C 12/20/10 RAAJ SKW

B 12/06/10 RAAJ SKW

A 09/17/10 First Release RAAJ SKW

No. DATE REMARKS CHKD APPD

REVISION

LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED

ECC Division - EDRC

PROJECT : BULK POWER RECEIVING SUBSTATION FOR TATA STEEL LIMITED SIGN DATE

DSND AADI 16-Sep-10

PACKAGE : DRWN
CHKD RAAJ 17-Sep-10
TITLE : SCALE APPD SKW 17-Sep-10
DRG.No. REV.
400kV Switchyard - Earthing Design Calculation CODE
O10178-E-SY-AS-DC-0012 A
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CALCULATIONS ARE BASED ON IEEE Std 80-2000

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

The purpose of the document is to design the Earthmat for the 132 kV GIS-cum Control Room Building Layout at BPRS . The important aspect is
that the design should achieve "Tolerable Touch and Step potential " with the Earth grid resistance less than 1 ohm.

6.0.0 DESIGN INPUT

6.1.0 SYSTEM PARAMETERS

6.1.1 System Voltage = 400 kV

6.1.2 System Grounding = Solid

6.1.3 Maximum Fault Current If = #REF! (Spec Write up Cl. No:2.0)

6.1.4 Current Distribution Factor = #REF! (Refer Annexure- A & B)

(Current Distribution factor is considered as per Cl 15.6 of IEEE-80,2000 and Methodology is as per IEEE Transaction on Power
Apparatus and systems "Current for Design of Grounding System" ,Vol PAS .103,No.9,Sep 1984)

6.1.5 Maximum Fault Current considered Ig = #REF!

= #REF!

6.1.6 Duration of Fault Current ts = 1.00 s

6.1.7 Fault Clearing time ts = 1.00 s (specification Secion D4 Cl.

No:2.1.3)

6.6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS

6.6.1 Soil Resistivity r = 333.55 ohm.m (Refer Soil Resistivity Report)

6.6.2 Top Layer resistivity (Crushed rock) rs = 5000 ohm.m (As per IEEE-80 cl. No:12.5)

6.6.3 Length of Switchyard L = 302 m (Drg .O10178-E-SY-AS-EL-0024)

6.6.4 Breadth of Switchyard B = 162.0 m (Drg .O10178-E-SY-AS-EL-0024)

6.3.0 OTHER DETAILS

6.3.1 Conductor diameter d = #REF! (Refer Conductor sizing calculation)

6.3.2 Conductor Area = #REF!

6.3.3 Depth of burial (minimum) h = 0.6 m

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6.3.4 Depth of Top Layer hs = 0.15 m (Assumed)

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6.3.5 No of electrodes
Reactor = 0 (1Nos x (2 Body +2 Neutral)
IC Transformer = 8 (2Nos x (2 Body +2 Neutral)
Lightning Arrester = 12 (12Nos x 1)
CVT = 12 (12Nos x 1)
Lightning Mast = 0 (0Nos x 1)
Tower with Peak = 30 (30Nos x 1)
Fence = 10 (10Nos X 1)

6.3.5 No of electrodes nr = 72

6.3.6 Length of electrode l = 3m

6.3.7 Diameter of electrode - GI Pipe dl = 50 mm

7.0.0 CALCULATIONS

7.1.0 CALCULATIONS - PRELIMINARY

7.1.1 Area of Switchyard Ag = LxB

= 302 x 162

= 48924 Sq.m

7.1.2 Spacing of Conductors Ds = 3.5 m

7.1.3 No: of grids in X direction Nx = (L/Ds)+1

= 302/3.5+1

= 88

7.1.4 No: of grids in Y direction Ny = (B/Ds)+1

= 162/3.5+1

= 48

7.1.5 Total length of conductors Lc = L.Ny + B.Nx

= 302 x 48 + 162 x 88

= 28752 m
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7.1.6 Total length of electrodes Lr = 72 x 3

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= 216 m

7.1.7 Peripheral length of Grid Lp = 2 x (L + B)

= 2 x ( 302 + 162 )

= 928 m

7.1.8 Maximum distance between two points on grid D m = √(L2 + B2)

= √ ( 302 ²+ 162 ²)

= 343 m
7.1.9 Geometric factor n
na = 2.Lc/Lp (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 85 page no 93)

= 2 x 28752 / 928

= 62.0

nb = √(Lp/(4 x √Ag)) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 86 page no 93)

= √(928/( 4 x √48924))

= 1.0

nc = (L.B/Ag) 0.7 A/(L.B)

(IEEE-80 Eq. no. 87 page no 93)

= (302 x 162/48924)

= 1.0

nd = Dm/√(L2+B2) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 88 page no 93)

= 343/√(302²+162²)

= 1.0

n = na . n b . n c . n d (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 84 page no 93)

= 62.0 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.0

= 63.5
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7.2.0 TOLERABLE TOUCH POTENTIAL

Etouch = ( 1000 + 1.5 Cs rs ) * 0.116 / √ts (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 32 page no 27)

Cs = 1 - 0.09 ( 1- r/rs) / ( 2 hs + 0.09) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 27 page no 23)

= 1-0.09*(1-334/5000)/(2*0.15+0.09)

= 0.7846

Etouch = ( 1000 + 1.5 Cs rs ) * 0.116 / √ts

= (1000 + 1.5 * 0.7846 * 5000 ) * 0.116 / √ 1.0

= 798.62 V

7.3.0 TOLERABLE STEP POTENTIAL

Estep = ( 1000 + 6.0 *Cs * rs ) * 0.116 / √ts (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 29 page no 27)

= (1000 + 6.0 * 0.7846 * 5000 ) * 0.116 / √ 1.0

= 2846.50 V

7.4.0 TOUCH POTENTIAL ATTAINABLE

Emesh = r K m Ki I / L m (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 80 page no 91)

Lm = Lc + Lr (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 90 page no 94)

= 28752+216

= 28968 m

Km = 1 . ln Ds2 + (Ds + 2h ) 2
-h + Kii ln 8 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 81 page no 93)
2p 16 hd 8 Ds d 4d Kh p (2n-1)

Kii = 1.00 for grids with ground rods in perimeter (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 82 page no 93)

1/(2n)2/n for grids with no ground round rods or grids with only a few ground rods

Here we consider grids with ground rods in perimeter

ho = 1.00 m ( reference depth of grid)

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Kh = √(1+h/ho) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 83 page no 93)

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= √( 1 + 0.6 / 1.0 )

= 1.2649

Km = 1 . Ln 3.5² + (3.5 + 2*0.60 )² 0.6 +1 8

2π #REF! ### #REF! 1.26 334 (2*63.5-1)

= #REF!

Ki = 0.644 + 0.148 * n (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 89 page no 94)

= 0.644 + 0.148 *63.5

= 10.0364

Emesh = r K m Ki I / L m (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 80 page no 91)

= #REF!

= #REF! V

7.5.0 STEP POTENTIAL ATTAINABLE

Estep = r K s K i I / Ls (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 92 page no 94)

Ls = 0.75 Lc + 0.85 Lr (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 93 page no 94)

= 0.75 *28752.00+ 0.85* 216.00

= 21747.6 m

n = 63.5 (Higher of the no. of grids in X & Y direction)

Ks = 1* 1 + 1 + 1 (1- 0.5(n-2) ) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 94 page no 94)

p 2h Ds + h Ds

= ( 1 / 22/7 ) * { 1 / (2 * 0.6 ) + 1 / ( 3.5 + 0.6 ) + 1 / 3.5 * ( 1 - 0.5^(63 - 2 ) }

= 0.4338

Estep = r K s K i I / Ls (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 92 page no 94)

= #REF!

