Adamson University

College of Engineering

Chemical Engineering Department

Laboratory Experiment

MEASUREMENT OF DENSITY
Experiment 3

Experiment run on: March 14, 2021

Submitted by:

Andallo, Jan Arvee V. 201912478

Austria, Jeremy Kyle Edson A. 201914365

Castro, Sean Carlo S.A. 201914624

Chua, Ma. Angelica B. 201914283

Reyes, Joserie Joice P. 201914413

Group 7

Submitted to:

Engr. Pinky Joy Janaban

Physical Chemistry for Engineers 1 Laboratory

Instructor

17 March 2021
 1

I. ABSTRACT
The density of a substance or object is a measure of how compact its mass is.
It is commonly used in the detection of pure substances as well as the
characterization and estimation of the composition of different mixtures. In
this experiment, we measured the mass and volume of Gold and Aluminum
using the pycnometer to solve for their buoyancy effect and specific gravity
at different temperatures in part one, we looked for the density of Gold and
Aluminum, using the same simulation pycnometer, to solve for their
buoyancy effect, volume and fluid density at a chosen temperature of 10 oC
with given densities of air, 1.247E-3 g/mL, and water, 0.99973 g/mL, along
with the volume of a glass, 5.122 mL, in part two, and we observed the effects
of temperature to density of solutions with the given solid samples, Gold and
Aluminum, incorporating the same various temperatures found in part one to
part three. The highest buoyancy effect of 3.328 was found at a temperature
of 40oC for Gold and 3.0273 was found at a temperature of 10oC for
Aluminum. Buoyancy effect is obtained through the Archimedes’ Principle
that states the weight of the displaced fluid calculated by the weight in water
subtracted from the weight in air is equal to the buoyant force. Based on the
overall results, the average specific gravity increases as temperature increases
therefore showing a directly proportional relationship but is supposed to be
inversely proportional. A very minimal percentage error of less than 0.2%
was found upon comparing the experimental and theoretical specific gravity
and fluid densities in Gold and Aluminum. In part three, we can infer that
density is inversely proportional to temperature. As temperature increases,
with a constant pressure of 1 atm, density decreases.
Keywords: Archimedes’ Principle, Buoyancy, Density, pycnometer,
Specific Gravity
 2

II. INTRODUCTION

Density is the mass per unit volume of any material substance. Through
this value, we can determine the compactness of the atoms or molecules currently
present in the substance under specific environmental factors (eg. Temperature,
Pressure, and Concentration). Density varies from object to object variables
making countless the determination of every density of a material. But through
narrowing down variables, we can gauge its density present in a particular
environment. The formula for density identifies the presence of mass per unit
volume of the container. It is commonly expressed in kg/cm3 in SI units. More
than its mass, the weight is primarily the more practical value to be observed.
Weight can be solved by multiplying mass to Earth’s gravitational acceleration
(9.8m/s2) from preceding derived formula of density M = ρV.

A material’s density is one of the most significant and readily-gathered physical

properties. It is prominently used in identification of pure substances and in
characterization and estimation of the composition of various mixtures. One of the
known applications of density is present in fluid motion lamps, also known as
“lava lamps.” These decorations are exemplifies the relationship between density
and buoyancy where substances with increasingly vast difference in densities do
not mix together. It is the same concept that is present in Archimedes’ principle
stating that an object will float if the average density of the object is less than the
liquid—one of the concepts that interrelates density and buoyancy.

One of prominent methods for determining density involves a simple wet

pycnometer. In this experiment, the pycnometer method is utilized to determine
the density through gravimetric analysis. This task aims to exhibit how density is
defined, quantified, and used and the role they portray in the interaction of objects
our environment. Furthermore, this experiment intends to explore the effects of
temperature in changes in density of solids, liquids, and solutions.
 3

Through this analysis, the researchers aims to achieve the following

objectives:

1. To determine the Specific Gravity of the solid

2. To determine the volume of the solid and density of the solid
3. To determine the Liquid Density

III. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Density refers to the sum of mass per unit of volume. The mass of an
object is defined as the volume of matter it contains, and it is usually
expressed in grams (g). The units of density are typically grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cm3). Note that grams are a unit of mass and cubic centimeters
are a unit of volume (the same volume as 1 milliliter). The unit of
measurement kilograms per cubic meter is commonly used to express density
(in meter-kilogram-second or SI units). Here are the factors that affect density
of subtances:

1. Concentration of atoms. The mass of a material for a given volume is a

significant factor in deciding its density. While you would assume that the
total mass of a substance is exclusively determined by its atomic weight.
2. Change in volume. Temperature and pressure can cause a material's
volume to alter. As a result, the density of the material varies.
3. Change of phase or state. As a material's phase or state of matter
changes, its volume and density normally change as well. While pressure
can affect a material's change of state, temperature is the most important
factor.
a. Solid versus liquid densities. In a solid, atoms or molecules are
generally packed in order or have a crystalline structure, while in a
liquid, they are free to move about. As a result, the solid has a higher
density.
b. Liquid versus gaseous state densities. As a liquid turns into a gas,
its volume expands rapidly, lowering the material's density.
 4

4. Temperature influences the density of gases. The higher the

temperature, the more the molecules spread out and the lower the density.
Warm gases rise and cool gases sink as a result. The same idea can be
used to describe why there are high and low pressures in the atmosphere.
High pressure indicates that the air is dense, colder, and sinking. Low
pressure means warmer, increasing air with a lower density.

Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of the material in question to

the density of a reference substance at a given temperature and pressure.
Specific gravity is a unit less number that is the same in every measurement
system, including the metric system. Since it has no units it is useful in
comparing the density of two objects.

FORMULA:

DENSITY:

𝑀 Where: M = Mass
𝜌=
𝑉
V = Volume

SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

𝑊𝐴 Where: SG = Specific gravity

𝑆𝐺 =
𝑊𝐴 − 𝑊𝑊
WA = Weight in air

WW = Weight in water
 5

VOLUME:

Where: WA = Weight in air

𝑊𝐴 − 𝑊𝑊 WW = Weight of water
𝑉=
𝐷𝑊 − 𝐷𝐴
DA = Density of air

DW = Density of water

DENSITY OF AIR:

0.353 Where: DA = Density of air

𝐷𝐴 =
𝑇 + 273.15
T = Temperature

DENSITY OF LIQUID (FLUID DENSITY)

Where:

𝑫𝑳 = Density of Liquid (Fluid density)

𝐷𝐴 + (𝑊𝐴 − 𝑊𝑊 ) DA = Density of air

𝐷𝐿 =
𝑉
WA = Weight in air

WW = Weight of water

V = Volume
 6

IV. PROCEDURE
In this experiment, the researchers have identified the effects of
temperature in the density of solids, liquids, and other mixture of solutions,
specifically of Gold and Aluminum. This experiment quantified different
factors that are in play with regards to the relationship of density, specific
gravity, and buoyancy. Here are the following steps that are undertaken to
complete this experiment:

a. Determination of Specific Gravity of a Solid. In this part of the

experiment, the researcher will determine the specific gravity of a solid
across different temperatures. Here are the following steps that are
executed to collect and analyze the data:
1. Click the assemble button.
2. Set the temperature at 10C.
3. Choose water as the liquid, and silver as the solid sample.
4. Click the tare button on the scale, and wait until it become 0.000.
5. Choose Weigh in Air as the sample position. Record the obtained
data, then tare the scale.
6. Choose Weigh under Liquid as the sample position, and record the
obtained data.
7. Choose water as the sample, and cinnabar as the solid sample. Repeat
steps 4-6.
8. Repeat the steps 3-6 at five different temperatures.
b. Density of Liquids. Succeeding from the previous part, the researcher
will determine the density of liquids at a particular temperature. Here are
the following steps that are executed to collect and analyze the data:
1. Click the assemble button.
2. Set the temperature at 10℃.
3. Choose ethanol as the liquid, and silver as the solid sample.
4. Click the tare button on the scale, and wait until it become 0.000.
 7

5. Choose Weigh in Air as the sample position.

6. Choose Weigh under Liquid as the sample position, and record the
obtained data.
7. Choose ethanol as the sample, and cinnabar as the solid sample.
c. Density of Liquids at different temperatures. In this part of the
experiment, the researcher will determine the behavior of density of liquids
at varying temperature. Here are the following steps that are executed to
collect and analyze the data:
1. Click the assemble button.
2. Set the temperature at 10℃
3. Choose ethanol as the liquid, and silver as the solid sample.
4. Click the tare button on the scale, and wait until it become 0.000.
5. Choose Weigh in Air as the sample position. Record the obtained
data, then tare the scale.
6. Choose Weigh under Liquid as the sample position, and record the
obtained data.
7. Choose ethanol as the sample, and cinnabar as the solid sample.
Repeat steps 4-6
d. Data Analysis. For this part, the researcher will use the initial experimental
results from part A, B, and C to be graphed and processed for linear
regression to determine the correlation factor K in each sample. From the
obtained value, we can determine the relationship of temperature and
density from varying solid sample. Furthermore, to ensure the accuracy of
the simulation used for this experiment, we will test the comparison of the
theoretical and experimental values through analysis of error to determine
for lapses or errors in the results of the experiment or simulation.
 8

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

I. Measurement of Mass and Volume

Table 1.1 Specific Gravity of Gold and Aluminum Samples at 10oC

Table 1.2 Specific Gravity of Gold and Aluminum Samples at 20oC

 9

Table 1.3 Specific Gravity of Gold and Aluminum Samples at 30oC

Table 1.4 Specific Gravity of Gold and Aluminum Samples at 40oC

 10

Table 1.5 Specific Gravity of Gold and Aluminum Samples at 50oC

At constant temperatures of 10 C, 20 C, 30 C, 40 C, and 50 C, the two

solid samples: gold and aluminum, were each weighed in air and in water for
three trials. Next, the Buoyancy Effect is recorded which is the difference
between the two weight values of different mediums for each trial. This is due
to the Archimedes’ Principle stating that the weight of the displaced fluid
calculated by the weight in water subtracted from the weight in air is equal to
the buoyant force. Positive buoyancy occurs when the submerged sample is
lighter than the displaced fluid. Negative buoyancy occurs when it is heavier
and neutral buoyancy occurs when it is equal to the displaced fluid. Thirdly, the
averages of weight and buoyancy effect were calculated, followed by the
specific gravity for each trial which was computed using the formula SG =
(weight in air) / (weight in air – weight in water). Lastly, the average specific
gravity is calculated for each solid sample. Overall, this data recording process
resulted in 5 different tables for each of the 5 constant temperatures which can
be seen in the figures above.
 11

