RACT REVIEWER compressed and then moves out of the

compressor as a high-pressure gas.

Chapter 1
 The gas then flows to the condenser.
BASICS OF REFRIGERATION
Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and
 Refrigeration is the process of gives off its heat to the outside air.
transferring heat from one area to
 The liquid then moves to the
another. If we remove heat from one
expansion valve under high pressure.
substance, it becomes cold, and cold is
This valve restricts the flow of the
merely the absence of heat.
fluid, and lowers its pressure as it
 The removal of heat can be leaves the expansion valve.
accomplished by using ice or any
 The low-pressure liquid then moves to
mechanical and non-mechanical
the evaporator, where heat from the
means.
inside air is absorbed and changes it
Refrigeration Cycle: from a liquid to a gas.

 As a hot low-pressure gas, the

refrigerant moves to the compressor
where the entire cycle is repeated.

Note that the four-part cycle is divided at the

center into a high side and a low side. This
refers to the pressures of the refrigerant in
each side of the system.
PRINCIPLES OF REFRIGERATION
TYPES OF REFRIGERATION
The mechanical refrigeration system or the
vapor-compression system has four stages 1. NATURAL METHOD OF REFRIGERATION by
taking in place in the compressor, the using ice
condenser, the expansion valve, and the
evaporator. Ice refrigeration- To use the ice for
refrigerating effect a closed and insulated
It is divided into two pressure sides: the low- chamber is required. On one side of the
pressure side and the high-pressure side. chamber ice is kept while on the other side
there is a space which is to be cooled where
 Liquids absorb heat when changed
some material to be cooled can be placed.
from liquid to gas

 Gases give off heat when changed

from gas to liquid.

For refrigeration system to operate with

economy, the refrigerant must be used
repeatedly. For this reason, the system use
the same cycle of compression, condensation,
expansion, and evaporation in a closed circuit.
The same refrigerant is used to move the heat
from one area, to cool this area, and to expel
2. VAPOR COMPRESSION SYSTEM
this heat in another area.
Vapor compression system- in which
 The refrigerant comes into the
the refrigerant undergoes phase changes,
compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is
is one of the many refrigeration cycles and
is the most widely used method for air-
 conditioning of buildings and automobiles. 5. THERMOELECTRIC SYSTEM
It is also used in domestic and commercial
refrigerators, large-scale warehouses for Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier
chilled or frozen storage of foods and effect to create a heat flux between the
meats, refrigerated trucks and railroad junction of two different types of
cars, and a host of other commercial and materials. A Peltier cooler, heater,
industrial services. or thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-
state active heat pump which transfers
heat from one side of the device to the
other, with consumption of electrical
energy, depending on the direction of the
current.

3. ABSORPTION SYSTEM

An absorption refrigeration system is

DEVELOPMENT OF REFRIGERATION
a system that uses a heat source (e.g.,
solar energy, a fossil-fueled flame, waste Preservation of food is one of the most
heat from factories, or district important uses of refrigeration. Food lasts
heating systems) to provide the energy longer when kept in cool areas. Studied
needed to drive the cooling show that food have microbes that
process. Absorption refrigerators are often multiply faster in warm places. This
used for food storage in recreational multiplication of microbes had been
vehicles. recognized as the major cause of food
spoilage. At the temperature of 10 degrees
Celsius or less, microbes could not multiply
at all.

HISTORY OF REFRIGERATION

 Artificial refrigeration began in the

mid-1750s, and developed in the
early 1800s.
4. STEAM-JET SYSTEM
 Refrigeration was first used by
The steam jet refrigeration system (also known Chinese when they discovered that
as ejector system refrigeration system) is one ice improves the taste of drinks.
of the oldest methods of  The early Egyptians found out that
producing refrigeration effect. The basic water could be cooled by placing it
components of this system are an evaporator, in jars on roof top at sundown.
a compressor device, a condenser and  The Greeks and the Romans place
a refrigerant control device. their foods in snow for
preservation purposes.
 In warm places, people place their
foods in vessels immersed in
streams of water or by storing
 them in holes dug at the ground for  The force exerted on a solid is upward,
preservation. downward in a liquid and all directions
in a gas
THE FIRST REFRIGERATOR
 Adding or removing heat will change
 Since little was known about the the condition of a substance
procedures on how to lower the
temperature enough to freeze water  The unit of heat is the Joule
into ice, ice was then transported. The
value of ice for preservation of foods  The unit of power is the Watt
had been recognized for hundreds of  Heat flows by conduction, convection
years. An ice box was used as the and radiation
refrigerator during that time. It was
the first refrigerator introduced to the  Sensible heat is applied or removed
society. from a body, changing its temperature
but not its state

