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Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Complex Functions

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Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Complex Functions

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200 Chapter 4 Elementary Functions To find a mumerical approximation of this value in Mathemation you enter the expression Nia + b I)(c + dD). For example, Mathematica indicates that N[(QL +2118 + 2D) is approximately 0.2647 — 1.19: In Problems 25 80, use a CAS to find the principal value of the given complex power. 25. (1—5i)" 26. 59-2 a7. (aye 28. (1-49) 29, (Eager 30. (1-34)"/* Sha eat In this section we define the complex trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. Analogous to the complex functions e* and Ln = defined in a previous section, these funetions will ‘agree with their real counterparts for real input. In addition, we will show that the complex trigonometric and hyperbolic functions have the same derivatives and satisfy many of the ‘same identities as the real trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. Functions Complex Trigonometri ile, then it follows from Definition 4.1 that: Tex is a real ef Seosrtising and cos — isin. w By adding these equations and simplifying, we obt the real cosine funetion with the complex exponential finetion: gm equation that relates (2) lar manner, if we subteaet the two equations in (1), then we obtain for the real sine funct Ina an expres @) 2 The formulas for the real cosine and sine ven in (2) and (8) ean be used to define the eomnpler sine and cosine functions, Namely, we define these complex trigonometric functions by replacing the real varinble a with the complex: variable = in (2) and (3). This discussion is summarized in the following definition Definition 4.6 Complex Sine and Cosine Functions ‘The comples sine and cosine funetions are defined by: W 4.3 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 201 It follows from (2) and (3) that the complex sine and cosine functions defined by (4) agree with the real sine and cosine functions for real input. Analogous to real trigonometric functions, we next define the complex tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions using the complex sine and cosine: tan and ese (5) These tions also agree with their real counterparts for real input. EXAMPLE 1 Values of Complex nometrie Functions In each part, express the value of the given trigonometric function iu the form atib, fa) cost (b) sin(2+i) —(c) tan (x — 28 ) Solution Por each expression we apply the appropriate formula from (4) or (5) and simplify {a) By 1.5431. (b) By (4), et) _ ae sin(2+i) = e(cos(—2) + isi BE 0.9781 + 2.80021 We 14031 — 0.48911. (c) By the first entry in (5) together with (4) we have: Hy waa i) — entle-2) tan (ary Most of te familiar identities for real trigonometric fimetions hold for the complex trigonometric funetions. ‘This follows from Definition 4.6 and propertios of the complex exponential function, We now list some of the 202 Note ear Chapter 4 Elementary Functions more useful of the trigonometric identities. Each of # results in (6)-(10) is (6) a) (8) @) Observe that the double-angle formulas: sin sinzeos: cos 2: = cos? s — sin? z (10) follow directly from (8) and (9). ‘We will verify only identity (7). ‘The other identities follow in a similar manner. See Problems 13 and 14 in Exercises 4.3. In order to verify (7), we note that by (4) and properties of the complex exponential funetion from ‘Theorem 4.2, we have ‘Therefore, Iv is important to recognize that some properties of the real trigonomet- rie fictions are nol satisfied by their complex counterparts. For example, |sin.x] <1 and [oos.x| < 1 forall real x, tmt, from Example 1 we have [eos i] > 1 aud [sin(2 + i)| > 1 since [eos] 1.5431 and [sia (2+ {)] ~ 14859, so these inequalities. in general, are not satisfied for complex input. Tig ms is periodic with a pure im for all complex =. Replacing obt efle425) = el. Thus, © period 27, Similarly, we ean show that e~ periodic fanetion with a real period of 2x. Now from Definition 4.6 it follows ‘that: ion 4.1 we proved that the complex exponential dof 2mi. That is, we showed sation we ith real fu that € 242m) sin(= +22) a = sine. A similar stateme we have: and cos(= + 4.3 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 203 for all =. Put another way, (11) shows that the complex sine and cosine are periodic functions with a real period of 2x. ‘The periodicity of the sceant and cosceant functions follows immediately from (11) and (5). The identities sin and cos(z + 7) = eos ean be used to show that the complex tangent and cotangent are periodic with a real period of . See Problems 51 and 52 in Exercises 4.3. We now turn our attention to solving simple trigonometric equations. Because the complex sine and cosine fi tious are periodic, there are always infinitely many solutions to equations of the form sin = = w or e082 = w. One approach to solving stich equations is to use Definition 4.6 in conjunction with the quadratic formiala, We demonstrate this method in the following example. EXAMPLE 2 Solving Trigon ‘trie Equations Find all solutions to the equation sin = = 5. Solution By Definition 4.6, the equation sins = 5 is equivalent to the equation By multiplying