Program : B.

Tech
Subject Name: Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Subject Code: BT-104
Year: 1st
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BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING NOTES

Unit - IV Electrical Machines - Syllabus:
Construction, Working Principle, Classification and Application of DC machine, Induction machine and
Synchronous machine. Working principle of 3-Phase induction motor, Concept of slip in 3-Phase induction
motor, Explanation of Torque-slip characteristics of 3-Phase induction motor. Types of losses occurring in
electrical machines.

D.C. MACHINE
A DC machine can work as a motor as well as a generator. There is no constructional difference between a
DC motor and a DC generator.
Constructional Features: Fig. - 1 shows the constructional details of a DC Machine. Some of the essential
parts of a DC machine are Yoke, Main poles, Field coil, Armature core, Armature winding, Commutator,
Brushes, Bearings and End Covers.
Yoke: It is the outermost covering made of cast iron which provides support for the main poles. It also
carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.
Main poles: They are made up of laminations bunched together and fixed to the yoke. The pole core
accommodates the field coils. The pole shoe helps in spreading the flux in the air gap.
ARMATURE
ARMATURE SLOT
N ARMATURE
WINDING
COMMUTATOR

YOKE

S S
POLE

FIELD
WINDING

Fig. - 1 Constructional POLE SHOE

details of DC Machine N
BRUSH

Field coil: They are placed around the pole core supported by the pole shoe. The field coils after being
mounted on the main poles are connected such that, when a DC exciting current flows through them, the
main poles alternately become north and south poles producing the necessary flux.

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Armature core: It is a laminated cylindrical core keyed to the machine shaft with slots on the outer
periphery to accommodate the armature winding as shown in Fig. - 2. The important function of the core is
to provide a path of very low reluctance to the flux through the armature from North pole to South pole.
Armature winding: Copper wire is used to make the armature winding in the slots of the armature core,
which form the conductors. The conductors are insulated from each other as well as from the core. The
armature winding of a DC machine forms a closed circuit. Depending on the manner in which the
conductors are connected to the commutator segments, we have lap winding and wave winding.
Commutator: It converts the alternating current induced in the armature conductors into unidirectional
current in the external load circuit. It is a cylindrical structure mounted on the shaft of the armature core on
one side. It has many segments of copper that are insulated from each other by mica sheets. The number of
segments will be equal to the number of armature coils. The commutator facilitates for the collection of
current from the armature conductors.
ARMATURE TOOTH

COMMUTATOR SLOT
RE

BAND WIRE
ROTOR
FIGURE - 2 ROTOR CORE LAMINATION

Brushes: They are made of carbon and will be equal to the number of main poles. They rest on the
commutator and help in collection of current from the commutator. The brushes are placed in brush
holders,which are accommodated inside the end covers.
Bearings: The bearings are fixed in the end covers. The shaft of the armature core is held on either side by
the bearings. Their function is to reduce friction.
End Covers: They cover the yoke of the machine on either side. They are made of thick sheet metal. They
accommodate bearings and brush holders. They also provide ventilation.

D.C. MOTOR
Working principle of DC machine as motor: A DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Its operation is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field,
the conductors experience a mechanical force, whose direction is given by Fleming’s left hand rule and its
magnitude is given by 𝑭 = 𝑩𝒊𝒍 Newtons
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Working as a motor: The field winding is excited such that the main poles become alternately north and
south, the magnetic field is established in the air gap between the main poles and armature core. The DC
supply is also given to the armature terminals so that current flows through the armature conductors. The
current carrying conductors when placed in a magnetic field experience a mechanical force. The direction of
the force developed in all the conductors will be in the same direction. These forces acting on the shaft give
rise to torque.
Types of DC Motor:

D C Motor

D C Shunt Motor D C Series Motor D C Compound Motor

Cumulative Compound Differential Compound

Applications of DC Motors: Shunt motors are used for applications which require medium level torque such
as Blowers, Fans, Centrifugal and Reciprocating pumps, Lathe machines, Machine tools.
Series motors are used for applications which require high starting torque such as in Cranes, Trolleys,
Conveyers, Elevators and Electric locomotives.
Cumulative Compound motors are also used for applications which require high starting torque such as in
Rolling mills, Heavy Planers and Elevators.
Differential Compound motors are not suitable for practical applications.