 Latent heat added or removed from a

body changes its state but not its
temperature

 Density is mass per unit of volume

THE FIRST PATENT FOR PRACTICAL ICE- Chapter 2
MAKING MACHINE
REFRIGERATION TOOLS AND MATERIALS
 It was in 1834 when an American
Engineer, Jacob Perkins introduced the Definition of terms
first patent for a practical ice-making
 Aluminum Tubing - usually used for
machine in London. These machines
evaporating units in air conditioning
were used successfully in meat-packing
for home & automobile.
plants. Within the next fifty years, ice-
 Clutch Head - used for turning with a
makers were manufactured in the
clutch head bolt or screw.
United States, France, Germany, and in
 Copper Tube - use in refrigeration and
other countries.
air conditioning unit.
 Refrigeration is likewise used in  Document - written information
chemicals, metals, medicines, gases,  Flare Hose Fitting - includes assorted
machines, tools and electronic devices. nylon fittings suitable to refrigerant
hoses
Summary of the main points of this section  Flaring Block - used for holding tubing
according to its size so that it can be
 Heat is a form energy
flared.
 Heat can be transferred from one form  Hard Drawn Copper Tubing - used in
to another Commercial refrigeration and air
conditioning applications
 All matter is made up of molecules  Job Order - the scope of the work to be
done
 The states of matter are solid, liquid
 Pipe Cutter - the adjustable clamp-type
and gas
device with sharp-edged rollers that
 Molecular movement is slow in solids, cut the pipe as they are tightened and
faster in liquids and faster still in gases turned
 Ratchet Handle – used to drive handle
socket that fits on so that the
 tightening or loosening motion can be clamp in installation, so soft copper
limited to a short back and forth tubing is often used with flared and
motion. soft soldering fittings. It is also sold in
 Requisition Form - a formal written rolls of 1, 35, and 50 ft long.
order request for equipment, tools and
materials. 2. Hard drawn copper tubing. This is used
 Service Report describes the work in commercial refrigeration and air
done in a process conditioning applications. Being hard
 Soft Copper Tubing - used in domestic and stiff, it needs few clamps to
and some commercial refrigeration support it in installation. Hard drawn
and air conditioning work, because it is copper tubing should not be bent so
easy to bend and flare. use straight lengths and fitting to form
 Soldered or Brazed Tube Fitting - used the necessary tube connection. Hard-
in most tubing and fitting connections drawn refrigeration tubing joints
that are either by soldering or silver should be silver brazed to eliminate
brazing. leaks.