= #REF! V
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8.0.0 CALCULATION OF GROUNDING RESISTANCE

8.1.0 RESISTANCE OF GROUND RODS

Re = r ln (8 l/dl ) - 1 + 2 K1 l (√nr-1)2 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 55 page no 66)

2p nr l √Ag

K1 = 1.41-0.04x for H = 0

1.20-0.05x for H = 1/10 √Ag (IEEE-80 Fig no 25 (a) page no 67)

1.13-0.05x for H = 1/6 √Ag

H = 0.6 m

K1 = 1.41-0.04x

= 1.41-0.04(L/B)

= 1.41-0.04*302.00/162.00

= 1.3354

Re = #REF!
(3 / sqrt(48924)) * (sqrt (72)-1)^2 ]
= #REF! ohm

8.2.0 RESISTANCE OF GROUND GRID

Rs = r ln (2 Lc / h) + K1 Lc - K2 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 54 page no 66)

p Lc √Ag

K2 = 5.50+0.15x for H = 0

4.68+0.10x for H = 1/10 √Ag (IEEE-80 Fig no 25 (b) page no 67)

4.40-0.05x for H = 1/6 √Ag

K2 = 4.68+0.10x

= 4.68+0.10(L/B)

= 4.68+0.10*302.00/162.00

= 4.87
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h' = √(d . h)
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= #REF!

= #REF!

Rs = #REF!
( 28752 / sqrt (48924.00 )) - 4.866 ]
= #REF! Ohms

8.3.0 MUTUAL RESISTANCE BETWEEN GROUND GRID AND GROUND RODS

Rse = r ln (2 Lc / l) + K1 Lc - K2 +1 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 56 page no 66)

p Lc √Ag

= 333.55 / (22/7 * 28752) * [ln (2 * 28752 / 3.0 ) + 1.335 *

( 28752.00 / sqrt (48924.00 )) - 4.866 + 1]
= 0.6629 ohms

8.8.0 COMBINED RESISTANCE OF GROUND GRID AND GROUND RODS

Rg = Re . Rs - Rse2 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 53 page no 66)

Re + Rs - 2Rse

= #REF!
#REF!

= #REF! Ohm

#REF!

9.0.0 RESULTS

9.1.1 Spacing of conductors Ds = 3.5 m

9.1.2 Total length of conductors Lc = 28752 m

9.1.3 Attainable step potential = #REF! V

9.1.4 Attainable touch potential = #REF! V

9.1.5 Tolerable step potential = 2846.50 V

9.1.6 Tolerable touch potential = 798.62 V

#REF!
#REF!

9.1.7 Combined resistance of Grid & ground rods = #REF! ohm #REF!
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CALCULATIONS ARE BASED ON IEEE Std 80-2000

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

The purpose of the document is to design the Earthmat for the 132 kV GIS-cum Control Room Building Layout at BPRS . The important aspect is
that the design should achieve "Tolerable Touch and Step potential " with the Earth grid resistance less than 1 ohm.

6.0.0 DESIGN INPUT

6.1.0 SYSTEM PARAMETERS

6.1.1 System Voltage = 400 kV

6.1.2 System Grounding = Solid

6.1.3 Maximum Fault Current If = #REF! (Spec Write up Cl. No:2.0)

6.1.4 Current Distribution Factor = #REF! (Refer Annexure- A & B)

(Current Distribution factor is considered as per Cl 15.6 of IEEE-80,2000 and Methodology is as per IEEE Transaction on Power
Apparatus and systems "Current for Design of Grounding System" ,Vol PAS .103,No.9,Sep 1984)

6.1.5 Maximum Fault Current considered Ig = #REF!

= #REF!

6.1.6 Duration of Fault Current ts = 1.00 s

6.1.7 Fault Clearing time ts = 1.00 s (specification Secion D4 Cl.

No:2.1.3)

6.6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS

6.6.1 Soil Resistivity r = 333.55 ohm.m (Refer Soil Resistivity Report)

6.6.2 Top Layer resistivity (Crushed rock) rs = 3000 ohm.m (As per IEEE-80 cl. No:12.5)

6.6.3 Length of Switchyard L = 320 m (Drg .O10178-E-SY-AS-EL-0024)

6.6.4 Breadth of Switchyard B = 170.0 m (Drg .O10178-E-SY-AS-EL-0024)

6.3.0 OTHER DETAILS

6.3.1 Conductor diameter d = #REF! (Refer Conductor sizing calculation)

6.3.2 Conductor Area = #REF!

6.3.3 Depth of burial (minimum) h = 0.6 m

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6.3.4 Depth of Top Layer hs = 0.15 m (Assumed)

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6.3.5 No of electrodes
Reactor = 0 (1Nos x (2 Body +2 Neutral)
IC Transformer = 8 (2Nos x (2 Body +2 Neutral)
Lightning Arrester = 12 (12Nos x 1)
CVT = 12 (12Nos x 1)
Lightning Mast = 0 (0Nos x 1)
Tower with Peak = 30 (30Nos x 1)
Fence = 10 (10Nos X 1)

6.3.5 No of electrodes nr = 72

6.3.6 Length of electrode l = 3m

6.3.7 Diameter of electrode - GI Pipe dl = 32 mm

7.0.0 CALCULATIONS

7.1.0 CALCULATIONS - PRELIMINARY

7.1.1 Area of Switchyard Ag = LxB

= 320 x 170

= 54400 Sq.m

7.1.2 Spacing of Conductors Ds = 4.0 m

7.1.3 No: of grids in X direction Nx = (L/Ds)+1

= 320/4.0+1

= 81

7.1.4 No: of grids in Y direction Ny = (B/Ds)+1

= 170/4.0+1

= 44

7.1.5 Total length of conductors Lc = L.Ny + B.Nx

= 320 x 44 + 170 x 81

= 27850 m
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7.1.6 Total length of electrodes Lr = 72 x 3

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= 216 m

7.1.7 Peripheral length of Grid Lp = 2 x (L + B)

= 2 x ( 320 + 170 )

= 980 m

7.1.8 Maximum distance between two points on grid D m = √(L2 + B2)

= √ ( 320 ²+ 170 ²)

= 362 m
7.1.9 Geometric factor n
na = 2.Lc/Lp (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 85 page no 93)

= 2 x 27850 / 980

= 56.8

nb = √(Lp/(4 x √Ag)) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 86 page no 93)

= √(980/( 4 x √54400))

= 1.0

nc = (L.B/Ag) 0.7 A/(L.B)

(IEEE-80 Eq. no. 87 page no 93)

= (320 x 170/54400)

= 1.0

nd = Dm/√(L2+B2) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 88 page no 93)

= 362/√(320²+170²)

= 1.0

n = na . n b . n c . n d (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 84 page no 93)

= 56.8 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.0

= 58.3
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7.2.0 TOLERABLE TOUCH POTENTIAL

Etouch = ( 1000 + 1.5 Cs rs ) * 0.116 / √ts (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 32 page no 27)