D.C. GENERATOR
Working principle of DC machine as generator: A DC generator is a machine that converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy. The energy conversion in a DC generator is based on Faradays laws of
electromagnetic induction i.e. the principle of production of dynamically induced emf. Whenever a
conductor cuts magnetic flux an emf is induced, which will cause a current to flow, if the conductor circuit is
closed. The direction of induced emf and hence current is given by Fleming’s right hand rule. Hence, the
basic requirement for a generator will be a magnetic field, some number of conductors and motion of the
conductors with respect to the magnetic field.

Working as a generator: When DC supply is given to the field coils, the main poles get magnetized and the
pole shoes spread the magnetic flux through the air gap over the armature conductors accommodated in
the armature core. If the armature core is rotated by a prime mover, armature conductors cut the magnetic
flux and have emf induced in them. The armature coils connected to the commutator segments form a

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closed loop. The brushes moving over the commutator segments collect the current. If the brushes are
externally connected to a load circuit, current flows in the external circuit.

Emf equation of DC generator:

Let Φ = Flux per pole in weber ; Z = Total number of armature conductors ; P = Number of poles
N = Speed of armature in rpm ; A = Number of parallel paths, where A = 2 for wave winding
and A = P (i.e. No. of poles ) for lap winding
Eg = emf of the generator = emf per parallel path
Flux cut by one conductor in one revolution of the armature, dΦ = PΦ weber
Time taken to complete one revolution, 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟔𝟎⁄𝑵 seconds
𝒅𝚽 𝑷𝚽 𝑷𝚽𝐍
𝒆𝒎𝒇𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = = = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔
𝒅𝒕 𝟔𝟎⁄𝑵 𝟔𝟎
𝒆𝒎𝒇𝒐𝒇𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓, 𝑬𝒈 = 𝒆𝒎𝒇𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒉
= 𝒆𝒎𝒇𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 × 𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒉

𝑷𝚽𝐍 𝒁 𝑷𝚽𝐙𝐍
∴ 𝑬𝒈 = × = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔
𝟔𝟎 𝑨 𝟔𝟎 𝑨

Types of DC Generator:

D C Generator

Separately Excited Self Excited

D C Shunt Generator D C Series Generator D C Compound Generator

Cumulative Compound Differential Compound

Applications of DC Generators: Separately excited generators are used for feeding supply to equipment
used for Electro-plating and Electro-refining of materials.
Shunt generators feed supply to equipment used for Battery charging and Lighting loads.
Series generators are used as Boosters on DC feeders and for applications that need constant current.
Cumulative compound generators are usually used for Lighting purposes.
Differential compound generators are used for feeding supply to Electric arc welding equipment.

THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

An induction motor is an AC machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. The rotor of
the Induction motor gets its excitation through induction hence it is called Induction motor.
Production of Rotating magnetic field: Let us consider the 3 windings of the three phases of an induction
motor stator with assumed positive directions of currents and the mmf space phasors as shown in Fig. -3.
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R START Y END
FY

B END

FR

B START
FB

Y START
Figure - 3
R END
RS

IR
YE BE

F
FB
FR
IB IY FY
BS YS

Figure – 4 (a) RE

The winding of phase Y is displaced from the winding of phase R by 120° and the winding of phase B is
displaced from the winding of phase Y by120°. FR, FY and FB denote the mmf of the three windings at the
instant when currents in them are at their positive maximum values. As the currents alternate, the
individual mmf will vary in magnitude and change direction so as to follow the changes in the currents. Let
us consider two instants as shown in Fig -4.
Figure - 4(a) corresponds to the instant when IR is at its positive maximum value, IY is negative and half its
maximum value, IB is also negative and half its maximum value. So F Y and FB have half the magnitude of FR
since currents in phases Y and B are negative, F Y and FB are shown opposite to that shown in Figure - 3, F is
the resultant of FR, FY and FB.
Fig 4(b) corresponds to the instant 30° later when IR is positive and √𝟑/𝟐 of its maximum value, IY is zero, IB
is negative and √𝟑/𝟐 of its maximum value. So FY is zero, FR and FBare equal in magnitude. It is observed
that the resultant mmf, F has the same magnitude but has advanced by 30°. So an elapse of 30 electrical
degrees in time results in a rotation of mmf by 30°. By considering more instants of time it will be seen that
the movement of current phasor by a certain angle in the anticlockwise direction results in the rotation of
the resultant mmf by the same angle in the clockwise direction.
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RS