Table 2. Specific Gravity of Gold at Constant Temperatures

Figure 1. Comparison of Substance Specific Gravity across Different

Temperatures

Combining all 5 tables into one, the temperatures are tabularized with
just the solid samples’ average specific gravities. This is then plotted in a graph
with temperature as the independent variable on the x-axis and the average
specific gravity as the dependent variable on the y-axis. The two linear
functions of gold and aluminum are placed in the same graph for comparison.
It can be seen from the table that the average specific gravity increases as
temperature increases meaning that they have a directly proportional
relationship. The differences between specific gravity values at different
temperatures are minimal which leads to a small but positive slope for each
solid sample’s linear function. Both look like they are almost straight horizontal
lines, but the positive slope is slightly more visible for the gold sample. Based
 12

on research, the relationship between specific gravity and temperature is

supposed to be inversely proportional, but these experimental values prove
otherwise. The error could be due to the simulation from which the data were
gathered.
From the graph, it can also be deduced that the specific gravity for gold
is much higher than that of aluminum. This is due to the difference of the two
in terms of atomic mass. Specific gravity depends on the density of the sample
which can be determined through its atomic mass. Knowing that the atomic
mass is directly proportional with atomic radii, the size in atomic radius
significantly increases as it trends from top to bottom in columns of the periodic
table. So, atomic mass would also increase with the same trend. Gold is located
in the transitional metals section with an atomic mass of 196.96657 u which is
much lower than aluminum. Meanwhile, aluminum can be found on the upper
right area, 5th group, a metal near the metalloids with an atomic mass of
26.981539 u. This means that gold has a significantly greater atomic radius and
atomic mass in contrast to aluminum. If there was 1 mole of each solid sample,
the molar mass of gold would be higher thus leading to a higher density which
affects the substance’s specific gravity. So, overall gold would naturally have a
higher specific gravity than aluminum which is supported by the graph shown
above.

Table 3. Specific Gravity of Gold at Constant Temperatures

 13

Figure 2. Experimental Specific Gravity of Gold

Here, we look more closely at the specific gravity of the gold sample,
where its experimental values are equivalent to the calculated average specific
gravities from previous tables. The graph shows a zoomed in version of the
linear function and its linear regression that was performed to obtain the
theoretical equation y = 0.0242x + 20.984. Regression was needed due to the
slight data fluctuation at different temperatures. Doing so provided a correlation
coefficient which determines the movement degree between two variables and
measures the linear relationship between them. These values cannot go beyond
the interval [-1.0, 1.0] where -1.0 shows perfect negative correlation and 1.0
shows perfect positive correlation. A correlation constant greater than zero
means the linear relationship is positive, but a value lesser than zero means that
it is a negative relationship. A coefficient of zero would point out that there is
no relationship existing between two variables. The correlation factor (R^2)
obtained in the regression of gold was 0.9933 and the computed theoretical
values of specific gravity were placed in the third column of the table above.
The percentage error of these values calculated were less than 1% showing great
accuracy of the results as there was also no significant deviation or outlier
existing. Also, as displayed in the visual information, the plotted points of
 14

experimental values lie very close to the line of regression where the theoretical
values are. Moreover, it is visually clearer that there is a directly proportional
relationship between specific gravity and temperature.

Table 4. Specific Gravity of Aluminum at Constant Temperatures

Figure 3. Experimental Specific Gravity of Aluminum

Next, the aluminum is also observed more closely in the same manner
as gold. Its experimental values come from the table of specific gravity of solid
samples, and its values are plotted in a graph with its regression to acquire its
theoretical equation of y = 0.0038x + 2.99. Its correlation factor (R^2) is 0.9945
and using the equation, the theoretical values are computed and recorded in the
table above aluminum’s graph. The yielded percentage errors for aluminum
specific gravity were also less than 1% meaning that very accurate specific
 15

gravity values were obtained using the simulation. All the plotted experimental
points were also located really close to the line of regression with the last point
being exactly on the line with a percentage error of 0% between its experimental
and theoretical value. It also follows the directly proportional relationship
between specific gravity and temperature.

II. Density of Liquids

Temperature (°C): 10 °C

Dair: 1.247x10-3g/mL

Dwater : 0.99973 g/mL

Volume(glass): 5.122 mL

Table 5. Fluid Density of Gold and Aluminum at 10oC

The figure above shows the calculation for the fluid density of gold and
aluminum samples at a constant temperature of 10 C. Firstly, the weight of each
sample is measured in air and in water for three trials. The difference is taken
between the two weights and recorded in the row categorized as Buoyancy
Effect. The average of the three trials for weight in air, weight in water and
buoyancy are then calculated. Lastly the volume and fluid density are computed
using the following formulas:
 16

III. Effect of Temperature to Density of Solutions

Table 6.1 Fluid Density of Aluminum at Different Temperatures

Table 6.2 Fluid Density of Gold at Different Temperatures

With a similar process and procedure of gathering data and experimental

results to the tables in part 1 (Measurement of Mass and Volume), this time the
density of air, volume and fluid density were calculated instead of the specific
gravity. The same weights in air and weights in water of gold and aluminum
were used together with the density of air in the calculations for volume and
fluid density using formulas. These values are exhibited in the above tables for
both solid samples, one table per sample, excluding the initial weights that were
already tabulated in Part 1. Note that the experimental values are formula based.
 17

Table 7. Fluid Density of Aluminum and Gold at Different Temperatures

Figure 5. Comparison of Effect of Temperature to Density of Solution for

Aluminum and Gold

The table above shows the fluid density values of gold and aluminum
as temperature increases. With both numerical and visual data, it is visible that
as the temperature increases, the solid samples’ fluid densities decrease. An
inversely proportional relationship exists between the two variables. The first
three density values of gold and aluminum are identical and exactly overlap in
the graph. For the last two points, they vary minimally and are still situated very
close to each other; only small differences are also visible in the graph at
temperatures 40 C and 50 C. Their fluid densities are relatively identical despite
their great difference in specific gravity which could be due to an error in the
 18

simulation because it is expected that gold will have a higher density than
aluminum.