Cs = 1 - 0.09 ( 1- r/rs) / ( 2 hs + 0.09) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 27 page no 23)

= 1-0.09*(1-334/3000)/(2*0.15+0.09)

= 0.7949

Etouch = ( 1000 + 1.5 Cs rs ) * 0.116 / √ts

= (1000 + 1.5 * 0.7949 * 3000 ) * 0.116 / √ 1.0

= 530.93 V

7.3.0 TOLERABLE STEP POTENTIAL

Estep = ( 1000 + 6.0 *Cs * rs ) * 0.116 / √ts (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 29 page no 27)

= (1000 + 6.0 * 0.7949 * 3000 ) * 0.116 / √ 1.0

= 1775.73 V

7.4.0 TOUCH POTENTIAL ATTAINABLE

Emesh = r K m Ki I / L m (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 80 page no 91)

Lm = Lc + Lr (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 90 page no 94)

= 27850+216

= 28066 m

Km = 1 . ln Ds2 + (Ds + 2h ) 2
-h + Kii ln 8 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 81 page no 93)
2p 16 hd 8 Ds d 4d Kh p (2n-1)

Kii = 1.00 for grids with ground rods in perimeter (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 82 page no 93)

1/(2n)2/n for grids with no ground round rods or grids with only a few ground rods

Here we consider grids with ground rods in perimeter

ho = 1.00 m ( reference depth of grid)

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Kh = √(1+h/ho) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 83 page no 93)

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= √( 1 + 0.6 / 1.0 )

= 1.2649

Km = 1 . Ln 4.0² + (4.0 + 2*0.60 )² 0.6 +1 8

2π #REF! ### #REF! 1.26 334 (2*58.3-1)

= #REF!

Ki = 0.644 + 0.148 * n (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 89 page no 94)

= 0.644 + 0.148 *58.3

= 9.2653

Emesh = r K m Ki I / L m (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 80 page no 91)

= #REF!

= #REF! V

7.5.0 STEP POTENTIAL ATTAINABLE

Estep = r K s K i I / Ls (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 92 page no 94)

Ls = 0.75 Lc + 0.85 Lr (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 93 page no 94)

= 0.75 *27850.00+ 0.85* 216.00

= 21071.1 m

n = 58.3 (Higher of the no. of grids in X & Y direction)

Ks = 1* 1 + 1 + 1 (1- 0.5(n-2) ) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 94 page no 94)

p 2h Ds + h Ds

= ( 1 / 22/7 ) * { 1 / (2 * 0.6 ) + 1 / ( 4.0 + 0.6 ) + 1 / 4.0 * ( 1 - 0.5^(58 - 2 ) }

= 0.4140

Estep = r K s K i I / Ls (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 92 page no 94)

= #REF!

= #REF! V
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8.0.0 CALCULATION OF GROUNDING RESISTANCE

8.1.0 RESISTANCE OF GROUND RODS

Re = r ln (8 l/dl ) - 1 + 2 K1 l (√nr-1)2 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 55 page no 66)

2p nr l √Ag

K1 = 1.41-0.04x for H = 0

1.20-0.05x for H = 1/10 √Ag (IEEE-80 Fig no 25 (a) page no 67)

1.13-0.05x for H = 1/6 √Ag

H = 0.6 m

K1 = 1.41-0.04x

= 1.41-0.04(L/B)

= 1.41-0.04*320.00/170.00

= 1.3347

Re = #REF!
(3 / sqrt(54400)) * (sqrt (72)-1)^2 ]
= #REF! ohm

8.2.0 RESISTANCE OF GROUND GRID

Rs = r ln (2 Lc / h) + K1 Lc - K2 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 54 page no 66)

p Lc √Ag

K2 = 5.50+0.15x for H = 0

4.68+0.10x for H = 1/10 √Ag (IEEE-80 Fig no 25 (b) page no 67)

4.40-0.05x for H = 1/6 √Ag

K2 = 4.68+0.10x

= 4.68+0.10(L/B)

= 4.68+0.10*320.00/170.00

= 4.87
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h' = √(d . h)
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#REF! #REF!
= #REF!

= #REF!

Rs = #REF!
( 27850 / sqrt (54400.00 )) - 4.868 ]
= #REF! Ohms

8.3.0 MUTUAL RESISTANCE BETWEEN GROUND GRID AND GROUND RODS

Rse = r ln (2 Lc / l) + K1 Lc - K2 +1 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 56 page no 66)

p Lc √Ag

= 333.55 / (22/7 * 27850) * [ln (2 * 27850 / 3.0 ) + 1.335 *

( 27850.00 / sqrt (54400.00 )) - 4.868 + 1]
= 0.6300 ohms

8.8.0 COMBINED RESISTANCE OF GROUND GRID AND GROUND RODS

Rg = Re . Rs - Rse2 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 53 page no 66)

Re + Rs - 2Rse

= #REF!
#REF!

= #REF! Ohm

#REF!

9.0.0 RESULTS

9.1.1 Spacing of conductors Ds = 4 m

9.1.2 Total length of conductors Lc = 27850 m

9.1.3 Attainable step potential = #REF! V

9.1.4 Attainable touch potential = #REF! V

9.1.5 Tolerable step potential = 1775.73 V

9.1.6 Tolerable touch potential = 530.93 V

#REF!
#REF!

9.1.7 Combined resistance of Grid & ground rods = #REF! ohm #REF!
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CALCULATIONS ARE BASED ON IEEE Std 80-2000

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

The purpose of the document is to design the Earthmat for the 132 kV GIS-cum Control Room Building Layout at BPRS . The important aspect is
that the design should achieve "Tolerable Touch and Step potential " with the Earth grid resistance less than 1 ohm.

6.0.0 DESIGN INPUT

6.1.0 SYSTEM PARAMETERS

6.1.1 System Voltage = 400 kV

6.1.2 System Grounding = Solid

6.1.3 Maximum Fault Current If = #REF! (Spec Write up Cl. No:2.0)

6.1.4 Current Distribution Factor = 100.00% (Refer Annexure- A & B)

(Current Distribution factor is considered as per Cl 15.6 of IEEE-80,2000 and Methodology is as per IEEE Transaction on Power
Apparatus and systems "Current for Design of Grounding System" ,Vol PAS .103,No.9,Sep 1984)

6.1.5 Maximum Fault Current considered Ig = #REF!

= #REF!