IR
BE
YE

F
IY
FB

FR
BS YS

IB
Figure – 4 (b) RE
Hence, it is clear that when three phase voltages are applied to three phase windings, the currents flowing
through the windings produce a rotating magnetic field that is of constant amplitude and constant speed.

Construction:The two main parts of an induction motor are Stator and Rotor.
Stator: It consists of a steel frame which encloses a hollow, cylindrical core made up of thin laminations of
silicon steel to reduce hysteresis and eddy current loss. A number of evenly spaced slots are provided on
the inner periphery of the laminations. The insulated conductors are placed in the stator slots and are
suitably connected to form a balanced three-phase star or delta-connected circuit. The three phase stator
winding is wound for a definite number of poles as per the requirement of speed.
Rotor: The rotor is mounted on a shaft with a laminated core having slots on the outer periphery.
Depending on the type of winding placed in the slots, we have two types of rotors - Squirrel cage rotor and
Slip ring or wound rotor.
ROTOR CORE
AIR GAP BETWEEN
ROTOR CORE AND
STATOR CORE SHORT CIRCUITING
END RINGS

ROTOR CONDUCTOR

ROTOR SHAFT
STATOR COVER
STATOR CORE
STATOR SLOT

STATOR WINDING

Fig. - 5 Constructional details of a squirrel cage induction motor

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Squirrel cage rotor: It consists of a laminated cylindrical core having parallel slots on its outer periphery.
Copper or Aluminum bars are placed in each slot. All these bars are joined at either ends by copper or
aluminum rings called end rings. This forms a permanently closed circuit winding. As the placing of bars and
end rings resembles a squirrel cage it is called squirrel cage rotor. As the rotor circuit is a closed one
external resistance cannot be added.
Wound rotor:

AIR GAP BETWEEN ROTOR CORE

ROTOR CORE AND
STATOR CORE
SLIP RINGS

ROTOR CONDUCTOR

ROTOR SHAFT
STATOR COVER
STATOR CORE
STATOR SLOT

STATOR WINDING

Fig. - 6 Constructional details of a slip ring induction motor

It consists of a laminated cylindrical core and carries a three phase winding similar to that on the stator. The
rotor winding is uniformly distributed in the slots and is usually connected in star. The open ends of the
rotor windings are brought out and connected to three insulated slip rings mounted on the rotor shaft with
one brush resting on each slip ring. The three brushes are connected to a three phase star connected
rheostat to vary the resistance of the rotor circuit. At starting the resistance is included to enhance the
starting torque and gradually reduced as the motor picks up speed.
Working and Principle of operation: When three phase voltages are applied to the three phase stator
winding, currents flow through the stator winding and a rotating magnetic field is set up. This rotating
magnetic field rotates around the rotor at synchronous speed given by N S = 120f / P. This rotating magnetic
field passes through the air gap and cuts the rotor conductors that are initially stationary. Due to the
relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary rotor, emf’s are induced in the rotor
conductors. Since the rotor circuit is a closed one, currents start flowing in the rotor conductors. When
current carrying conductors are placed in a magnetic field produced by the stator, the rotor conductors are
acted upon by a mechanical force. The sum of the mechanical forces of all the conductors produces a
torque that tends to move the rotor in the same direction as the rotating field.