Figure 6. Effect of Temperature to Density of Solution for Aluminum

Table 8. Theoretical Fluid Density and Percentage Error of Aluminum

Looking closer at the aluminum solid sample, it is displayed in the above

table and graph that its fluid density decreases as temperature increases.
Regression is applied to the plotted experimental data yielding a theoretical
equation of y = -0.0003x + 1.0027 and a correlation factor R^2 = 0.9676. Using
the equation acquired, the theoretical densities are calculated and recorded on
the table together with the percentage error in the following column dictating
how far off the experimental is from the theoretical. All the percent error values
 19

were less than 1% meaning that the values were accurate. The plotted points in
the graph are also situated near to the regression line.

Figure 7. Effect of Temperature to Density of Solution for Gold

Table 9. Theoretical Fluid Density and Percentage Error of Gold

Following the same procedure for the gold solid sample, it also exhibits
the inversely proportional relationship between temperature and fluid density.
With the experimental points plotted in a graph, the regression line is created to
find all theoretical values for its fluid density. The theoretical equation yielded
was y = -0.0003x + 1.0027 with a correlation factor of R^2 = 0.9075. The
theoretical values computed are noted in the table above as well as its
percentage error which are also all less than 1% which shows how consistent
the information provided by the simulation is in accuracy and precision. All the
 20

experimental data points are also located not far off from the regression line of
theoretical values.
Possible sources of error stem from the simulation that was used for the
experiment. Errors in the simulation may have caused significant changes in the
results. The discrepancies present in the experiment proves a slight inaccuracy
on the reliability of the instrument or simulation used for this experiment.
It is possible for the density of high-melting liquids to be measured
using a number of methods, including the pycnometer. However, due to
reaction inside the liquid sample and the apparatus, both of these methods are
constrained in their application. This allows the density of a fluid to be precisely
determined using an analytical balance and a suitable working sample liquid. A
platinum resistance thermometer can be placed next to the pycnometer on the
inside boundary of the compartment housing it to test temperatures.
 21

VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The two important properties of matter, mass and volume, are

proportional to their size. Density is an intensive property that refers to
"compactness". Using Archimedes’ principle equation, we are able to determine
the specific gravity of the solid samples, Gold and Aluminum. When the
submerged sample is lighter than the displaced fluid, positive buoyancy exists.
While it is heavier, it has negative buoyancy, and when it is equal to the
displaced fluid, it has neutral buoyancy. From the results gathered, it shows that
the average real gravity increases as temperature rises, implying that they are
directly proportional. The molar mass of gold is higher leading to a higher
density which affects the substance’s specific gravity. So, overall gold would
naturally have a higher specific gravity than aluminum due to the difference of
the two in terms of their atomic masses. Since the variations between specific
gravity values at different temperatures are just minimal, each solid sample's
linear feature has a small but positive slope. Both tend to be nearly straight
horizontal lines, but the gold sample's positive slope is slightly more noticeable.
Lastly, an inversely proportional relationship exists between the samples fluid
density and temperature. Their fluid densities are relatively identical despite
their great difference in specific gravity.
The simulation that was used for the experiment may have been a
possible source of error. These errors in the simulation may have caused
significant changes in the results like the relationship between specific gravity
and temperature is supposed to be inversely proportional, but the experimental
values obtained prove otherwise. Also it is expected that gold will have a higher
density than aluminum since there is a great difference in terms of their specific
gravity but the results showed that the fluid densities of Gold and Aluminum
are relatively identical. The discrepancies in the experiment demonstrate a
minor inaccuracy in the instrument or simulation used for this experiment. A
far more precise and accurate instrument is highly recommended and should be
used in future experiments.
 22

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kurtus, R. (2014, April 5). Factors affecting density of matter. Retrieved March
13, 2021, from https://www.school-for-
champions.com/science/density_factors.htm#.YE0k1p0zbIU

Lower, S. (2020, August 11). 2.4: Density and its applications. Retrieved March
15, 2021, from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Palomar_College/PC%3A_CHEM10
0_-
_Fundamentals_of_Chemistry/03%3A_Matter_and_Energy/2.4%3A_De
nsity_and_its_Applications#:~:text=The%20density%20of%20an%20obj
ect,of%20many%20kinds%20of%20mixtures.

Nickolas, S. (2021, January 30). What do correlation coefficients positive,

negative, and zero mean? Retrieved March 16, 2021, from
https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/032515/what-does-it-mean-
if-correlation-coefficient-positive-negative-or-zero.asp

Pycnometer: Fisher SCIENTIFIC. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2021, from

https://www.fishersci.ca/ca/en/products/I9C8L5FM/pycnometers.html

SOP_General_Pycnometer_Information [PDF]. (n.d.). Utah: Chemical

Engineering Department - University of Utah.

