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Procedia Manufacturing
ProcediaManufacturing 00
Manufacturing45 (2019)
00(2020) 000–000
(2019)7–12
000–000
Procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

10th
10th Conference
Conference on
on Learning
Learning Factories,
Factories, CLF2020
CLF2020
On the application of Augmented Reality in a learning factory
working environment
a,∗ a a a
Matthias
Matthias Eder
Edera,∗,, Maria
Maria Hulla
Hullaa ,, Felizian
Felizian Mast
Masta ,, Christian
Christian Ramsauer
Ramsauera
aa Graz University
Graz University of
of Technology,
Technology, Kopernikusgasse
Kopernikusgasse 24/II,
24/II, 8010
8010 Graz,
Graz, Austria
Austria

Abstract
Abstract
The
The manufacturing
manufacturing industry
industry isis currently
currently facing
facing numerous
numerous challenges
challenges such
such asas shortening
shortening innovation
innovation cycles,
cycles, the
the demographic
demographic chal- chal-
lenge
lenge and cost pressure. Augmented Reality (AR) offers tremendous potential for enhancing manufacturing processes in
and cost pressure. Augmented Reality (AR) offers tremendous potential for enhancing manufacturing processes in terms
terms
of productivity,
of productivity, education
education and
and safety
safety and
and is
is therefore
therefore being
being intensively
intensively researched
researched by by scientists
scientists at
at present.
present. One
One ofof the
the advantages
advantages
is
is that
that it
it facilitates
facilitates support
support for
for employees
employees andand optimizes
optimizes thethe working
working environment.
environment. Thus,
Thus, operators
operators cancan exploit
exploit their
their innovation
innovation
potential
potential and
and creativity.
creativity. The
The aim
aim of
of this
this paper
paper isis to
to discuss
discuss the
the potentials
potentials ofof AR
AR toto face
face current
current challenges
challenges in
in production,
production, showshow
state-of-the
state-of-the art
art applications
applications andand present
present an
an own
own developed
developed AR AR application
application toto support
support the
the employee
employee withwith their
their work
work tasks.
tasks. With
With
the application
the application introduced,
introduced, employees
employees are are provided
provided with
with real-time
real-time data
data from
from their
their machinery,
machinery, which
which is is displayed
displayed inin their
their field
field of
of
vision.
vision. InIn addition,
addition, the
the application
application enables
enables the
the processing
processing of of more
more complex
complex andand non-repetitive
non-repetitive tasks
tasks that
that would
would otherwise
otherwise require
require
additional
additional know-how
know-how or or personnel.
personnel. By By using
using the
the application,
application, instructions
instructions for
for maintenance
maintenance work
work are
are embedded
embedded inin the
the environment,
environment,
allowing the
allowing the operator
operator toto focus
focus onon his
his or
or her
her tasks.
tasks. In
In the
the event
event of
of aa problem,
problem, the
the operator
operator can
can share
share the
the environment
environment so so an
an expert
expert can
can
perform
perform remote
remote assistance
assistance in
in real-time.
real-time. In
In order
order toto increase
increase the
the acceptance
acceptance of of AR
AR technologies,
technologies, the
the application
application has
has been
been integrated
integrated
into
into the
the LEAD
LEAD factory
factory atat Graz
Graz University
University ofof Technology
Technology and and isis actively
actively used
used in
in training
training courses.
courses. In
In this
this paper
paper this
this AR
AR application
application
is tested
is tested and
and the
the test
test persons
persons are
are asked
asked with
with aa questionnaire
questionnaire regarding
regarding their
their experience.
experience.

©
cc 2020
2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

 2020 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by
by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd.
This
This is an open access article
article under
under the
the CC BY-NC-ND
BY-NC-ND license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC
is an open access CC BY-NC-ND license
license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th Conference on
on Learning Factories
Factories 2020.
Peer-review under
under responsibility
responsibility of
of the
the scientific
scientific committee
committee of
of the
the 10th
10th Conference
Conference on Learning
Learning Factories 2020.
2020.
Keywords:
Keywords: Augmented
Augmented Reality;
Reality; AR;
AR; Digitalization;
Digitalization; Assistance
Assistance systems;
systems; Mixed
Mixed Reality;
Reality; Digital
Digital training;
training; Learning
Learning Factories
Factories

