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1.7 Represent Simple Facts With RDF

This document discusses representing knowledge with Resource Description Framework (RDF). RDF allows representing facts as subject-predicate-object statements called triples. For example, the fact "Pluto was discovered in 1930" can be represented as a triple with Pluto as the subject, "was discovered in" as the predicate, and 1930 as the object. Triples use URIs to uniquely identify resources and properties, and literals for values. RDF can serialize data in various formats like N-Triples notation.

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175 views16 pages

1.7 Represent Simple Facts With RDF

This document discusses representing knowledge with Resource Description Framework (RDF). RDF allows representing facts as subject-predicate-object statements called triples. For example, the fact "Pluto was discovered in 1930" can be represented as a triple with Pluto as the subject, "was discovered in" as the predicate, and 1930 as the object. Triples use URIs to uniquely identify resources and properties, and literals for values. RDF can serialize data in various formats like N-Triples notation.

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krishanu
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0)

Knowledge Engineering
with Semantic Web Technologies
Lecture 1: Knowledge Engineering and the Web of Data
1.7 How to Represent Simple Facts with RDF
Dr. Harald Sack
Hasso-Plattner-Institut for IT Systems Engineering
University of Potsdam
Autumn 2015

Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
Resource
Description
Framework
(RDF)

Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
Knowledge Representation
...a simple example

● How do I represent the following fact:


“Pluto has been discovered in 1930” in XML?

<discovered>
<discovery>Pluto</discovery>
<year>1930</year>
</discovered>

<planet name = “Pluto”>


<yearDiscovered>1930</yearDiscovered>
</planet>

<planet name = “Pluto” discovered=”1930” />

is there a unique (intuitive) way to model knowledge (in XML)?


Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
Knowledge Representation
...with XML?

● In XML successful communication of information requires translation among


different XML serializations

<discovered> XSLT Transformation


<discovery>Pluto</discovery>
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0”
<year>1930</year>
xmlns:xsl="http://....Transform" >
</discovered> <xsl:template match="/">
....
XML Schema A </xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>

XML Schema B
<planet name = “Pluto” discovered=”1930” />

Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
Knowledge Representation
...a simple example

● How do I represent the following fact:


“Pluto has been discovered in 1930” in an intuitive way?

subject Pluto

predicate has been discovered in

object 1930 intuitive knowledge representation with a directed graph


Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
Resource Description Framework
● Resource
○ can be everything
○ must be uniquely identified and referencable via URI
● Description
○ = description of resources
○ via representing properties and relationships among resources as graphs
● Framework
○ = combination of web based protocolls (URI, HTTP, XML, Turtle, JSON, …)
○ based on formal model (semantics)

● Knowledge in RDF is expressed as a list of statements


● all RDF statements follow the same simple schema (= RDF Triple)
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
Resource Description Framework

subject Pluto URI

predicate has been discovered in URI

object 1930 URI or Literal


Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
Resource Description Framework

● RDF Statements (RDF-Triple):

Subject + Property + Object / Value

URI URI URI / Literal RDF Building Blocks

N-Triples Serialization
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pluto> <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discovered> “1930” .

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pluto> “1930”
<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discovered> graph
representation
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
Resource Description Framework

● URIs and Literals


○ URIs reference resources uniquely
○ Literals describe data values that don’t have a separate existence

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pluto> “1930”
<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discovered>

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Clyde_Tombaugh>
<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discoverer>

Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
Literals and Datatypes

● typed literals can be expressed via XML Schema datatypes


● Namespace for typed literals:
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

● Examples:
“Semantics”^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string>
“1161.00”^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#float>
“2015-08-02”^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date>

● Language Tags denote the (natural) language of the text:


○ Example:
“Semantik“@de , “Semantics“@en

http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/#xsd-datatypes
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
Blank Nodes

● Blank Nodes
○ denote existence of an individual with specific attributes, but without
providing an identification or reference

“1930”
<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discovered>

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Clyde_Tombaugh>
<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discoverer>

Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
RDF Serializations
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pluto> “1930”
<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discovered>

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Clyde_Tombaugh>
<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discoverer>

● N-Triples Notation
○ URIs/IRIs in angle brackets
○ Literals in quotation marks
○ Triple ends with a period

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pluto> <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discovered> “1930” .

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pluto> <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discoverer>
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Clyde_Tombaugh> .

Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
RDF Serializations
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pluto> “1930”
<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discovered>

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Clyde_Tombaugh>
<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discoverer>

● RDF/XML Notation S P O

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>


<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:ns0="http://dbpedia.org/ontology/">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pluto">
<ns0:discovered>1930</ns0:discovered>
<ns0:discoverer rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Clyde_Tombaugh"/>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>

Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
RDF Serializations
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pluto> “1930”
<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discovered>

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Clyde_Tombaugh>
<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discoverer>

● JSON-LD Notation (RDF 1.1) S P O

{
"http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pluto" : {
"http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discovered" : [ { "value" : "1930",
"type" : "literal" } ]
}{
"http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discoverer" : [ { "value" : "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Clyde_Tombaugh",
"type" : "uri" } ]
}
}
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
Next: 08 - RDF and Turtle Serialization
OpenHPI - Course Knowledge Engineering with Semantic Web Technologies
Lecture 1: Knowledge Engineering and the Web of Data
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam
RDF Serializations
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pluto> “1930”
<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discovered>

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Clyde_Tombaugh>
<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/discoverer>

● Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language) Notation


○ extension of N_Triples

@prefix dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> .


@base <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> .

<Pluto> dbo:discovered "1930" .

<Pluto> dbo:discoverer <Clyde_Tombaugh> .

Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam

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