6.1.6 Duration of Fault Current ts = 1.00 s

6.1.7 Fault Clearing time ts = 1.00 s (specification Secion D4 Cl.

No:2.1.3)

6.6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS

6.6.1 Soil Resistivity r = 333.55 ohm.m (Refer Soil Resistivity Report)

6.6.2 Top Layer resistivity (Crushed rock) rs = 5000 ohm.m (As per IEEE-80 cl. No:12.5)

6.6.3 Length of Switchyard L = 302 m (Drg .O10178-E-SY-AS-EL-0024)

6.6.4 Breadth of Switchyard B = 162.0 m (Drg .O10178-E-SY-AS-EL-0024)

6.3.0 OTHER DETAILS

6.3.1 Conductor diameter d = #REF! (Refer Conductor sizing calculation)

6.3.2 Conductor Area = #REF!

6.3.3 Depth of burial (minimum) h = 0.6 m

6.3.4 Depth of Top Layer hs = 0.15 m (Assumed)

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6.3.5 No of electrodes
Reactor = 0 (1Nos x (2 Body +2 Neutral)
IC Transformer = 8 (2Nos x (2 Body +2 Neutral)
Lightning Arrester = 12 (12Nos x 1)
CVT = 12 (12Nos x 1)
Lightning Mast = 0 (0Nos x 1)
Tower with Peak = 30 (30Nos x 1)
Fence = 10 (10Nos X 1)

6.3.5 No of electrodes nr = 72

6.3.6 Length of electrode l = 3m

6.3.7 Diameter of electrode - GI Pipe dl = 50 mm

7.0.0 CALCULATIONS

7.1.0 CALCULATIONS - PRELIMINARY

7.1.1 Area of Switchyard Ag = LxB

= 302 x 162

= 48924 Sq.m

7.1.2 Spacing of Conductors Ds = 3.5 m

7.1.3 No: of grids in X direction Nx = (L/Ds)+1

= 302/3.5+1

= 88

7.1.4 No: of grids in Y direction Ny = (B/Ds)+1

= 162/3.5+1

= 48

7.1.5 Total length of conductors Lc = L.Ny + B.Nx

= 302 x 48 + 162 x 88

= 28752 m

7.1.6 Total length of electrodes Lr = 72 x 3

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= 216 m

7.1.7 Peripheral length of Grid Lp = 2 x (L + B)

= 2 x ( 302 + 162 )

= 928 m

7.1.8 Maximum distance between two points on grid D m = √(L2 + B2)

= √ ( 302 ²+ 162 ²)

= 343 m
7.1.9 Geometric factor n
na = 2.Lc/Lp (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 85 page no 93)

= 2 x 28752 / 928

= 62.0

nb = √(Lp/(4 x √Ag)) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 86 page no 93)

= √(928/( 4 x √48924))

= 1.0

nc = (L.B/Ag) 0.7 A/(L.B)

(IEEE-80 Eq. no. 87 page no 93)

= (302 x 162/48924)

= 1.0

nd = Dm/√(L2+B2) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 88 page no 93)

= 343/√(302²+162²)

= 1.0

n = na . n b . n c . n d (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 84 page no 93)

= 62.0 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.0

= 63.5
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7.2.0 TOLERABLE TOUCH POTENTIAL

Etouch = ( 1000 + 1.5 Cs rs ) * 0.116 / √ts (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 32 page no 27)

Cs = 1 - 0.09 ( 1- r/rs) / ( 2 hs + 0.09) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 27 page no 23)

= 1-0.09*(1-334/5000)/(2*0.15+0.09)

= 0.7846

Etouch = ( 1000 + 1.5 Cs rs ) * 0.116 / √ts

= (1000 + 1.5 * 0.7846 * 5000 ) * 0.116 / √ 1.0

= 798.62 V

7.3.0 TOLERABLE STEP POTENTIAL

Estep = ( 1000 + 6.0 *Cs * rs ) * 0.116 / √ts (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 29 page no 27)

= (1000 + 6.0 * 0.7846 * 5000 ) * 0.116 / √ 1.0

= 2846.50 V

7.4.0 TOUCH POTENTIAL ATTAINABLE

Emesh = r K m Ki I / L m (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 80 page no 91)

Lm = Lc + Lr (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 90 page no 94)

= 28752+216

= 28968 m

Km = 1 . ln Ds2 + (Ds + 2h ) 2
-h + Kii ln 8 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 81 page no 93)
2p 16 hd 8 Ds d 4d Kh p (2n-1)

Kii = 1.00 for grids with ground rods in perimeter (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 82 page no 93)

1/(2n)2/n for grids with no ground round rods or grids with only a few ground rods

Here we consider grids with ground rods in perimeter

ho = 1.00 m ( reference depth of grid)

Kh = √(1+h/ho) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 83 page no 93)

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= √( 1 + 0.6 / 1.0 )

= 1.2649

Km = 1 . Ln 3.5² + (3.5 + 2*0.60 )² 0.6 +1 8

2π #REF! ### #REF! 1.26 334 (2*63.5-1)

= #REF!

Ki = 0.644 + 0.148 * n (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 89 page no 94)

= 0.644 + 0.148 *63.5

= 10.0364

Emesh = r K m Ki I / L m (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 80 page no 91)

= #REF!

= #REF! V

7.5.0 STEP POTENTIAL ATTAINABLE

Estep = r K s K i I / Ls (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 92 page no 94)

Ls = 0.75 Lc + 0.85 Lr (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 93 page no 94)

= 0.75 *28752.00+ 0.85* 216.00

= 21747.6 m

n = 63.5 (Higher of the no. of grids in X & Y direction)

Ks = 1* 1 + 1 + 1 (1- 0.5(n-2) ) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 94 page no 94)

p 2h Ds + h Ds

= ( 1 / 22/7 ) * { 1 / (2 * 0.6 ) + 1 / ( 3.5 + 0.6 ) + 1 / 3.5 * ( 1 - 0.5^(63 - 2 ) }

= 0.4338

Estep = r K s K i I / Ls (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 92 page no 94)

= #REF!

= #REF! V
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8.0.0 CALCULATION OF GROUNDING RESISTANCE

8.1.0 RESISTANCE OF GROUND RODS

Re = r ln (8 l/dl ) - 1 + 2 K1 l (√nr-1)2 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 55 page no 66)

2p nr l √Ag

K1 = 1.41-0.04x for H = 0

1.20-0.05x for H = 1/10 √Ag (IEEE-80 Fig no 25 (a) page no 67)

1.13-0.05x for H = 1/6 √Ag

H = 0.6 m

K1 = 1.41-0.04x

= 1.41-0.04(L/B)

= 1.41-0.04*302.00/162.00

= 1.3354

Re = #REF!
(3 / sqrt(48924)) * (sqrt (72)-1)^2 ]
= #REF! ohm

8.2.0 RESISTANCE OF GROUND GRID

Rs = r ln (2 Lc / h) + K1 Lc - K2 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 54 page no 66)

p Lc √Ag

K2 = 5.50+0.15x for H = 0

4.68+0.10x for H = 1/10 √Ag (IEEE-80 Fig no 25 (b) page no 67)

4.40-0.05x for H = 1/6 √Ag

K2 = 4.68+0.10x

= 4.68+0.10(L/B)

= 4.68+0.10*302.00/162.00

= 4.87

h' = √(d . h)
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= #REF!

= #REF!

Rs = #REF!
( 28752 / sqrt (48924.00 )) - 4.866 ]
= #REF! Ohms

8.3.0 MUTUAL RESISTANCE BETWEEN GROUND GRID AND GROUND RODS

Rse = r ln (2 Lc / l) + K1 Lc - K2 +1 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 56 page no 66)

p Lc √Ag

= 333.55 / (22/7 * 28752) * [ln (2 * 28752 / 3.0 ) + 1.335 *

( 28752.00 / sqrt (48924.00 )) - 4.866 + 1]
= 0.6629 ohms

8.8.0 COMBINED RESISTANCE OF GROUND GRID AND GROUND RODS

Rg = Re . Rs - Rse2 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 53 page no 66)

Re + Rs - 2Rse

= #REF!
#REF!

= #REF! Ohm

#REF!

9.0.0 RESULTS

9.1.1 Spacing of conductors Ds = 3.5 m

9.1.2 Total length of conductors Lc = 28752 m

9.1.3 Attainable step potential = #REF! V

9.1.4 Attainable touch potential = #REF! V

9.1.5 Tolerable step potential = 2846.50 V

9.1.6 Tolerable touch potential = 798.62 V

#REF!
#REF!