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Concept of slip in three phase induction motor:
A three phase induction motor will function similarly as a transformer when viewed in a specific manner.
The stator and rotor winding is always made for three phase and for a specific number of poles. The three
phase induction motor at rest is similar to a transformer wherein the stator winding becomes the primary
and rotor winding becomes the secondary.
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇𝟏
The rotating magnetic field which rotates at synchronous speed is given by 𝑵𝑺 = 𝑷

Where 𝑵𝑺 is Synchronous speed, which is the speed at which the stator magnetic field rotates
𝒇𝟏 = Frequency of supply voltage impressed across the stator winding
𝑷 = Number of poles of induction motor
This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor coils inducing emf and hence current as they form a closed
circuit. The current carrying rotor coils in the midst of a rotating magnetic field experience mechanical
forces which yield torque. As the rotor starts rotating, the rate at which the rotating field cuts the rotor
coils decreases. This in turn reduces the induced emf per phase in the rotor coils. As the rotor picks up
speed, it starts rotating at a speed lesser than the synchronous speed. As the current flowing in the rotor
coils is produced only due to induction, it is necessary that there has to be a difference between the
rotating magnetic field due to stator and the rotor. This difference in speed is called slip speed which is a
basic requirement for the functioning of an induction motor.
We have, 𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝑵𝑺 − 𝑵 𝒓𝒑𝒎 Where N is the actual speed with which the rotor is rotating
The term slip describes the lagging behind of the rotor in comparison with the rotating magnetic field of the
stator. The value of Slip for an induction motor lies between zero and unity.
The slip expressed on a per unit basis using synchronous speed as reference is -
𝑵𝑺−𝑵 𝑵𝑺 −𝑵
𝑭𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑, 𝑺 = and 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑, % 𝑺 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑵𝑺 𝑵𝑺

When the induction motor is rotating, the emf induced in the rotor coils will be dependent on the slip S.
The frequency of voltage or current induced in the rotor coils due to the relative speed or slip speed is given
by 𝒇𝟐 = 𝑺𝒇𝟏
Where 𝒇𝟐 is the slip frequency or frequency of the induced emf in the rotor coils when the induction
motor is rotating.
Torque-Slip characteristics of three phase induction motor:
When S = 0, T = 0, so the torque-slip characteristic starts from the origin. At normal speed, slip is small so
the product of slip and rotor reactance per phase at stand still is negligible compared to R 2.
As R2 i.e. rotor resistance per phase is constant. We have T  S

The torque-slip curve is a straight line from zero slip to a value of slip that corresponds to full load.
R
As the slip increases beyond full load slip, the torque increases and becomes maximum at S  2
X2

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TM B Pull out Torque or

TM
Breakdown Torque

2R2
Torque E
in N-m.
R2
D
TST
Slip corresponding
to starting Torque
C
0 A 1
Slip
Fig. - 7 Torque - Slip Characteristics of Three phase induction motor