1.
1. Introduction
Introduction

Manufacturing
Manufacturing companies
companies areare currently
currently confronted
confronted with
with challenges
challenges such
such as
as globalization,
globalization, turbulent
turbulent environments
environments
and
and rapid changes in both the seller’s and the buyer’s market. The context in which companies operate
rapid changes in both the seller’s and the buyer’s market. The context in which companies operate is
is becom-
becom-
ing
ing increasingly dynamic, requiring rapid responses [16]. Industries are currently investing new technologies such
increasingly dynamic, requiring rapid responses [16]. Industries are currently investing new technologies such as
as
assistance
assistance systems, sensor technologies, cyber-physical systems, advanced robotics and augmented reality [15, 17].
systems, sensor technologies, cyber-physical systems, advanced robotics and augmented reality [15, 17].
Digitized
Digitized factories
factories will
will be
be able
able to
to automatically
automatically adapt
adapt production
production toto changing
changing conditions,
conditions, organize
organize production
production ac-ac-

∗∗ Corresponding author.
Corresponding author. Tel.:
Tel.: +43-316-873-7090.
+43-316-873-7090.
E-mail
E-mail address:
address: [email protected]
[email protected]

2351-9789
2351-9789  cc 2020
2020 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published byby Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd.
2351-9789
This is an © 2020
open The
access Authors.
article under Published
the CC by Elsevier
BY-NC-ND Ltd.
license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This
Thisis an
is open
an access
open article
access under
article the
under CC
theBY-NC-ND
CC license license
BY-NC-ND https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th
under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th Conference
Conference on
on Learning
Learning Factories
Factories 2020.
2020.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th Conference on Learning Factories 2020.
10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.030
8 Matthias Eder et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 45 (2020) 7–12
2 Eder et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000

cording to order demands and therefore be able to act in an agile world [5]. Besides the focus on technological
improvements, it is also necessary to focus on workers as one of the central parts of the production system, to increase
the overall productivity and to be able to compete under competitive pressure [2]. The human workforce offers a high
degree of flexibility, creativity as well as the ability to decide based on intuition which makes it possible to adapt the
production process quickly to changing circumstances [3]. This one of many reasons why humans have not yet been
replaced by autonomous systems and will play a central role in the concept of the factory of the future. Human work
presence is particularly necessary to compensate numerous technological limitations and to provide high productivity,
reliability and flexibility [18]. Due to the shift in terms of digitalization, new upcoming jobs and other challenges,
there is currently a lack of skilled workforce [1]. In this context, another challenge is the increasing average age of
workforce due to demographic change [18]. Technological advances offer various assistance systems to support the
human workforce. One of the most promising technology in this field is Augmented Reality (AR).

2. Augmented Reality in Industrial applications

AR can be described as the enrichment of reality through virtual elements such as 3D- objects and information. In
the industrial context this information often includes production process steps, checklists for work as well as mainte-
nance instructions. The basic components of an AR system include 1) the visualization technology, 2) a sensor system,
3) a tracking system, 4) a processing unit, and 5) the user interface. AR applications can be realized via wearables
such as tablets or smartphones. When choosing the application, besides environmental conditions also comfort and
type of augmentation need to be taken into account [7, 9, 11]. Currently, numerous companies are seeing AR as an
very important tool for providing new services [19]. Moreover, there is a high potential in manufacturing. The fields
of application range from decreasing the error rate while picking or assembling, training, as a live guidance system
for operators and also in logistics as a pick by vision system [10, 13]. In manufacturing planning, augmented reality
is applied as an efficient method to shorten the development cycles of complex production systems [4]. The use of AR
makes it easier for the workforce to obtain data in real time, situation-specific and with targeted information. There-
fore, it is to be expected that work will become more flexible in local, temporal and content related dimensions [13].
The workplace is changing tremendously. Besides the potentials mentioned above, there are also several challenges
that need to be tackled in the future.

2.1. User acceptance and organizational Challenges

User acceptance and also ergonomics play an important role in the case of AR applications. Regarding head
mounted displays (HMD), the weight as well as the field of view are often targets for criticism. Moreover, it has
been shown that wearing one of these applications can lead to visual fatigue, distract the employee and affect con-
centration performance. [6, 10]. Furthermore, processes concerning the shop-floor need to adapt in order to gain a
significant advantage of the AR application. Possible interruptions, the aging workforce and also integration conflicts
are only a few challenges that have been reported in literature [6].

2.2. Software capabilities

When digital content augments the real world, reliable tracking of the physical world is hard to achieve. Moreover,
an integration of the AR application into the current IT infrastructure such as quality management tools or product
life cycle software is of great importance. Even though there are already a large number of standards, there is still no
standard for the integration and use of an AR system in production lines [10, 14]. In order to teach the possibilities of
such a system, an application that reliably projects embedded objects into the physical world and integrates them into
the IT environment is essential. Therefore, an application is to be developed and evaluated that concentrates on these
two priorities.
 Matthias Eder et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 45 (2020) 7–12 9
Eder et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000 3

3. AR application

As described in section 2, a high potential is seen in manufacturing for AR technologies. In order to bring workshop
participants closer to the topic of AR, an application which represents use cases in a manufacturing assembly line was
implemented into the LEAD Factory at Graz University of Technology. By the introduction of such a system and
the integration into the teaching environment, participants can gain initial experience and get a deeper insight into
the topic of Augmented Reality. The focus of the application is on topics that provide added value in an industrial
environment. This section describes how the application was implemented, by first describing the setup of the required
components and then discussing the selected fields of application.