9.1.7 Combined resistance of Grid & ground rods = #REF! ohm #REF!
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CALCULATIONS ARE BASED ON IEEE Std 80-2000

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

The purpose of the document is to design the Earthmat for the 132 kV GIS-cum Control Room Building Layout at BPRS . The important aspect is
that the design should achieve "Tolerable Touch and Step potential " with the Earth grid resistance less than 1 ohm.

6.0.0 DESIGN INPUT

6.1.0 SYSTEM PARAMETERS

6.1.1 System Voltage = 400 kV

6.1.2 System Grounding = Solid

6.1.3 Maximum Fault Current If = 50000 A (Spec Write up Cl. No:2.0)

6.1.4 Current Distribution Factor = 100.00% (Refer Annexure- A & B)

(Current Distribution factor is considered as per Cl 15.6 of IEEE-80,2000 and Methodology is as per IEEE Transaction on Power
Apparatus and systems "Current for Design of Grounding System" ,Vol PAS .103,No.9,Sep 1984)

6.1.5 Maximum Fault Current considered Ig = 50000 x 1.0000

= 50000 A

6.1.6 Duration of Fault Current ts = 1.00 s

6.1.7 Fault Clearing time ts = 1.00 s (specification Secion D4 Cl.

No:2.1.3)

6.6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS

6.6.1 Soil Resistivity r = 333.55 ohm.m (Refer Soil Resistivity Report)

6.6.2 Top Layer resistivity (Crushed rock) rs = 5000 ohm.m (As per IEEE-80 cl. No:12.5)

6.6.3 Length of Switchyard L = 302 m (Drg .O10178-E-SY-AS-EL-0024)

6.6.4 Breadth of Switchyard B = 162.0 m (Drg .O10178-E-SY-AS-EL-0024)

6.3.0 OTHER DETAILS

6.3.1 Conductor diameter d = #REF! (Refer Conductor sizing calculation)

6.3.2 Conductor Area = #REF!

6.3.3 Depth of burial (minimum) h = 0.6 m

6.3.4 Depth of Top Layer hs = 0.15 m (Assumed)

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6.3.5 No of electrodes
Reactor = 0 (1Nos x (2 Body +2 Neutral)
IC Transformer = 8 (2Nos x (2 Body +2 Neutral)
Lightning Arrester = 12 (12Nos x 1)
CVT = 12 (12Nos x 1)
Lightning Mast = 0 (0Nos x 1)
Tower with Peak = 30 (30Nos x 1)
Fence = 10 (10Nos X 1)

6.3.5 No of electrodes nr = 72

6.3.6 Length of electrode l = 3m

6.3.7 Diameter of electrode - GI Pipe dl = 50 mm

7.0.0 CALCULATIONS

7.1.0 CALCULATIONS - PRELIMINARY

7.1.1 Area of Switchyard Ag = LxB

= 302 x 162

= 48924 Sq.m

7.1.2 Spacing of Conductors Ds = 4.0 m

7.1.3 No: of grids in X direction Nx = (L/Ds)+1

= 302/4.0+1

= 77

7.1.4 No: of grids in Y direction Ny = (B/Ds)+1

= 162/4.0+1

= 42

7.1.5 Total length of conductors Lc = L.Ny + B.Nx

= 302 x 42 + 162 x 77

= 25158 m

7.1.6 Total length of electrodes Lr = 72 x 3

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= 216 m

7.1.7 Peripheral length of Grid Lp = 2 x (L + B)

= 2 x ( 302 + 162 )

= 928 m

7.1.8 Maximum distance between two points on grid D m = √(L2 + B2)

= √ ( 302 ²+ 162 ²)

= 343 m
7.1.9 Geometric factor n
na = 2.Lc/Lp (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 85 page no 93)

= 2 x 25158 / 928

= 54.2

nb = √(Lp/(4 x √Ag)) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 86 page no 93)

= √(928/( 4 x √48924))

= 1.0

nc = (L.B/Ag) 0.7 A/(L.B)

(IEEE-80 Eq. no. 87 page no 93)

= (302 x 162/48924)

= 1.0

nd = Dm/√(L2+B2) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 88 page no 93)

= 343/√(302²+162²)

= 1.0

n = na . n b . n c . n d (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 84 page no 93)

= 54.2 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.0

= 55.5
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7.2.0 TOLERABLE TOUCH POTENTIAL

Etouch = ( 1000 + 1.5 Cs rs ) * 0.116 / √ts (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 32 page no 27)

Cs = 1 - 0.09 ( 1- r/rs) / ( 2 hs + 0.09) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 27 page no 23)

= 1-0.09*(1-334/5000)/(2*0.15+0.09)

= 0.7846

Etouch = ( 1000 + 1.5 Cs rs ) * 0.116 / √ts

= (1000 + 1.5 * 0.7846 * 5000 ) * 0.116 / √ 1.0

= 798.62 V

7.3.0 TOLERABLE STEP POTENTIAL

Estep = ( 1000 + 6.0 *Cs * rs ) * 0.116 / √ts (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 29 page no 27)

= (1000 + 6.0 * 0.7846 * 5000 ) * 0.116 / √ 1.0

= 2846.50 V

7.4.0 TOUCH POTENTIAL ATTAINABLE

Emesh = r K m Ki I / L m (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 80 page no 91)

Lm = Lc + Lr (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 90 page no 94)

= 25158+216

= 25374 m

Km = 1 . ln Ds2 + (Ds + 2h ) 2
-h + Kii ln 8 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 81 page no 93)
2p 16 hd 8 Ds d 4d Kh p (2n-1)

Kii = 1.00 for grids with ground rods in perimeter (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 82 page no 93)

1/(2n)2/n for grids with no ground round rods or grids with only a few ground rods

Here we consider grids with ground rods in perimeter

ho = 1.00 m ( reference depth of grid)

Kh = √(1+h/ho) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 83 page no 93)

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= √( 1 + 0.6 / 1.0 )

= 1.2649

Km = 1 . Ln 4.0² + (4.0 + 2*0.60 )² 0.6 +1 8

2π #REF! ### #REF! 1.26 334 (2*55.5-1)

= #REF!

Ki = 0.644 + 0.148 * n (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 89 page no 94)

= 0.644 + 0.148 *55.5

= 8.8623

Emesh = r K m Ki I / L m (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 80 page no 91)

= #REF!