Use of Copper Tube in Refrigeration and Air- 3. Steel tubing. This is a thin wall tubing
Conditioning Unit. used in refrigeration and air
 Installation of pipes and fittings in a conditioning work, Its size is practically
refrigeration system is impossible the same as that of copper tubing,
without the necessary tools and hence connections may be made on
materials. steel tubing by using either flare joints
or silver brazed joints.
Copper Tubing
4. Stainless steel tubing. This is a strong
The tubing that carries the refrigerant to
type of tubing that is very resistant to
various components is considered to be a vital
corrosion. It is also easily connected to
part of the refrigeration system. Copper tubing
fitting by either flaring or brazing
is the most common materials in the
because of this qualities, stainless steel
refrigeration piping circuit. It is used to
is often required in food processing,
connect the major parts of the refrigeration
ice, oven, manufacture, milk handling
system such as evaporator coil, the
system, and similar works.
compressor, the condenser coil and the
expansion valve, most copper tubing is
5. Plastic tubing. This type of tubing with
available from 1/8 inch to ¾ inch of a
polyethylene is one of the most
diameter. The end are capped or plugged to
common substances used in the
keep the inside of the tubing clean and dry. It
manufacture of plastic tubing. The
is also available in soft and hard types. Copper
usual safe temperature is from 100
tubing is available in three types. Type K, L and
degrees centigrade (oC) to +175
M. Type K tubing is used for heavy duty
degrees centigrade (oC) you should
purpose because of its thick wall. Type L tubing
never use this tubing where fluid
is used for Six interior plumbing and heating. It
temperature goes beyond this limit.
is the common types used in HVAC system.
Polyethylene tubing is not used in
Type M is used for light duty work.
refrigerating mechanism but in cold
1. Soft copper tubing. This is used in water lines in water cooled
domestic and some commercial condensers.
refrigeration and air conditioning
work, because it is easy to bend and 6. Flexible tubing (hose). This is
flare. Being bendable, this tubing must commonly used tubing in suction lines
be supported by suitable brackets or in many refrigeration system and in
 commercial air conditioning b. Hand tap wrench refers to the handle
application. This type serves to prevent used for threading inside threads with a
vibration in the mechanism. Air tap.
conditioning equipment for a motor
vehicle requires the use of flexible  T-handle tap Wrench refers to the
tubing since the vehicle is always handle with an adjustable holding
moving. device mush like the chuck on a drill.
Used with a tap to drill inside threads,
7. Aluminum tubing. It is usually used for especially smaller size threads.
evaporating units in air conditioning  Round stock die is a tool used for
for home and auto-mobile. Commonly, cutting external threads on round
stock and is available in many sizes
it is used for evaporator (freezer) of
the domestic refrigerators. Special type and specifications
of treatment for soldering or brazing is  Die stock refers to the handle that fits
needed. over a round a die to secure it and
facilitate turning.
 Tube cutter refers to the adjustable
Fitting: A fitting is a device used to connect clamp-type device with sharp-edged
tubes of different widths and lengths. rollers that cut into pipe as they are
tightened and turned.
1. Flaring tube fitting. This is used in  Pipe die is a tool used for cutting
flared type connection to attach external threads on pipe.
fittings in copper tubing. There are  Pipe die stock ratchet is a tool used for
many different fittings which are handle designed especially for
hexagonal in shape for wrench speeding up the cutting of external
attachment. These threaded fittings
pipe threads.
must be carefully handled to prevent
damage. All fittings used are based on Tubing Tools and Their Uses
the tubing size.
 Bending spring is a tool used for
placement over the outside of the
tubing to keep the tubing from
collapsing while it is being bent.
 Swage punch is a tool used for
enlarging the end cut tubing so
that another tube size can be
2. Flare hose fitting - This includes placed into the tubing and
assorted nylon fittings suitable to soldered.
refrigerant hoses.  Lever-type bender is a tool used
3. Soldered or brazed tube fitting - This for bending tube in such a way
type is used in most tubing and fitting that the tubing will retain its
connections that are either by rounded shape and not flatten out
soldering or silver brazing. Soldered at the point of the bend.
joints are used for water pipes and  Double flare punch is a tool used
drains. Silver brazed joints are used for with a flaring block to bend tubing
refrigerant pipes and fittings. back and force it down and roll it
into the open tubing end to make
Threading Tools and Their Uses
a tube with double thickness.
a. Tap is a tool used for cutting inside  Tube reamer is a tool used for
threads in a hole. cleaning burrs inside the tubing
that has been cut; it is often built
into a tubing cutter.
  Flaring tool is a tool used for  Centre punch is a tool used for
forcing a 45o cone into the end of indenting metal to safely start a drill.
a copper tube being held in a  Flat chisel is a tool used for cutting off
flaring block. bolt heads or splitting nuts.
 Flaring block is a tool used for  Pry bar is a tool used for a variety of
holding tubing according to its size jobs, but generally for prying
so that it can be flared. equipment into alignment.
 Tubing cutter is a tool used for  Scratch awl is a tool used for making
smoothly cutting tubing with on metal, making screw holes in sheet
opposing cutting wheels that are metal, and for aligning screw holes.
slowly tightened by a ratchet-like
control as the cutter is turned Types of Files and Their Uses
around.  Flat file is a tool used for
Socket Sets and Their Uses smoothing metal surfaces; the
surface is double-cut to help
 Universal joint refers to device that fits promote even application.
between a handle and a socket to  Half round file is a tool used for
permit the socket to be turned to any fitting rounded surfaces.
one of several angles and to facilitate  Round File is a tool used for
hard-to-reach nuts and bolts. smoothing or enlarging holes in
 Speed handle is a tool used to drive by metal; because of the tapered end,
operating with both hands so that an they are often called “rat-tail” files.
operator can loosen or tighten nuts  Point file is a tool used for cleaning
and bolts quickly. up damaged threads or other
 Torque wrench is a tool used for “fine” work; it is sometimes called
tightening hex-head bolts and nuts to a “saw” file.
specified limits.  Triangular file a tool used for
 Extension. Refers to a rod that extends working in tight places and “fine”
from the socket to the handle to finish work.
extend the socket into hard-to-reach
places. Types of Hammer and Their Uses
 Deep socket. Is a device that snaps on  Ball peen hammer is a tool used for
to a ratchet handle so the device can hammering metal tools such as
be used to work on hex-head bolts or punches and chisels.
nuts that are in recessed places that a  Soft face hammer is a tool made of
regular socket cannot reach. plastic, rawhide or material that will
 Socket. Is a device that snaps onto a not mar or break other tools or
ratchet handle so the device can be materials being hammered.
used to work on hex-head bolts or  Sledge hammer is a tool made with a
nuts. heavy steel head and a long handle for
 Ratchet Handle is used to drive handle breaking or pounding with substantial
socket that fits on so that tightening or force.
loosening motion can be limited to a  Claw hammer is a tool used for driving
short back and forth motion. or pulling nails.
Punches, Chisels, Bars and Their Uses Types of Pliers and Their Uses
 Pin punch is a tool used for driving  Slip joint is a tool used for holding or
both straight and tapered pins into or turning a part where surface marring is
out of hubs or shafts. not a problem.
  Slip groove is a tool used on a wider  Torx head is a tool used for turning
surface and where more leverage may with a torx bolt or screw
be required.  Stub is a tool used for tightening or
 Long Nose is a tools used for holding loosening in places where a longer
small nuts, screws, or for reaching hard blade will not fit especially in narrow
reached places. places.
 Diagonal cutter is a tool used for  Offset is a tool used for tightening or
cutting wire only. loosening in extremely close places
 Self-locking pliers is a tool used for
working where tight grip is needed. It AIR CONDITIONING
also locks in place to free operator to Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, or
use another tool. A/C) is the process of removing heat from the
 Pinch-off wrench is a tool designed interior of an occupied space, to improve the
especially to crimp refrigeration tubing comfort of occupants. This process is most
to prevent loss of refrigerant when a commonly used to achieve a more comfortable
tube is being soldered or brazed. interior environment, typically for humans or
Types of Wrenches and Their Uses animals.