3.1. Environmental Setup

Prior to implementation of an AR application, use cases and the environmental set-up have to be chosen. For the
usage in the LEAD Factory, the process of observing a 3D printer was chosen. By connecting the printer via the IT
infrastructure with a server, relevant data can be accessed in real time. This allows the data to be readily projected into
the machine environment, giving the user information on the process status at all time. For the application, a tablet
was chosen to embed the relevant information as well as virtual objects into the real world. Figure 1 shows the set-up
of the project. The used 3D printer, a Ultimaker 2, enables data to be read via a USB port. Directly connected to the
printer is a Raspberry Pi, on which the software OctoPrint is running. This software allows to control and monitor
the 3D printer process, print jobs directly in the browser and also provides an API interface for data retrieval. Thus it
is possible to evaluate the data directly, store it and make it available to other devices. By scanning a QR code with
the app, the user can identify the machine and corresponding data is then made available. This allows the usage of
different machines within the same application. The processed data is then displayed in the embedded environment by
the application. The application itself was developed with the software Unity and Vuforia, which provide the interface
for recognizing three-dimensional objects in a room and projecting virtual elements over them.

Fig. 1. The setup of the environment for the integration of an AR application.

3.2. Implementation of manufacturing use cases

With the help of the presented setup, two potential use cases were integrated to give workshop participants an
insight into the field of application of such a technology in production lines. The first use case refers to the embedding
of relevant machine information within the field of vision so the employee does not have to look away from the
machine and focus on his task. The second use case allows an inexperienced operator to perform maintenance tasks
on a machine without the need for prior training. The programming effort required to implement the use cases is about
150 hours.
10 Matthias Eder et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 45 (2020) 7–12
4 Eder et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000

Fig. 2. Example screens of the AR application. (a) shows the statistics view projected into the environment of the 3D printer; (b) shows an virtual
object embedded for the maintenance of the printer.

As described by Ong, Yuan and Nee, the visualization of current status information is a promisingly application
for augmented reality in manufacturing environments [12]. Therefore, the participants of a learning factory workshop
are given an understanding of this possibility by projecting relevant data into the employee’s environment. Figure 2a
shows the embedded status information of the 3D printer during printing. Information about the machine, the product
being processed and also about the operator of the system is displayed in real time on the printer. In addition, a
graph is displayed showing the machine status over the last 30 minutes allowing it to monitor the temperature curve,
the energy and material input as well as the production status. This allows the immediate detection of unexpected
changes in the machine and to take countermeasures if necessary.

The second use case implemented is an assistance system for workers, which guides through tasks that require
expert knowledge using AR. Maintenance work often represents such a task in the manufacturing area, since it does
not have to be performed frequently [8]. When maintenance work is due, the application informs the employee about
outstanding maintenance tasks. The system also guides through the task by providing a step-by-step guide. This
instruction is supplemented by virtual objects so that the employee always knows on which part of the machine to
concentrate at all times. This can reduce the time required to locate a task and also reduce unnecessary movement of
the worker [8]. Figure 2b shows an excerpt the work instructions on the AR app of a maintenance task for exchanging
the filament of the printer. By embedding arrows, the focus is to be directed to the part of the printer that is to
be inspected. In a small field of view, the corresponding work steps are displayed, which explain the more detailed
procedure to the worker. In order to be able to make a statement on how this application is received by the participants,
a survey was carried out aimed at carrying out maintenance work with inexperienced employees.

4. Comparative study on the application of AR assistance systems

In order to investigate whether Augmented Reality brings a benefit for workers in a learning factory environment, a
study performed, using the introduced AR application. To answer this question reliably and validly, survey data from
test persons are required. In this context, an examination of two different working instructions was performed. The
aim was to investigate how the still frequently used analog work instructions behave in comparison to AR-visualized
instructions in an experimental study.