this equation by e and simplifying we obtain = Wiel — quadratic in e!. That is, (e*)? ~ 105 (e*) - ‘Tinus, it follows from the quadratic fornmula (3) of Seetion 1.6 th: of e! — 10ie — 1 =0 are given by 2 — 10ie" iat the solutions M0" ctisavti= (seri). ay In order to find the values of = satisfying (12), we solve the two exponential equations in (12) using the complex logatitiin. Ife = (5 +2V6) i, then iz = In (54 + 2V6i) or x = ~iln[(5 +2V6) i]. Because (5 +28) is a pure imaginary mumber and 5 + 2V6 > 0, we have arg [(5 +2V6) i] = 4 Thus, ~ting [(6+ 246) = if (9248) +¢(E 4 20)] ae ADF — itog, (5+ 2V6) (a3) forn = 0, £1, £2, » In asimilar manner, we find that if e' hen 2 = iin [(5—2V6) i]. Since (5 - 2V6) i is a pure immay 204 Chapter 4 Elementary Functions 2, and so: ~itog (5-28) i] =-i[tn. (5 28) +4 (% + 207)] oP ito (8-248) a Therefore, we have shown that if sin and 5 — 26 > 0, it has an argument of x ‘The modulus of a complex trigonometric function ent: also be helpful ing trigonometrie equations. To find a formula in terms of and y for the modulus of the sine and cosine finctions, we first express (ese functions in terms of their real and imnginary parts. If we replace the symbol += with the symbol 2 + iy in the expression for sins in (4), then we obtai sins =" (cose + isin) ~ e* (cos: ce the real hyperbolic sine and cosine functions are defined by siaky = eae" ete” SF and coshy 2 we can rewrite (15) as cosh y+ icosasinh y. (16) A similar computation enables us to express the complex cosine function in terms ofits real and imaginary parts as: ayy odulus of the complex cos reosh y ~ isin. sink for th We now use (16) and (17) to derive fornmula sine and cosine functions. From (16) we have: / sin? x cosh? y + cos? x sinh? y. ‘This formula can be simplified using the identities cos?.x + sin?.r = 1 and cosh? y = 1 +sinh* y for the real trigonometric and hyperbolic functions: (14 sink? p) + cos?arsinh? y = + (cos? x + sin? x) sinh? y, or sin z| = + sinh? y. (18) ‘After a similar compntation we obtain the following expression for the mod- ulus of the complex cosine fimet a) rn ()y sinks ()yscohe Figure 4.11 The real hyperbolic functions All ofthe zeros of sin = abd eos ate Ea real 4.3 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 205 You ws that the real hyperbolic functi unbounded on the real line. See Figure .11(a). As a result of this fact, the expressions in (18) and (19) cam be made arbitrarily large by choosing y to be arbitrari lnrge. ‘Thus, we have shown that the comples id cosine functi 8 arc not hounded on the complex plane. ‘That is, there does not exist areal constant M so that |sin 2] = (20+ 1)x/2, n= Uy 1, #2... « See Problem I in Exercises 4.3. In stummary we have: if and only if 2 =m, (20) and cos: =0if and only if 2 = "+ Ut (a) form =0, #1, 42... MARGIAM The derivatives of the complex sine and cosine functions ave found using the chain rule (6) in Section 3.1. Analogous to the real sine 206 Chapter 4 Elementary Functions func function 1, the derivative of the complex sine function is the complex eosine a or Sig a Since this derivative is defined for all complex =, sin is an entire fine Ina similar manner, we find ‘The derivatives of sin = and cos = ean then be used to show that derivatives of all of the complex trigonometric funetions are the same as derivatives of the real trigonoiiettic funetions, The derivatives of the six complex trigonometric functions are summarized in the following, Derivatives of Complex Trigonometric Functions cose = sin dz ~ a 2. eats =— eet: @ soz = — 090 zc0t. f ese = —eezcotz The sine and cosine functions are entire, but the tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosceant functions are only analytic at those points where the denominator is nonzero, From (20) and (21), it then follows that the taugent ‘and secant finctions have singularities at = = (2n-+1)x/2 for n = 0, £1, “442... , whereas the cotangent and eosecant functions have singularities at 0, 1, #2. for We will now disenss the complex mapping, w = sing of the =-plane onto the w-plane, Because sin > is periodie with a real period of 2, this function takes om all vulucs in any infinite vertical strip ro < at < my 42m, -00 1 on the positive real axis, and that the image pperbola with vertices at (sina, 0) and slant asymptotes 1 u, Because the point (a, 0) is on the fonetio "Do not confise this torm with “branch ofa multplowal 208 Chapter 4 Elementary Functions (2) The epion—1/252563/2 (6) tage ofthe rion in (a) Figure 4.12 The mapy of the line 2 ~ 0 is the imaginary axis w= 0. See Figure 4.12. In summary, we have shiown that the image of the infinite vertical strip —1/2 0, then the image of the line segment y Uupper-half of Uhe ellipse defined by (24) and the image of the line segment y = —bis the bottom-half of the ellipse. Thus, the horizontal line sex shown in color in Figure 4.12(a) are mapped onto the ellipses shown in black in Figure 4.12(b). The innermost pair of horizontal line segments are mapped onto the innermost ellipse, the middle pair of line segiments are mapped onto the middle ellipse, and the outermost pair of line segments are mapped onto the ontermost ellipse. As a final point, observe that if = 0, then the image of the line segment y = 0, ~7/2 < x < x/2, is the line segment -1

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