Wypych, G. (2016). Pycnometer. Retrieved March 16, 2021, from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/pycnometer

Serc. (2020). How do I calculate density. Serc Carleton. Retrieved from

https://serc.carleton.edu/mathyouneed/density/index.html#:~:text=Densit
y%20is%20the%20mass%20of,same%20volume%20as%201%20millilit
er
 23

Geotextiles. (2016). Density (Specific Gravity) - an overview. Science Direct.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/density-specific-
gravity

Shahinian, G. A. (n.d.). specific gravity hydrostatically, density determination

kit. 1996-2009 - Precision Weighing Balances. Retrieved from
http://balances.com/acculab/density+determination/specific+gravity.html
#:%7E:text=Archimedes%20discovered%20that%20the%20weight,water
%20displaced%20by%20the%20body.&text=When%20the%20body%20
is%20placed,weight%20of%20the%20water%20displaced.
 24

VIII. NOMENCLATURE
In this experiment, the researchers have determined the relationship
between several factors that affect the specific gravity and fluid density of a
sample. Analyzing this experiment, we have utilized several formulas which
were used to determine the unknown. These equations consist of the following
variables and terminology that are presented and defined in this table below:

SYMBOL DEFINITION UNIT

𝑫𝑳 Density of liquid (Fluid Density) g/mL

Density of water g/mL

DW

Fluid density g/mL

ρ/D

Mass g
M

Specific Gravity Unitless

SG

Temperature oC
T

Volume mL
V

Weight in air g
WA

Weight in water g
WW
 25

APPENDICES
 26

APPENDIX A.1
RAW DATA
 27

Temperature (°C): 10°C

SOLID SAMPLE
Gold Aluminum
Averag Trial Trial Trial Averag
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
e 1 2 3 e
Weight
in Air 62.098 62.091 62.095 62.0947 9.177 9.159 9.169 9.1683
(Wair,g)
Weight
in Water 59.178 59.163 59.177 59.1727 6.138 6.147 6.138 6.1410
(g)
Buoyanc
2.920 2.928 2.918 2.9220 3.039 3.012 3.031 3.0273
y Effect
Specific 21.266 21.205 21.280 3.019 3.040 3.025
Gravity 4 9 0 7 8 1
Average
21.25 3.03
SG

Temperature (°C): 20°C

SOLID SAMPLE
Gold Aluminum
Averag Trial Averag
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2
e 3 e
Weight
71.001
in Air 70.997 71.007 70.999 8.98 8.984 8.991 8.9850
0
(Wair,g)
Weight
67.694
in Water 67.697 67.685 67.701 6.055 6.048 6.053 6.0520
3
(g)
Buoyanc
3.300 3.322 3.298 3.3067 2.925 2.936 2.938 2.9330
y Effect
Specific 21.514 21.374 21.527 3.070 3.059 3.060
Gravity 2 8 9 1 9 2
Average
21.47 3.06
SG
 28

Temperature (°C): 30°C

SOLID SAMPLE
Gold Aluminum
Averag Trial Trial Trial Averag
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
e 1 2 3 e
Weight
in Air 72.103 72.111 72.116 72.1100 8.985 8.995 8.982 8.9873
(Wair,g)
Weight
in Water 68.787 68.781 68.779 68.7823 6.099 6.087 6.094 6.0933
(g)
Buoyanc
3.316 3.330 3.337 3.328 2.886 2.908 2.888 2.894
y Effect
Specific 21.744 21.655 21.611 3.113 3.093 3.110
Gravity 0 0 0 3 2 1
Average
21.67 3.11
SG

Temperature (°C): 40°C

SOLID SAMPLE
Gold Aluminum
Averag Trial Trial Trial Averag
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
e 1 2 3 e
Weight
in Air 54.995 54.984 54.993 54.9907 9.068 9.082 9.08 9.0767
(Wair,g)
Weight
in Water 52.484 52.474 52.491 52.4830 6.185 6.183 6.19 6.1860
(g)
Buoyanc
2.511 2.510 2.502 2.508 2.883 2.899 2.890 2.891
y Effect

Specific 21.901 21.906 21.979 3.145 3.132 3.141

Gravity 6 0 6 3 8 9

Average
21.93 3.14
SG
 29

Temperature (°C): 50°C

SOLID SAMPLE
Gold Aluminum
Averag Trial Trial Trial Averag
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
e 1 2 3 e
Weight
in Air 50.121 50.126 50.121 50.1227 9.496 9.501 9.508 9.5017
(Wair,g)
Weight
in Water 47.869 47.864 47.872 47.8683 6.511 6.513 6.512 6.5120
(g)
Buoyanc
2.252 2.262 2.249 2.254 2.985 2.988 2.996 2.990
y Effect
Specific 22.256 22.160 22.285 3.181 3.179 3.173
Gravity 2 0 9 2 7 6
Average
22.23 3.18
SG

II. Density of Liquids

Temperature (°C): 10 °C
Dair: 1.247x10-3g/mL
Dwater : 0.99973 g/mL
Volume (glass): 5.122 mL
SOLID SAMPLE
Gold Aluminum
Trial Trial Trial Avera Trial Trial Trial Avera
1 2 3 ge 1 2 3 ge
Weight in Air 45.26 45.26 45.26 45.26 10.11 10.12 10.11 10.11
(Wair,g) 9 5 7 7 6 2 2 7