= #REF! V

7.5.0 STEP POTENTIAL ATTAINABLE

Estep = r K s K i I / Ls (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 92 page no 94)

Ls = 0.75 Lc + 0.85 Lr (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 93 page no 94)

= 0.75 *25158.00+ 0.85* 216.00

= 19052.1 m

n = 55.5 (Higher of the no. of grids in X & Y direction)

Ks = 1* 1 + 1 + 1 (1- 0.5(n-2) ) (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 94 page no 94)

p 2h Ds + h Ds

= ( 1 / 22/7 ) * { 1 / (2 * 0.6 ) + 1 / ( 4.0 + 0.6 ) + 1 / 4.0 * ( 1 - 0.5^(56 - 2 ) }

= 0.4140

Estep = r K s K i I / Ls (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 92 page no 94)

= ( 333.55 * 0.4140 * 8.8623 * 50000 ) / 19052.1

= 3211.97 V
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8.0.0 CALCULATION OF GROUNDING RESISTANCE

8.1.0 RESISTANCE OF GROUND RODS

Re = r ln (8 l/dl ) - 1 + 2 K1 l (√nr-1)2 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 55 page no 66)

2p nr l √Ag

K1 = 1.41-0.04x for H = 0

1.20-0.05x for H = 1/10 √Ag (IEEE-80 Fig no 25 (a) page no 67)

1.13-0.05x for H = 1/6 √Ag

H = 0.6 m

K1 = 1.41-0.04x

= 1.41-0.04(L/B)

= 1.41-0.04*302.00/162.00

= 1.3354

Re = #REF!
(3 / sqrt(48924)) * (sqrt (72)-1)^2 ]
= #REF! ohm

8.2.0 RESISTANCE OF GROUND GRID

Rs = r ln (2 Lc / h) + K1 Lc - K2 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 54 page no 66)

p Lc √Ag

K2 = 5.50+0.15x for H = 0

4.68+0.10x for H = 1/10 √Ag (IEEE-80 Fig no 25 (b) page no 67)

4.40-0.05x for H = 1/6 √Ag

K2 = 4.68+0.10x

= 4.68+0.10(L/B)

= 4.68+0.10*302.00/162.00

= 4.87

h' = √(d . h)
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= #REF!

= #REF!

Rs = #REF!
( 25158 / sqrt (48924.00 )) - 4.866 ]
= #REF! Ohms

8.3.0 MUTUAL RESISTANCE BETWEEN GROUND GRID AND GROUND RODS

Rse = r ln (2 Lc / l) + K1 Lc - K2 +1 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 56 page no 66)

p Lc √Ag

= 333.55 / (22/7 * 25158) * [ln (2 * 25158 / 3.0 ) + 1.335 *

( 25158.00 / sqrt (48924.00 )) - 4.866 + 1]
= 0.6655 ohms

8.8.0 COMBINED RESISTANCE OF GROUND GRID AND GROUND RODS

Rg = Re . Rs - Rse2 (IEEE-80 Eq. no. 53 page no 66)

Re + Rs - 2Rse

= #REF!
#REF!

= #REF! Ohm

#REF!

9.0.0 RESULTS

9.1.1 Spacing of conductors Ds = 4 m

9.1.2 Total length of conductors Lc = 25158 m

9.1.3 Attainable step potential = 3211.97 V

9.1.4 Attainable touch potential = #REF! V

9.1.5 Tolerable step potential = 2846.50 V

9.1.6 Tolerable touch potential = 798.62 V

#REF!
Attainable Estep is greater than Tolerable Estep

9.1.7 Combined resistance of Grid & ground rods = #REF! ohm #REF!
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Annexure-A

A.1 Input Data Dgg' - 8.0m

V (Nominal Voltage) = 400 KV g g'

Max. Voltage = 420 kV

A = 9 m a a'

A - 9m
B = 9 m Daa' - 13.24m
b b'
G = 24.86 m

H - 50.9m
B - 9m Dbb' - 14.36m
H = 50.9 m

c c'
Dgg' = 7.95 m 0
Dcc' - 16.9m 8.45
G - 24.86m

Daa' = 13.24 m

Dbb' = 14.36 m

Dcc' = 16.9 m FGL

TYPICAL D/C 400kV TOWER
Design Temperature = 50 deg.C

No. of sub conductors N = 2 (TWIN)

Radius of conductor r = 0.015885 m (ACSR MOOSE)

Subconductor Spacing S = 0.45 m

Resistivity of earth r = 100 ohm-m (Typical Value for Transmission Line)

System frequency f = 50 Hz

Length of Line = 150 kM

A.2 METHODOLOGY
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-103, No.9 September 1984.
The mutual and self impedance of a system can be calculated as follows.

Mutual impedance Zgm = 0.000988 * f + j 0.0028938 * f * log10(De/GMD) ohms/ km -------1

Self impedance Zg = Rc + 0.000988 * f + j 0.0028938 * f * log10(De/GMR) ohms/ km -------2

Where Rc : Resistance of ground wire

GMD : Geometric Mean Distance = (Dab * Dbc *Dca )1/3
GMR : Geometric Mean Radius = (Dsa * Dsb *Dsc )1/3
De : Equivalent depth of earth return 658.4 *√ (r / f)
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A.3 Calculation of Equivalent Depth of Earth Return (De)

De = 658.4 √ (r / f)

= 658.4 * √(100 / 50)

= 931.12 m

A.4 Calculation of Geometric Mean Radius (GMR)

Bundle radius A = S/2 / sin ( p / N)

= 0.000225 m

GMR of bundled conductor GMRb = (N r AN-1) 1/N

= (2 * (0.01589) * 0.0002^(2-1))^ 1/2

= 0.0027 m

Dsa = √( GMRb * Daa')

= 0.1881 m

Dsb = √(GMRb * Dbb')

= 0.1959 m

Dsc = √(GMRb * Dcc')

= 0.2126 m

Geometrical Mean Radius = ³√(Dsa . Dsb . Dsc)

= ³√(0.1881 *0.1959 * 0.2126)

= 0.1986 m

A.5 Calculation of Geometric mean Distance (GMD)

From the above GA of tower ,

Dab = Da'b' = 9.02 m Da'b =Dab' = 16.48 m

Dbc = Db'c'= 9.09 m Dbc' =Dcb' = 18.04 m (From Tower Geometry)
Dca = Dc'a'= 18.09 m Dca' =Dac' = 23.48 m

Dab = ( Dab . Da'b . Dab' . Da'b' ) 1/4

= (9.02 *16.48 * 16.48 * 9.02)^ 1/ 4

= 12.19 m

Dbc = ( Dbc . Db'c . Dbc' . Db'c' ) 1/4

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= (9.09 *18.04 * 18.04 * 9.09)^ 1/ 4

= 12.80 m

Dca = ( Dca . Dc'a . Dca' . Dc'a' ) 1/4

= (18.09 *23.48 * 23.48 * 18.09)^ 1/ 4

= 20.61 m

Geometrical Mean Distance = ³√(Dab . Dbc . Dca)

= ³√(12.19 *12.80 * 20.61)

= 14.76 m

A.6 Calculation of Ground Conductor resistance (Rc)

DC resistance at 20 Deg. C Rdc50 = 2.50 ohms/km (Typical Data)

M constant for Steel = 153.85

DC resistance at Design Temperature = Rdc20 (M+t2) ohms/km

(M+t1)

Rdc50 = 2.9314 ohms / km

AC resistance by considering Skin effect

Rac50 = k * Rdc50

Where k is a function of X = 0.063598 x √(mrf/Rdc32) (if Rdc is in ohm/mile)

= 0.080680 x √(mrf/Rdc32)

= 10.5369

k = 1.64051

Rac50 = 4.8090 ohms / km

(Typical Value)
No. of earth conductors in a TL Path = 2

Hence equivalent resistance Rc = 2.4045 ohms/ km i.e. Rac50 / 2

A.7 Calculation of Mutual & Self Impedance of Ground Wire

Zgm = 0.000988 * 50 + j 0.0028938 * 50 * Log10( 931.12 / 14.761)

= 0.0494+0.26043i ohm/ km

Zg = 2.4045 + 0.000988 * 50 + j 0.0028938 * 50 * Log10( 931.12 / 0.199)

