SQL FUNCTIONS
1. DATE FUNCTIONS
I. ADD_MONTHS –Returns a date after adding a specified date with the
specified number of months.
Syntax: add_months (d, n)
Example: select add_months ('07-Feb-23', 2) from dual;
Output:
ADD_MONTH
------------------
07-APR-23
II. LAST_DAY – Returns the date corresponding to the last day of the month.
Syntax: last_day (d)
Example: select sysdate, last_day (sysdate) from dual;
Output:
SYSDATE LAST_DAY
------------- --------------
07-FEB-23 28-FEB-23
III. MONTHS_BETWEEN – Returns the number of months between two dates.
Syntax: months_between (d1, d2)
Example: select months_between ('01-Apr-23', '01-Feb-23') from dual;
Output:
MONTHS_BETWEEN ('01-APR-23', '01-FEB-23')
--------------------------------------------------------------
2
IV. NEXT_DAY – Returns the next date for the specified day from the specified date.
Syntax: next_day (d, day)
Example: select next_day ('07-Feb-23', 'Thursday') from dual;
The Thursday that immediately follows the date '07-Feb-23' will be displayed.
Output:
NEXT_DAY
------------------
14-FEB-23
V. GREATEST – Returns the latest date present in the argument.
Syntax: greatest (d1, d2, …)
Example: select greatest (to_date ('07-Feb-23', 'dd-Mon-yy'), to_date ('10-Jul-23',
'dd-Mon-yy'), to_date ('15-Jun-23', 'dd-Mon-yy')) from dual;
Output:
GREATEST
-----------------
10-JUL-23
2. CHARACTER FUNCTIONS /STRING FUNTIONS
FUNCTION INPUT OUTPUT
Initcap (char) select initcap (‘hello’) from dual; Hello
Lower (char) select lower (‘FUN’) from dual; fun
Upper (char) select upper (‘sun’) from dual; SUN
Ltrim (char, set) select ltrim (‘xyzadams’, ‘xyz’) from dual; adams
Rtrim (char, set) select rtrim (‘xyzadams’, ‘ams’) from dual; xyzad
Translate (char, from, to) select translate (‘jack’, ‘j’, ‘b’) from dual; back
Replace (char, select replace (‘jack and jue’, ‘j’, ‘bl’) from
black and blue
searchstring, [rep string]) dual;
Substr (char, m, n) select substr (‘abcdefg’, 3, 2) from dual; cd
I. LPAD
Example: select lpad ('function', 15, '=') from dual;
The output gives the sign ‘=’ before the word function. The entire string is 15 in
length after the padding is done.
Output:
LPAD ('FUNCTION'
--------------------------
= = = = = = =function
II. RPAD – Pads the value given to the right of the given string.
Example: select rpad ('function', 15, '=') from dual;
Output:
RPAD ('FUNCTION'
--------------------------
Function= = = = = = =
3. NUMERIC FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION INPUT OUTPUT
Abs select abs (–15) from dual; 15
select ceil (44.778) from dual; 45
Ceil (n)
select ceil (44.478) from dual; 45
Cos (n) select cos (180) from dual; –.59846007
Exp (n) select exp (4) from dual; 54.59815
Floor (n) select floor (100.75) from dual; 100
Power (m, n) select power (4, 2) from dual; 16
Mod (m, n) select mod (10, 3) from dual; 1
Round (m, n) select round (100.256, 2) from dual; 100.26
Trunc (m, n) select trunc (100.256, 2) from dual; 100.25
Sqrt (n) select sqrt (4) from dual; 2
FLOOR() function rounds the number, towards zero, always down.
CEILING() function rounds the number, away from zero, always up.
ROUND() function rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places.