Weight in 43.13 43.13 43.13

43.13 6.778 6.771 6.776 6.775
Water (g) 3 4 2
Buoyancy
2.139 2.132 2.133 2.135 3.338 3.351 3.336 3.342
Effect
Volume 2.142 2.135 2.136 2.138 3.343 3.356 3.341 3.347
Fluid Density 0.9991 0.9989
 30

III. Effect of Temperature to Density of Solutions

SOLID SAMPLE
Temperature (℃)
Gold Aluminum

10 0.9989 0.9989

20 0.9974 0.9974

30 0.9949 0.9949

40 0.9916 0.9915

50 0.9875 0.9873
 31

Gold
Temperature
(℃)
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

Weight in Air
62.098 62.091 62.095 62.0947
(g)
10
Weight in
59.178 59.163 59.177 59.1727
Water (g)

Weight in Air
70.997 71.007 70.999 71.0010
(g)
20
Weight in
67.697 67.685 67.701 67.6943
Water (g)

Weight in Air
72.103 72.111 72.116 72.1100
(g)
30
Weight in
68.787 68.781 68.779 68.7823
Water (g)

Weight in Air
54.995 54.984 54.993 54.9907
(g)
40
Weight in
52.484 52.474 52.491 52.4830
Water (g)

Weight in Air
50.121 50.126 50.121 50.1227
(g)
50
Weight in
47.869 47.864 47.872 47.8683
Water (g)
 32

Aluminum
Temperature
(℃)
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

Weight in
9.177 9.159 9.169 9.1683
Air (g)
10
Weight in
6.138 6.147 6.138 6.1410
Water (g)

Weight in
8.98 8.984 8.991 8.9850
Air (g)
20
Weight in
6.055 6.048 6.053 6.0520
Water (g)

Weight in
8.985 8.995 8.982 8.9873
Air (g)
30
Weight in
6.099 6.087 6.094 6.0933
Water (g)

Weight in
9.068 9.082 9.08 9.0767
Air (g)
40
Weight in
6.185 6.183 6.19 6.1860
Water (g)

Weight in
9.496 9.501 9.508 9.5017
Air (g)
50
Weight in
6.511 6.513 6.512 6.5120
Water (g)
 33

APPENDIX A.2

ANALYSIS OF DATA AND SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

 34

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

I. Measurement of Mass and Volume

Temperature (°C): 10°C

SOLID SAMPLE
Gold Aluminum
Averag Trial Trial Trial Averag
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
e 1 2 3 e
Weight
62.094
in Air 62.098 62.091 62.095 9.177 9.159 9.169 9.1683
7
(Wair,g)
Weight
59.172
in Water 59.178 59.163 59.177 6.138 6.147 6.138 6.1410
7
(g)
Buoyanc
2.920 2.928 2.918 2.9220 3.039 3.012 3.031 3.0273
y Effect
Specific 21.266 21.205 21.280 3.019 3.040 3.025
Gravity 4 9 0 7 8 1
Average
21.25 3.03
SG

Temperature (°C): 20°C

SOLID SAMPLE
Gold Aluminum
Trial Averag Trial Trial Trial Averag
Trial 1 Trial 2
3 e 1 2 3 e
Weight
71.001
in Air 70.997 71.007 70.999 8.98 8.984 8.991 8.9850
0
(Wair,g)
Weight
67.694
in Water 67.697 67.685 67.701 6.055 6.048 6.053 6.0520
3
(g)
Buoyanc
3.300 3.322 3.298 3.3067 2.925 2.936 2.938 2.9330
y Effect
Specific 21.514 21.374 21.527 3.070 3.059 3.060
Gravity 2 8 9 1 9 2
Average
21.47 3.06
SG
 35

Temperature (°C): 30°C

SOLID SAMPLE
Gold Aluminum
Trial Trial Avera Trial Trial Trial Avera
Trial 1
2 3 ge 1 2 3 ge
Weight
72.110
in Air 72.103 72.111 72.116 8.985 8.995 8.982 8.9873
0
(Wair,g)
Weight
68.782
in Water 68.787 68.781 68.779 6.099 6.087 6.094 6.0933
3
(g)
Buoyan
cy 3.316 3.330 3.337 3.328 2.886 2.908 2.888 2.894
Effect
Specific 21.744 21.655 21.611 3.113 3.093 3.110
Gravity 0 0 0 3 2 1
Average
21.67 3.11
SG

Temperature (°C) : 40°C

SOLID SAMPLE
Gold Aluminum
Averag Trial Trial Trial Averag
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
e 1 2 3 e
Weight
54.990
in Air 54.995 54.984 54.993 9.068 9.082 9.08 9.0767
7
(Wair,g)
Weight
52.483
in Water 52.484 52.474 52.491 6.185 6.183 6.19 6.1860
0
(g)
Buoyanc
2.511 2.510 2.502 2.508 2.883 2.899 2.890 2.891
y Effect
Specific 21.901 21.906 21.979 3.145 3.132 3.141
Gravity 6 0 6 3 8 9
Average
21.93 3.14
SG
 36

Temperature (°C): 50°C

SOLID SAMPLE
Gold Aluminum
Trial Trial Averag Trial Trial Trial Averag
Trial 1
2 3 e 1 2 3 e
Weight
50.122
in Air 50.121 50.126 50.121 9.496 9.501 9.508 9.5017
7
(Wair,g)
Weight
47.868
in Water 47.869 47.864 47.872 6.511 6.513 6.512 6.5120
3
(g)
Buoyanc
2.252 2.262 2.249 2.254 2.985 2.988 2.996 2.990
y Effect
Specific 22.256 22.160 22.285 3.181 3.179 3.173
Gravity 2 0 9 2 7 6
Average
22.23 3.18
SG
 37