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= 2.4539+0.53115i ohm/ km

A.8 Calculation of Inductance of Line (H/m/ph)

L = ###

A.9 Calculation of Capacitance of Line (F/m/ph)

C = ###

A.9 Calculation of Impedance (SIL) & Maximum Allowable Power that can be transmitted through the Line

Z = ### OHM

P = ### MW

A.9 Calculation of Inductive Reactance of Line (XL)

XL = ### OHM
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Annexure-A

A.1 Input Data Dgg' - 0.0m

V (Nominal Voltage) = 220 KV g g'

Max. Voltage = 245 kV

A = 5.28 m a a'

A - 5.28m
B = 5.34 m Daa' - 9m
b b'
G = 19.95 m

H - 35.78m
B - 5.34m Dbb' - 9.36m
H = 35.78 m

c c'
Dgg' = 0 m 0
Dcc' - 9.9m 4.95
G - 19.95m

Daa' = 9.00 m

Dbb' = 9.36 m

Dcc' = 9.90 m FGL

TYPICAL D/C 220kV TOWER
Design Temperature = 50 deg.C

No. of sub conductors N = 1 (SINGLE)

Radius of conductor r = 0.01431 m (ACSR ZEBRA)-SINGLE CIRCUIT

Subconductor Spacing S = 0 m

Resistivity of earth r = 100 ohm-m (Typical Value for Transmission Line)

System frequency f = 50 Hz

Length of Line = 150 kM

A.2 METHODOLOGY
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-103, No.9 September 1984.
The mutual and self impedance of a system can be calculated as follows.

Mutual impedance Zgm = 0.000988 * f + j 0.0028938 * f * log10(De/GMD) ohms/ km -------1

Self impedance Zg = Rc + 0.000988 * f + j 0.0028938 * f * log10(De/GMR) ohms/ km -------2

Where Rc : Resistance of ground wire

GMD : Geometric Mean Distance = (Dab * Dbc *Dca )1/3
GMR : Geometric Mean Radius = (Dsa * Dsb *Dsc )1/3
De : Equivalent depth of earth return 658.4 *√ (r / f)
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A.3 Calculation of Equivalent Depth of Earth Return (De)

De = 658.4 √ (r / f)

= 658.4 * √(100 / 50)

= 931.12 m

A.4 Calculation of Geometric Mean Radius (GMRL)

GMRL = 0.0111 m

A.4 Calculation of Geometric Mean Radius (GMRC)

GMRL = 0.0143 m

A.5 Calculation of Geometric mean Distance (GMD)

Geometrical Mean Distance = ³√(Dab . Dbc . Dca)

= 6.69 m

A.6 Calculation of Ground Conductor resistance (Rc)

DC resistance at 20 Deg. C Rdc50 = 2.50 ohms/km (Typical Data)

M constant for Steel = 153.85

DC resistance at Design Temperature = Rdc20 (M+t2) ohms/km

(M+t1)

Rdc50 = 2.9314 ohms / km

AC resistance by considering Skin effect

Rac50 = k * Rdc50

Where k is a function of X = 0.063598 x √(mrf/Rdc32) (if Rdc is in ohm/mile)

= 0.080680 x √(mrf/Rdc32)

= 10.5369

k = 1.64051

Rac50 = 4.8090 ohms / km

(Typical Value)
No. of earth conductors in a TL Path = 2

Hence equivalent resistance Rc = 2.4045 ohms/ km i.e. Rac50 / 2

A.7 Calculation of Mutual & Self Impedance of Ground Wire

Zgm = 0.000988 * 50 + j 0.0028938 * 50 * Log10( 931.12 / 6.690)

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= 0.0494+0.31015i ohm/ km

Zg = 2.4045 + 0.000988 * 50 + j 0.0028938 * 50 * Log10( 931.12 / 0.011)

= 2.4539+0.71216i ohm/ km

A.8 Calculation of Inductance of Line (H/m/ph)

L = ###

A.9 Calculation of Capacitance of Line (F/m/ph)

C = ###

A.9 Calculation of Impedance (SIL) & Maximum Allowable Power that can be transmitted through the Line

Z = ### OHM

P = ### MW

A.9 Calculation of Inductive Reactance of Line (XL)

XL = ### OHM
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Annexure-A

A.1 Input Data Dgg' - 0.0m

V (Nominal Voltage) = 220 KV g g'

Max. Voltage = 245 kV

A = 5.28 m a a'

A - 5.28m
B = 5.34 m Daa' - 9m
b b'
G = 19.95 m

H - 35.78m
B - 5.34m Dbb' - 9.36m
H = 35.78 m

c c'
Dgg' = 0 m 0
Dcc' - 9.9m 4.95
G - 19.95m

Daa' = 9.00 m

Dbb' = 9.36 m

Dcc' = 9.90 m FGL

TYPICAL D/C 220kV TOWER
Design Temperature = 50 deg.C

No. of sub conductors N = 1 (SINGLE)

Radius of conductor r = 0.01431 m (ACSR ZEBRA)-DOUBLE CIRCUIT

Subconductor Spacing S = 0 m

Resistivity of earth r = 100 ohm-m (Typical Value for Transmission Line)

System frequency f = 50 Hz

Length of Line = 150 kM

A.2 METHODOLOGY
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-103, No.9 September 1984.
The mutual and self impedance of a system can be calculated as follows.

Mutual impedance Zgm = 0.000988 * f + j 0.0028938 * f * log10(De/GMD) ohms/ km -------1

Self impedance Zg = Rc + 0.000988 * f + j 0.0028938 * f * log10(De/GMR) ohms/ km -------2

Where Rc : Resistance of ground wire

GMD : Geometric Mean Distance = (Dab * Dbc *Dca )1/3
GMR : Geometric Mean Radius = (Dsa * Dsb *Dsc )1/3
De : Equivalent depth of earth return 658.4 *√ (r / f)
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A.3 Calculation of Equivalent Depth of Earth Return (De)

De = 658.4 √ (r / f)

= 658.4 * √(100 / 50)

= 931.12 m

A.4 Calculation of Geometric Mean Radius (GMRL)

Geometrical Mean Radius = 3
√(GMRa*GMRb*GMRc)

GMRa = √(0.7788*r* Daa')

= 0.317 m

GMRa = √(0.7788*r* Dbb')

= 0.323 m

GMRa = √(0.7788*r* Dcc')

= 0.332 m

GMRL = 0.3239 m

A.4 Calculation of Geometric Mean Radius (GMRC)

Geometrical Mean Radius = 3
√(GMRa*GMRb*GMRc)

GMRa = √(r* Daa')

= 0.359 m

GMRa = √(r* Dbb')

= 0.366 m

GMRa = √(r* Dcc')

= 0.376 m

GMRL = 0.3670 m

A.5 Calculation of Geometric mean Distance (GMD)

From the above GA of tower ,

Dab = Da'b' = 5.28 m Da'b =Dab' = 10.59 m

Dbc = Db'c'= 5.35 m Dbc' =Dcb' = 11.01 m (From Tower Geometry)
Dca = Dc'a'= 10.63 m Dca' =Dac' = 14.22 m

