Rb b−aX b−a
(a) If f (x) is integrable on [a, b] then a
f (x)dx = lim f a+i· .
n→∞ n i=1 n
n 3
7−2X 7−2 1
(b) lim 2+i· = · (74 − 24 ).
n→∞ n i=1 n 4
(c) If f (x) is integrable on [a, b], then either f (x) is monotonic on [a, b] or
f (x) is continuous on [a, b].
Z 5 Z −2
3
(d) x dx = x3 dx
2 −5

0, x is rational
(e) The function f (x) =
1, x is irrational
is integrable on [0, 1].

0, x=0
(f) Let f (x) = 1
x sin( x ), 0 < x ≤ π.
Then f (x) is not integrable on [0, π].
(g) The area of the plane region below the curve y = 1 − x2 and above the
curve y = x2 − 17 is 72.
Z ∞
sin x
(h) The improper integral dx is convergent.
1 x2
71

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72 CHAPTER 5. MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
1
1
Z
(i) The improper integral √ dx is convergent.
0 x
Rn 1
dx
(j) lim P1 Nx 1 = 1.
N →∞
n=1 n
1
Rn
2 dx
(k) lim P1 Nx 1 = 1.
N →∞
n=1 n2
(l) The volume of the solid generated by rotating the region above the x-axis
and below the y = 1/x, on the interval [1, ∞), about the x-axis, is π/3.
dx 1
Z
(m) 2
= − ln |x| + + ln |x − 1| + C.
x (x − 1) x
(n) If the sequence {|sn |} converges, then the sequence {sn } converges.
∞
X 1
(o) The series 1.01
converges.
n=1
n
(p) Every bounded sequence converges.
(q) Every monotonic sequence converges.
∞
X 1
(r) The series (−1)n 2 is absolutely convergent.
n=0
n
∞
X
(s) If lim an = 0, then an converges.
n→∞
n=1
2. Indicate True or False by circling T or F to the left of each question.

X
(a) If r is any number satisfying 0 < r < 1, then ∞rn converges.
n=1
Z 1
(b) If f is continuous and positive on [0, 1) and lim f (x) = +∞, then f (x)dx
x→1 0
diverges to +∞.
∞
X
(c) If limn→∞ an = 0 then an converges.
n=1
Z ∞ Z n
(d) f (x)dx converges if the limit lim f (x)dx exists and is finite.
−∞ n→∞ −n
3. Answer TRUE or FALSE to the following questions:

dy
(a) The function y(x) = 1 is a solution to the differential equation dx
=
3(y − 1)2 ey

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5.2. MIXED PROBLEMS 73
(b) If a car travels from t = 0 to t = 4 with a speed at time t given by t + 2,

then the car will move exactly 12 units.
dy
(c) The function y(x) = x2 is a solution to the differential equation dx
= 2y.
(d) The length of the curve y = ex from x = 0 to x = 2 is
Z 2p
1 + ex2 dx
0
(e) An antiderivative of f (x) = ln x is F (x) = lnxx .

(f) If ∞
P
n=3 an converges to s then the sequence an must also converge to the
same value.
n
(g) If ∞
P P∞
n=1 |an | converges then so does n=1 (−1) an .
n
(h) If the radius of convergence of a power series ∞
P
n=0 cn (x − a) is R then
n 2
cn (x − a)n is also R.
P∞
the radius of convergence of n=0 n2 +4n+1
(i) If T2 (x) is the Taylor polynomial at a = 0 of some function f (x) then
T2′′ (0) = f ′′ (0) (i.e. the second derivatives must be the same at x = 0).
(j)
∞
X (−1)n 1
≤ .
n=10
n 11
5.2 Mixed Problems

1. (a) State the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
(b) Write down Simposon’s rule.
R∞
(c) Explain why 0 x71+2 dx converges or diverges.
2. Choose one of the following three problems to solve. Clearly indicate which
problem you are solving by circling it.
(a) The force of an object is proportional to the square root of its distance
from a set rest position. When a certain object is 4 feet from rest, there
is a force of 8 pounds on it, pushing it back toward the rest position.
What is the work required to displace the object by 16 feet from its rest
position?
(b) Consider the curve x = et−5 cos t, y = et−5 sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
i. Find the values of t where the line tangent to the curve is vertical.

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74 CHAPTER 5. MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
ii. Find the values of t where the slope of the line tangent to the curve
is -1.
(c) A tank contains 100 litres of pure water. Brine that contains 0.1 kilograms
of salt per litre enters the tank at a rate of 10 litres per minute. The
solution is kept thoroughly mixed and drains from the tank at the same
rate. How much salt is in the tank after 6 minutes?
3. Find the centroid of the semicircular

p region of the xy-plane bounded by the
y-axis and the curve segment x = 4 − y 2 , −2 ≤ y ≤ 2).
4. Let R denote region of the xy-plane bounced above by the curve segment
π2 π
y= − x2 , |x| ≤ and below by the curve segment y = cos x, |x| ≤ π/).
4 2
π3
Find the centroid (x̄, ȳ) of R. It is given that the area of R is − 2.
6
5. Find the centroid of the region bounded by y = x and y = x3 with x > 0.
6. Find the area of the loop described by the parametric equations x = t2 , y = t2 ,

−1 ≤ t ≤ 1.
7. Find the points on the curve x = t3 − 3t2 , y = t3 − 3t where the tangent

is horizontal or vertical. Also determine the intervals of t where the curve is
concave upward.

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Bibliography
[1] J. Stewart. Calculus, Early Transcendentals, 6th Edition, Thomson, 2008.
75

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Calc 152 Qs - practice collection

Calculus II (Simon Fraser University)

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A Collection of Problems in Integral Calculus

Timothy Chung · Sibo Gao · Ilya Grebeshkov · Veselin Jungic

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To my sons, my best teachers. - Veselin Jungic

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Recommendations for Success in Mathematics 3

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3.2 Areas Between Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

4 Sequences And Series 57

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The purpose of this Collection of Problems is to be an additional learning resource

Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University

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Recommendations for Success in

The following is a list of various categories gathered by the Department of Mathe-

Tips for Reading these Recommendations:

• Take time to reﬂect on the recommendations. Look at the people in your

Habits of a Successful Student:

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• Sets goals: This student

– sets attainable goals based on speciﬁc information such as the academic

• Is reﬂective: This student

– understands that deep learning comes out of reﬂective activities.

• Is inquisitive: This student

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• Enjoys learning: This student

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– is passionate about their program of study.

• Is resourceful: This student

• Is organized: This student

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– is in control of their time.

• Is involved: This student

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How to Prepare for Exams:

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Getting and Staying Connected:

– A network of family and friends can provide security, stability, support,

• Create a study group or join one:

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– There is an organized group in the Department of Mathematics led by

– Feed your intellectual hunger! Choose a program of study that suits

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– Eat well! Have regular meals and make them nutritious.

• WolframAlpha Computational Knowledge Engine:

• Survival Guide to 1st Year Mathematics at SFU:

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• SFU Student Learning Commons: http://learningcommons.sfu.ca/

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• How to Ace Calculus: The Streetwise Guide:

• 16 Habits of Mind (1 page summary): http://www.chsvt.org/wdp/Habits of Mind.pdf

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