 Open wrench is a tool used for working An air conditioning system is an assembly of
with hex-head bolts, nuts, or screws. different part of the system used produce a
 Box wrench refers to the tool with flat specified condition of air within a require
interior surfaces so that it is less likely space or building.
to slip off when working with hex-head The basic elements of air conditioning system
bolts, nuts, or screws when added
torque is applied.  Fans : For circulation of air
 Combination wrench is a tool with an  Filters : For cleaning the air
open end and a box end. It is designed  Heating Elements : Heating of air(It
for the convenience of an operator may be electric heater, steam , hot
who may need an open end for speed water.
tightening and loosening while the box  Control System : It regulates
end is used for adding torque. automatically the amount of cooling or
 Adjustable open wrench is a tool used heating.
for working with hex-head bolts, nuts,  Grill : It adjust the direction of the
and screws of various sizes. conditioned air to the room.
 Pipe wrench is a tool used for working  Tray : It collects condensed water.
with pipe, pipe fittings, and other  Refrigerating Plant : provide cooling . It
rounded surfaces. consist of compressor/generator and
 Flare nut wrench is a tool used for absorber, evaporator, condenser,
working with hex-head nuts, bolts, or expansion device(capillary tube).
screws in which the open end permits
HISTORY
the wrench to slip over tubing.
The first modern air conditioner was
Types of screwdrivers and their uses:
invented in 1902 by Willis Haviland Carrier,
 Standard slot is a tool used for turning a skilled engineer who began
with a slot-head bolt or screw. experimenting with the laws of humidity
 Philips is a tool used for turning with control to solve an application problem at
Philips-head bolts or screw a printing plant in Brooklyn, NY.
 Clutch head is a tool used for turning
TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONERS
with a clutch head bolt or screw
1. Window air conditioner
  Window air conditioners cool  Room air conditioners range from
rooms rather than the entire 5,500 Btu per hour to 14,000 Btu per
home. hour.
 Less expensive to operate than
central units Their efficiency is Energy Saving Methods
generally lower than that of central  Locate the air conditioner in a window
air conditioners. or wall area near the center of the
 Can be plugged into any 15- or 20- room and on the shadiest side of the
amp, 115-volt or 220-volt house.
household circuit that is not shared  Minimize air leakage by fitting the
with any other major appliances room air conditioner snugly into its
2. Split Air-Conditioner opening and sealing gaps with a foam
 The split air conditioner comprises weather stripping material.
of two parts: the outdoor unit and
the indoor unit
 An outdoor metal cabinet contains
the condenser and compressor,
and an indoor cabinet contains the
evaporator
3. Central Air Conditioner
 Circulate cool air through a system
of supply and return ducts. Supply
ducts and registers (i.e., openings
in the walls, floors, or ceilings
covered by grills) carry cooled air
from the air conditioner to the
home.
 This cooled air becomes warmer as
it circulates through the home;
then it flows back to the central air
conditioner through return ducts
and registers.

Types of Central Air Conditioning system

 split-system AC -an outdoor metal

cabinet contains the condenser and
compressor, and an indoor cabinet
contains the evaporator
 Packaged - the evaporator, condenser,
and compressor are all located in one
cabinet.
4. Packaged Air Conditioning System

ENERGY CONSUMPTION

 Air conditioners are rated by the

number of British Thermal Units (Btu)
of heat they can remove per hour.
Another common rating term for air
conditioning size is the "ton," which is
12,000 Btu per hour.