Dab = ( Dab . Da'b . Dab' . Da'b' ) 1/4

= (5.28 *10.59 * 10.59 * 5.28)^ 1/ 4

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= 5.28 m

Dbc = ( Dbc . Db'c . Dbc' . Db'c' ) 1/4

= (5.35 *11.01 * 11.01 * 5.35)^ 1/ 4

= 5.34 m

Dca = ( Dca . Dc'a . Dca' . Dc'a' ) 1/4

= (10.63 *14.22 * 14.22 * 10.63)^ 1/ 4

= 10.62 m

Geometrical Mean Distance = ³√(Dab . Dbc . Dca)

= ³√(5.28 *5.34 * 10.62)

= 6.69 m

A.6 Calculation of Ground Conductor resistance (Rc)

DC resistance at 20 Deg. C Rdc50 = 2.50 ohms/km (Typical Data)

M constant for Steel = 153.85

DC resistance at Design Temperature = Rdc20 (M+t2) ohms/km

(M+t1)

Rdc50 = 2.9314 ohms / km

AC resistance by considering Skin effect

Rac50 = k * Rdc50

Where k is a function of X = 0.063598 x √(mrf/Rdc32) (if Rdc is in ohm/mile)

= 0.080680 x √(mrf/Rdc32)

= 10.5369

k = 1.64051

Rac50 = 4.8090 ohms / km

(Typical Value)
No. of earth conductors in a TL Path = 2

Hence equivalent resistance Rc = 2.4045 ohms/ km i.e. Rac50 / 2

A.7 Calculation of Mutual & Self Impedance of Ground Wire

Zgm = 0.000988 * 50 + j 0.0028938 * 50 * Log10( 931.12 / 6.690)

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= 0.0494+0.31015i ohm/ km

Zg = 2.4045 + 0.000988 * 50 + j 0.0028938 * 50 * Log10( 931.12 / 0.324)

= 2.4539+0.50043i ohm/ km

A.8 Calculation of Inductance of Line (H/m/ph)

L = ###

A.9 Calculation of Capacitance of Line (F/m/ph)

C = ###

A.9 Calculation of Impedance (SIL) & Maximum Allowable Power that can be transmitted through the Line

Z = ### OHM

P = ### MW

A.9 Calculation of Inductive Reactance of Line (XL)

XL = ### OHM
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Annexure-A

A.1 Input Data Dgg' - 0.0m

V (Nominal Voltage) = 220 KV g g'

Max. Voltage = 245 kV

A = 5.28 m a a'

A - 5.28m
B = 5.34 m Daa' - 9m
b b'
G = 19.95 m

H - 35.78m
B - 5.34m Dbb' - 9.36m
H = 35.78 m

c c'
Dgg' = 0 m 0
Dcc' - 9.9m 4.95
G - 19.95m

Daa' = 9.00 m

Dbb' = 9.36 m

Dcc' = 9.90 m FGL

TYPICAL D/C 220kV TOWER
Design Temperature = 50 deg.C

No. of sub conductors N = 1 (SINGLE)

Radius of conductor r = 0.015885 m (ACSR MOOSE)-DOUBLE CIRCUIT

Subconductor Spacing S = 0 m

Resistivity of earth r = 100 ohm-m (Typical Value for Transmission Line)

System frequency f = 50 Hz

Length of Line = 150 kM

A.2 METHODOLOGY
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-103, No.9 September 1984.
The mutual and self impedance of a system can be calculated as follows.

Mutual impedance Zgm = 0.000988 * f + j 0.0028938 * f * log10(De/GMD) ohms/ km -------1

Self impedance Zg = Rc + 0.000988 * f + j 0.0028938 * f * log10(De/GMR) ohms/ km -------2

Where Rc : Resistance of ground wire

GMD : Geometric Mean Distance = (Dab * Dbc *Dca )1/3
GMR : Geometric Mean Radius = (Dsa * Dsb *Dsc )1/3
De : Equivalent depth of earth return 658.4 *√ (r / f)
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A.3 Calculation of Equivalent Depth of Earth Return (De)

De = 658.4 √ (r / f)

= 658.4 * √(100 / 50)

= 931.12 m

A.4 Calculation of Geometric Mean Radius (GMRL)

Geometrical Mean Radius = 3
√(GMRa*GMRb*GMRc)

GMRa = √(0.7788*r* Daa')

= 0.334 m

GMRa = √(0.7788*r* Dbb')

= 0.340 m

GMRa = √(0.7788*r* Dcc')

= 0.350 m

GMRL = 0.3412 m

A.4 Calculation of Geometric Mean Radius (GMRC)

Geometrical Mean Radius = 3
√(GMRa*GMRb*GMRc)

GMRa = √(r* Daa')

= 0.378 m

GMRa = √(r* Dbb')

= 0.386 m

GMRa = √(r* Dcc')

= 0.397 m

GMRL = 0.3867 m

A.5 Calculation of Geometric mean Distance (GMD)

From the above GA of tower ,

Dab = Da'b' = 5.28 m Da'b =Dab' = 10.59 m

Dbc = Db'c'= 5.35 m Dbc' =Dcb' = 11.01 m (From Tower Geometry)
Dca = Dc'a'= 10.63 m Dca' =Dac' = 14.22 m

Dab = ( Dab . Da'b . Dab' . Da'b' ) 1/4

= (5.28 *10.59 * 10.59 * 5.28)^ 1/ 4

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= 5.28 m

Dbc = ( Dbc . Db'c . Dbc' . Db'c' ) 1/4

= (5.35 *11.01 * 11.01 * 5.35)^ 1/ 4

= 5.34 m

Dca = ( Dca . Dc'a . Dca' . Dc'a' ) 1/4

= (10.63 *14.22 * 14.22 * 10.63)^ 1/ 4

= 10.62 m

Geometrical Mean Distance = ³√(Dab . Dbc . Dca)

= ³√(5.28 *5.34 * 10.62)

= 6.69 m

A.6 Calculation of Ground Conductor resistance (Rc)

DC resistance at 20 Deg. C Rdc50 = 2.50 ohms/km (Typical Data)

M constant for Steel = 153.85

DC resistance at Design Temperature = Rdc20 (M+t2) ohms/km

(M+t1)

Rdc50 = 2.9314 ohms / km

AC resistance by considering Skin effect

Rac50 = k * Rdc50

Where k is a function of X = 0.063598 x √(mrf/Rdc32) (if Rdc is in ohm/mile)

= 0.080680 x √(mrf/Rdc32)

= 10.5369

k = 1.64051

Rac50 = 4.8090 ohms / km

(Typical Value)
No. of earth conductors in a TL Path = 2

Hence equivalent resistance Rc = 2.4045 ohms/ km i.e. Rac50 / 2

A.7 Calculation of Mutual & Self Impedance of Ground Wire

Zgm = 0.000988 * 50 + j 0.0028938 * 50 * Log10( 931.12 / 6.690)

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= 0.0494+0.31015i ohm/ km

Zg = 2.4045 + 0.000988 * 50 + j 0.0028938 * 50 * Log10( 931.12 / 0.341)

= 2.4539+0.49715i ohm/ km

A.8 Calculation of Inductance of Line (H/m/ph)

L = ###

A.9 Calculation of Capacitance of Line (F/m/ph)

C = ###

A.9 Calculation of Impedance (SIL) & Maximum Allowable Power that can be transmitted through the Line

Z = ### OHM

P = ### MW

A.9 Calculation of Inductive Reactance of Line (XL)

XL = ### OHM