This maximum torque in an induction motor is called Pull out torque or Break down torque. When slip
increases further due to load on induction motor the term S 2 X 2 2 increases very rapidly so that R 2 2 may
S 1
be neglected as compared to S 2 X 2 2 ;  T  or T as X 2 is constant.
S2 X22 S
Now the torque is inversely proportional to slip so the torque-slip curve will resemble a rectangular
hyperbola. It is observed that the addition of resistance to the rotor circuit does not change the value of
maximum torque TM but it only changes the value of slip at which T M occurs.
Referring to the torque-slip characteristic, the hatched area shows the normal operating range for the
induction motor. Within the region OB the operation of the motor will be stable and the range BD is the
unstable region. CD represents the torque at S = 1 ; i.e. stand still condition or the starting torque.
The torque-slip characteristics for a slip range from S = 0 to S = 1 for some values of rotor resistance are
also shown in fig. - 7.
Applications: Squirrel cage induction motors are simple and rugged in construction, cheap and require less
maintenance. They are preferred for many industrial applications. They are used in - Lathes, Drilling
machines, Industrial and Agricultural pumps, Compressors and Industrial drives.
Slip ring induction motors when compared to squirrel cage induction motors have high starting torque,
smooth acceleration under heavy loads, adjustable speed and good running characteristics. They are used
in - Lifts, Cranes and Conveyers.
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
Synchronous machines are three phase electrical machines which rotate at synchronous speed. A
synchronous machine can work as a motor as well as a generator. There is not much constructional
difference between a synchronous motor and a synchronous generator. The stator core will be identical but
the rotors shall be different.
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Construction: The main parts of a synchronous machine are - Stator frame, Stator core and Rotor. The
stator frame usually holds the stampings of the stator core and windings in position. The frame is cast for
small machines and for large machines the frame is fabricated from mild steel plates. Holes are provided in
the stator frame for ventilation as the stator core has radial ventilating spaces provided in the stampings.
Stator core: It is made up of laminations of special magnetic iron or steel alloy. The core is laminated to
minimize eddy current loss. The lamination may be a single stamping or made up of segments. The
laminations are insulated from one another and have radial spaces between them for allowing the cooling
air to pass through. The slots may be open or semi closed in which the windings of the stator are placed.
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Rotor for generator: Rotor used in synchronous machines which work as a generator are of two types -
Salient pole and Non - Salient pole.
Salient pole or Projecting pole type: The rotor has laminated projecting poles shaped in a specific manner
and fixed to the cast iron rotor wheel. The projecting pole makes provision for placing the field coil for DC
excitation. The individual field windings are connected in series in such a way that when energized,
adjacent poles become north and south. The DC supply to the field coils is fed through brushes sliding over
slip rings fixed to the shaft of the rotor. These rotors have large diameters and short axial lengths. This type
of rotor is employed for slow and medium speed machines mostly driven by diesel engines.

POLE

N
FIELD WINDING
CAST IRON ROTOR
WITH POLES FIXED
SLIP RINGS
ROTOR SHAFT
STATOR COVER
STATOR CORE
STATOR SLOT
S
STATOR WINDING

Fig. - 8 Constructional details of a salient pole synchronous machine

Non-Salient or smooth cylindrical type: The rotor is made of smooth solid forged steel radial cylinder having
a number of slots along the outer periphery. The field winding is placed in these slots and connected in
series. The un-slotted part of the rotor forms the pole faces. These rotors have smaller diameters and large
axial length. The number of poles is restricted to 2 or 4 poles. The windings are placed in the slots around
the pole faces in such a way that, the flux density is maximum on the polar central line and decreases on
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either side. DC supply is given to the field winding through slip rings and brushes so that alternate north
and south poles are formed. These rotors are used for high-speed machines driven by turbines.

POLE FACE
SLIP RINGS

N CAST IRON ROTOR

WITH SLOTS
FIELD WINDING

ROTOR SHAFT
STATOR COVER
STATOR CORE
S STATOR SLOT
AIR GAP BETWEEN
ROTOR AND STATOR WINDING
STATOR CORE

Fig. - 9 Constructional details of a non-salient pole synchronous machine

Working and Principle of operation as a generator: A synchronous generator operates on the fundamental
principle of electromagnetic induction. It has a field winding on the rotating part and is fed with DC supply
through two slip rings. The field windings develop alternate N and S poles on the rotor. The armature
winding which is made for three phase is placed in the slots of the stator which is stationary. When the
rotor is rotated by a prime mover, the magnetic flux of rotor poles cut the armature conductors placed in
the slots of the stator. Consequently emf is induced in the armature conductors due to Electromagnetic
Induction. The induced emf is alternating since N and S poles of rotor pass under the armature conductors.
The direction of induced emf can be found by Fleming’s right hand rule and the frequency is given by f =
PN/120. The magnitude of the induced emf in each phase of the armature winding is the same but they
differ in phase by120°.
Emf equation:
Let 𝒁 = Number of conductors in series per phase, 𝚽 = Flux per pole in weber
𝑷 = Number of rotor poles, 𝐍 = Rotor speed in rpm
In one revolution (i.e. 𝟔𝟎⁄𝑵 sec) each stator conductor is cut by 𝑷𝚽 weber
𝒊. 𝒆. 𝒅𝚽 = 𝑷𝚽 and 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟔𝟎⁄𝑵
𝒅𝚽 𝒅𝚽 𝑷𝚽 𝑷𝚽𝐍
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒆𝒎𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = ; ∴ = =
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟔𝟎⁄𝑵 𝟔𝟎
𝑨𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒁 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑷𝚽𝐍 𝑷𝑵 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒆𝒎𝒇 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 = ×𝒁 ; 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒇 = 𝒐𝒓 𝑵 =
𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝑷

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𝑷𝚽𝐙 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒆𝒎𝒇𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 = × = 𝟐𝒇𝚽𝐙𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬
𝟔𝟎 𝑷
𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒎𝒇 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒆𝒎𝒇 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 × 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝟐𝒇𝜱𝒁 × 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏

𝑬𝒓𝒎𝒔 /𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝒇𝜱𝒁 or 𝑬𝑷𝑯 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝑲𝒑 𝑲𝒅 𝒇𝜱𝒁

where 𝑲𝒑 - Pitch factor and 𝑲𝒅 - Distribution factor.

𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚𝒘𝒆𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆𝑬𝑳 = √𝟑𝑬𝑷𝑯 ; ∴ 𝑬𝑳 = √𝟑 × 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝑲𝒑 𝑲𝒅 𝒇𝜱𝒁

Applications: Synchronous generators are used in all power plants for generation of Electricity.

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Rotor for synchronous motor: There are two types of rotors - With amortisseur winding on rotor pole faces
and without amortisseur winding.The rotor used for the motor has laminated projecting poles shaped in a
specific manner fixed to the cast iron rotor wheel. The projecting poles make provision for placing the field
coil for DC excitation. The pole faces have slots for placing the amortisseur winding for starting. The
amortisseur winding consist of copper or bronze bars embedded in the slots and short circuited at both
ends by conducting rings, similar to the squirrel cage winding to develop starting torque by induction motor
action. This winding also serves to damp out oscillations of speed during normal operation.

POLE
ROTOR SHAFT
FIELD WINDING
DAMPER
WINDING CAST IRON ROTOR
WITH POLES FIXED

STATOR COVER

STATOR CORE

STATOR SLOT
AMORTISSEUR STATOR WINDING
WINDING
SLIP RING
Fig. - 10 Constructional details of a synchronous machine with ammortisseur winding

Working and Principle of operation as a motor: The stator of a synchronous motor when fed by a three
phase AC supply, produces a magnetic flux of constant magnitude but rotating at synchronous speed. The
rotor pole faces have the amortisseur winding which helps in developing the starting torque by induction
motor action. As the motor approaches the synchronous speed, the rotor field winding is excited by a DC
source which creates alternate N and S poles on the rotor. The poles of the rotor will face the poles of
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BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING NOTES

opposite polarity on the stator and a strong magnetic attraction is setup between them. The rotor poles
lock in with the poles of rotating flux. Consequently the rotor rotates at the same speed as the stator field
i.e. at synchronous speed. When the rotor rotates at synchronous speed, i.e. the same speed as that of
rotating magnetic field, there will be no emf induced in the amortisseur winding. Hence due to the
magnetic locking the synchronous motor can only run at synchronous speed.

Applications: Synchronous motors with speeds below 500 rpm are used in Electroplating, Reciprocating
compressors, Centrifugal pumps, Rolling mills and Paper mills.
Synchronous motors with speeds above 500 rpm are used in Fans, Blowers and Frequency changers. Over
excited Synchronous motors on no load draw leading power factor current which can be used in Electrical
sub-stations to improve power factor of the power system.
Types of losses occurring in Electrical machines:
The losses occurring in electrical machines can be listed as:
1. Constant losses
2. Losses occurring in the machine which are proportional to the current drawn by the machine
3. Losses in machines which are proportional to the square of the current drawn by the machine
 Losses can be classified as Constant losses and Variable losses
 Constant losses comprise of Core losses and Mechanical losses
 Core losses are made up of Hysteresis and Eddy current loss
 Mechanical losses comprise of Windage and Friction loss
 Variable losses comprise of Copper losses and Stray load losses
 Copper losses comprise of Stator copper loss and Rotor copper loss
 Stray load losses can occur in the core as well as in the winding

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