4.1. Methodology and data collection

Two different display variants are compared to find out how to provide information to employees in order to
optimally perform a work process. On the one hand, a work instruction of successive work steps is provided in paper
form. On the other hand, the AR application developed for the LEAD factory is used, which provides the same work
steps digitally and supplements them with virtual objects.
 Matthias Eder et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 45 (2020) 7–12 11
Eder et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000 5

The task for the text subjects was to perform a machine maintenance task by replacing the filament of a 3D printer.
This task consists of nine individual steps that had to be completed one after the other. This is a task that must be
completed during a training session at the learning factory with the participants in order to maintain the assembly line
workflow. The correct maintenance instruction of the 3D printer in the sense of the manufacturer is a prerequisite so
that even employees who have no experience with this machine can complete the work order. On this basis, the work
instructions formulated by the manufacturer were adopted both in paper form and in the AR application. The process
of replacing a filament consists of four parts, which needed to be done in nine steps: heating the print head, rewinding
the old filament, replacing the filament with a new spool, and inserting the new filament into the feeder. Unlike the
printed version, the steps for this task in the application are extended with embedded objects that complement the
environment. This is intended to make it easier to identify the areas where work is currently required. In order to
find out whether an additional spatial visualization of the same contents has a positive effect on the efficiency of the
employees and which advantages and disadvantages result from the use of an AR application, a total of 12 test persons
were invited to participate in the test study. The participants took part in the study after a course of several days in
the LEAD Factory and thus already had experience in a learning factory environment. The test subjects were divided
into two equal groups of six persons each. Each respondent was asked to change the filament twice, once with the
printed instruction and once using the AR application. Respondents in the first group started with the printed work
instructions and then the app. The second group did the task in the opposite order. In addition, processing times during
execution were measured to see if there was any increase in efficiency. Finally, the participants took part in a survey
aimed at subjectively evaluating their experience. The results of the questionnaire are explained in more detail below.

4.2. Study results and discussion

In order to be able to evaluate the experience of the study participants, a questionnaire was distributed after the task,
containing qualitative as well as quantitative questions. Furthermore the affinity of the persons with 3D printers was
questioned. One of the test subjects had experience, but has never changed a filament. In this section the results of the
survey and the time measurement are evaluated. In order to evaluate the timing, the people were first asked whether
they had already exchanged the filament of a 3D printer. One participant answered this question affirmatively and was
thus excluded from the time measurement in order not to falsify the result. By performing the same task twice, the time
measurement cannot be directly compared, as the participants already had more experience with the task in the second
run. In order to still be able to make a statement about the time required, both groups were considered individually.
It was found that the group that first tested the AR application improved as expected. Specifically, the test subjects
needed 229 seconds on average for the first try and improved by almost 35% to 150 seconds when performing the
task again with the paper instructions. The amazing thing, however, was the second group. It started with the paper
instructions and took 225 seconds on average. Against all expectations, this group did not improve in the second
attempt with the AR applications. The evaluation of the questionnaires showed that many of the participants had
problems with the handling of the tablet. Since some work steps required both hands, the tablet had to be placed on
the side over and over again, which impairs efficiency. As a solution, the participants proposed devices that do not
impair the work process so much, such as head-mounted displays or projectors that project the virtual objects onto
the machine. The design of the application was sufficient for 83% of the participants, some of whom wanted more
colors as well as additional virtual objects. The study supervisors also noted that some participants had problems as
they did not know when to go to the opposite site of the machine. This happened both with the paper instructions
and with the AR application. The structure and performance of the application was also largely assessed positively.
The qualitative questions showed that many people found the AR application to be pleasant and subjectively easier to
learn. The virtual interaction created a better understanding of the task. All participants rated the potential of AR in
the industrial environment as high, especially when it comes to using work instructions in assembly or maintenance.

5. Conclusion

By implementing an AR application in the learning factory, workshop participants can gain an insight into the
industry’s fields of application. The developed application focuses on two potentials for production lines which are
often discussed in literature. On the one hand, the application was integrated into the existing IT infrastructure in
 12 Matthias Eder et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 45 (2020) 7–12
6 Eder et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000

order to visualize machine data in real time. On the other hand, a maintenance instruction was digitized, which
should facilitate the execution of complex work with the help of embedded objects in the environment. In order to
enable a direct comparison of the application with a typical workplace instruction, a study was carried out in which 12
participants had to carry out a maintenance task on the 3D printer. Although the participants were mostly positive about
the AR application and saw great potential in an industrial environment, no increase in efficiency could be observed
by using the AR application. The reason, however, was the used information device, a handheld tablet, which made it
difficult to perform ambidextrous operations. Due to the high acceptance of the app by the study participants and the
positive evaluation of its use, augmented reality can replace paper based work instructions. However, this requires the
use of a more efficient technology. The next step will be to further improve the app in order to offer the LEAD Factory
participants an even better experience. Furthermore, the application is designed in such a way that it can be easily
integrated into another information device, for example a head-mounted display. To make a more precise statement
about the acceptance and efficiency of AR applications in production processes, a larger study has to be conducted.

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