BUOYANCY EFFECT

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

GOLD ALUMINUM

Temperature: 10°C Temperature: 10°C

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 62.0947-59.1727 𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 9.1683 – 6.1410
= 2.922 = 3.027

Temperature: 20°C Temperature: 20°C

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 71.0010 – 𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 8.9850 –
67.6943 6.0520
= 3.307 = 2.933

Temperature: 30°C Temperature: 30°C

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 72.1100 – 𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 8.9873–
68.7823 6.0933
= 3.328 = 2.894

Temperature: 40°C Temperature: 40°C

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 9.0767–6.1860
54.9907–52.4830
= 2.891
= 2.508

Temperature: 50°C Temperature: 50°C

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 50.1227–47.8683 𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 9.5017–6.5120
= 2.254 = 2.990
 38

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

GOLD ALUMINUM

Temperature: 10°C Temperature: 10°C

62.0947 9.1683
𝑆𝐺 = = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝑆𝐺 = = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟑
62.0947 − 59.1727 9.1683 − 6.1410

Temperature: 20°C Temperature: 20°C

71.0010 8.9850
𝑆𝐺 = = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟕 𝑆𝐺 = = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟔
71.0010 − 67.6943 8.9850 − 6.0520

Temperature: 30°C Temperature: 30°C

72.1100 8.9873
𝑆𝐺 = 𝑆𝐺 = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟏
72.1100 − 68.7823 8.9873 − 6.0933
= 𝟐𝟏. 𝟔𝟕

Temperature: 40°C Temperature: 40°C

9.0767
54.9907 𝑆𝐺 = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒
𝑆𝐺 = = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟑 9.0767 − 6.1860
54.9907 − 52.4830

Temperature: 50°C Temperature: 50°C

50.1227 9.5017
𝑆𝐺 = = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟑 𝑆𝐺 = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖
50.1227 − 47.8683 9.5017 − 6.5120
 39

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOLID SAMPLE

Temperature Gold Aluminum
10 21.25 3.03
20 21.47 3.06
30 21.67 3.11
40 21.93 3.14
50 22.23 3.18

PERCENTAGE ERROR

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GOLD

Temperature Experimental SG Theoretical SG % Error
10 21.25 21.226 0.1131
20 21.47 21.468 0.0093
30 21.67 21.71 0.1842
40 21.93 21.952 0.1002
50 22.23 22.194 0.1622

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF ALUMINUM

Temperature Experimental SG Theoretical SG % Error

10 3.03 3.028 0.0661
20 3.06 3.066 0.1957
30 3.11 3.104 0.1933
40 3.14 3.142 0.0637
50 3.18 3.18 0.0000
 40

II. Density of Liquids

Temperature (°C): 10 °C
Dair: 1.247x10-3g/mL
Dwater : 0.99973 g/mL
Volume (glass): 5.122 mL

SOLID SAMPLE
Gold Aluminum
Trial Trial Trial Avera Trial Trial Trial Avera
1 2 3 ge 1 2 3 ge
Weight in 45.26 45.26 45.26 45.26 10.11 10.12 10.11 10.11
Air (Wair,g) 9 5 7 7 6 2 2 7
Weight in 43.13 43.13 43.13
43.13 6.778 6.771 6.776 6.775
Water (g) 3 4 2
Buoyancy
2.139 2.132 2.133 2.135 3.338 3.351 3.336 3.342
Effect
Volume 2.142 2.135 2.136 2.138 3.343 3.356 3.341 3.347
Fluid Density 0.9991 0.9989
 41

III. Effect of Temperature to Density of Solutions

SOLID SAMPLE
Temperature (℃)
Gold Aluminum
10 0.9989 0.9989
20 0.9974 0.9974
30 0.9949 0.9949
40 0.9916 0.9915
50 0.9875 0.9873

Gold
Temperature
(℃)
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

Weight in Air
62.098 62.091 62.095 62.0947
(g)
10
Weight in
59.178 59.163 59.177 59.1727
Water (g)
Weight in Air
70.997 71.007 70.999 71.0010
(g)
20
Weight in
67.697 67.685 67.701 67.6943
Water (g)
Weight in Air
72.103 72.111 72.116 72.1100
(g)
30
Weight in
68.787 68.781 68.779 68.7823
Water (g)
Weight in Air
54.995 54.984 54.993 54.9907
(g)
40
Weight in
52.484 52.474 52.491 52.4830
Water (g)
Weight in Air
50.121 50.126 50.121 50.1227
(g)
50
Weight in
47.869 47.864 47.872 47.8683
Water (g)
 42

Aluminum

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

9.177 9.159 9.169 9.1683

6.138 6.147 6.138 6.1410

8.98 8.984 8.991 8.9850

6.055 6.048 6.053 6.0520

8.985 8.995 8.982 8.9873

6.099 6.087 6.094 6.0933

9.068 9.082 9.08 9.0767

6.185 6.183 6.19 6.1860

9.496 9.501 9.508 9.5017

6.511 6.513 6.512 6.5120

 43

DENSITY OF AIR

0.353
𝑫𝒂𝒊𝒓 =
𝑇 + 273.15
0.353
𝑫𝒂𝒊𝒓 = = 1.247 × 10−3 𝑔/𝑚𝐿
10+273.15

0.353
𝑫𝒂𝒊𝒓 = = 1.204 × 10−3 𝑔/𝑚𝐿
20+273.15

0.353
𝑫𝒂𝒊𝒓 = =1.664 × 10−3 𝑔/𝑚𝐿
30+273.15

0.353
𝑫𝒂𝒊𝒓 = =1.127 × 10−3 𝑔/𝑚𝐿
40+273.15

0.353
𝑫𝒂𝒊𝒓 = =1.092 × 10−3 𝑔/𝑚𝐿
50+273.15

DENSITY OF WATER

Density of Water
Temperature (°C) Density (g/mL)
10 0.99973
20 0.99823
30 0.99567
40 0.99224
50 0.98807
 44

SOLID SAMPLE: GOLD

VOLUME

(𝑊𝐴 − 𝑊𝑤 )
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 =
(𝐷𝑊 − 𝐷𝐴 )

Temperature: 10°C
62.0947 − 59.1727
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 =
0.99973 − (1.247 × 10−3 )
= 2.926
Temperature: 20°C
71.0010 − 67.6943
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 =
0.99823 − (1.204 × 10−3 )
= 3.317
Temperature: 30°C
72.1100 − 68.7823
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 =
0.99567 − (1.664 × 10−3 )
=3.346
Temperature: 40°C
54.9907 − 52.4830
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 =
0.99224 − (1.127 × 10−3 )
= 2.530
Temperature: 50°C
50.1227 − 47.8683
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 =
0.98807 − (1.092 × 10−3 )

= 2.284

FLUID DENSITY
𝐷𝐴 + (𝑊𝐴 − 𝑊𝑊 )
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝑉

Temperature: 10°C
1.247 × 10−3 + (62.0947 − 59.1727)
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
2.926
= 0.9989
 45

Temperature: 20°C
1.204 × 10−3 + (71.0010 − 67.6943)
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
3.317
= 0.9974

Temperature: 30°C
1.664 × 10−3 + (72.1100 − 68.7823)
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
3.346
= 0.9949

Temperature: 40°C
1.127 × 10−3 + (54.9907 − 52.4830)
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
2.530
= 0.9916

Temperature: 50°C
1.092 × 10−3 + (50.1227 − 47.8683)
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
2.284

= 0.9875

SOLID SAMPLE
Gold
Temperature
(℃) Density of air Density of Water Volume Fluid Density
1.247E-03 0.99973 2.926 0.9989
1.204E-03 0.99823 3.317 0.9974
30 1.164E-03 0.99567 3.346 0.9949
40 1.127E-03 0.99224 2.530 0.9916
50 1.092E-03 0.98807 2.284 0.9875
 46

PERCENTAGE ERROR:

FLUID DENSITY OF GOLD

%
Temperature Experimental FD Theoretical FD
Error
10 0.9989 0.9997 0.0800
20 0.9974 0.9967 0.0702
30 0.9949 0.9937 0.1208
40 0.9916 0.9907 0.0908
50 0.9875 0.9877 0.0202

SOLID SAMPLE: ALUMINUM

VOLUME

(𝑊𝐴 − 𝑊𝑤 )
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 =
(𝐷𝑊 − 𝐷𝐴 )

Temperature: 10°C
9.1683 − 6.1410
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 =
0.99973 − (1.247 × 10−3 )
= 3.032
Temperature: 20°C
8.9850 − 6.0520
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 =
0.99823 − (1.204 × 10−3 )
= 2.942
Temperature: 30°C
8.9873 − 6.0933
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 =
0.99567 − (1.664 × 10−3 )
=2.910
Temperature: 40°C
9.0767 − 6.1860
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 =
0.99224 − (1.127 × 10−3 )
= 2.917
Temperature: 50°C
9.5017 − 6.5120
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 =
0.98807 − (1.092 × 10−3 )

= 3.029
 47

FLUID DENSITY
𝐷𝐴 + (𝑊𝐴 − 𝑊𝑊 )
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝑉

Temperature: 10°C
1.247 × 10−3 + (9.1683 − 6.1410)
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
3.032
= 0.9989
Temperature: 20°C
1.204 × 10−3 + (8.9850 − 6.0520)
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
2.942
= 0.9974
Temperature: 30°C
1.664 × 10−3 + (8.9873 − 6.0933)
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
2.910
= 0.9949
Temperature: 40°C
1.127 × 10−3 + (9.0767 − 6.1860)
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
2.917
= 0.9915
Temperature: 50°C
1.092 × 10−3 + (9.5017 − 6.5120)
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
3.029

= 0.9873

SOLID SAMPLE
Aluminum
Temperature
(℃) Density of air Density of Water Volume Fluid Density
10 1.247E-03 0.99973 3.032 0.9989
20 1.204E-03 0.99823 2.942 0.9974
30 1.164E-03 0.99567 2.910 0.9949
40 1.127E-03 0.99224 2.917 0.9915
50 1.092E-03 0.98807 3.029 0.9873
 48

PERCENTAGE ERROR:

FLUID DENSITY OF ALUMINUM

Temperature Experimental FD Theoretical FD % Error
10 0.9989 0.9997 0.0800
20 0.9974 0.9967 0.0702
30 0.9949 0.9937 0.1208
40 0.9915 0.9907 0.0808
50 0.9873 0.9877 0.0405
 49

APPENDIX A.3
SIMILARITY REPORT
50