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AC Fundamentals

1) Alternating current (AC) is generated as sinusoidal voltages by utilities worldwide and is used in electrical, electronic, communication, and industrial systems. 2) AC voltages originate from power plants fueled by various energy sources and have a waveform that is periodic, with definitions for amplitude, frequency, period, and other characteristics. 3) The mathematical expression for a sinusoidal waveform includes amplitude, angular frequency, time, and phase angle. The average and root mean square (RMS) values are also defined to characterize AC quantities over time.

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126 views21 pages

AC Fundamentals

1) Alternating current (AC) is generated as sinusoidal voltages by utilities worldwide and is used in electrical, electronic, communication, and industrial systems. 2) AC voltages originate from power plants fueled by various energy sources and have a waveform that is periodic, with definitions for amplitude, frequency, period, and other characteristics. 3) The mathematical expression for a sinusoidal waveform includes amplitude, angular frequency, time, and phase angle. The average and root mean square (RMS) values are also defined to characterize AC quantities over time.

Uploaded by

Saikrishna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Alternating Current Fundamentals

f = 1/T
where T = Time Period (Sec)
f = Frequency (Hz)
Alternating Current (ac) Fundamentals

• Reasons for concentrating on sinusoidal voltage


• Voltage generated by utilities throughout the world is ac and
• Its application in electrical, electronic, communication, and
industrial systems
• Sinusoidal ac voltages are available from a variety of sources.
• Common source is the typical home outlet, which provides an ac
voltage that originates at a power plant; such a power plant is most
commonly fueled by water power, oil, gas, or nuclear fission.

• Different forms of ac
Alternating Current (ac) Fundamentals:
Definitions
• Waveform: The path traced by a
quantity, such as the voltage in Fig.
plotted as a function of some Variable
such as time, position, degrees, radians,
and so on
• Instantaneous value (e1): The Sine wave
magnitude of a waveform at any instant
of time.
• Peak amplitude (Em): The maximum
value of a waveform as measured from its
average or mean value. It is the maximum
value, positive or negative, of an
alternating quantity.
Alternating Current (ac) Fundamentals:
Definitions
•Peak-to-peak value (EP-P): The
maximum value of a waveform
from positive to negative peaks.
•Periodic waveform: A waveform
that continually repeats itself after
the same time interval. Waveform of
Fig. is a periodic waveform.
•Cycle: One complete set of positive and negative values of alternating
quantity is known as a cycle.
•Period (T1 or T2): The time taken by an alternating quantity to complete one cycle is called its
time period T. For example, a 50 Hz alternating current has a time period of
1/50 seconds.
•Frequency: The number of cycles that occur in 1 s. The unit of frequency
is hertz (Hz), where 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second.
General form of ac current or voltage
The basic mathematical form for
sinusoidal waveform is
y = A sin  = A sin t
Here , Am = amplitude
 = angular frequency
t = time
= angular distance
y = instantaneous value
Valid when the waveform passes
through origin.

•If the wave form shifted to the right or


left of 0, the expression becomes

y = A sin  = A sin (t  )


General form of ac current or voltage
The basic mathematical form for
sinusoidal waveform is
y = A sin  = A sin t

•If the waveform crosses the horizontal axis with


a positive-going slope 90 (/2) sooner, it is
called a cosine wave; that is

sin (t + 90) = sin (t + /2) = cos t


Or sin t = cos (t - 90) = cos (t - /2)

•The term lead and lag are used to indicate the


relationship between two sinusoidal waveforms
of the same frequency plotted on the same set
of axes.
the cosine wave is said to lead the sine curve
by 90º, and the sine curve is said to lag the
cosine curve by 90º. The 90º is referred to as
the phase angle between the two waveforms.
Average Value and RMS Value
• Average Value: The average value of any function v(t) is given by

• The average value of a curve in an x-y plane


is the total area under the complete curve
divided by the distance of the curve.
• The average value of the sine wave over one
complete cycle is always zero. Hence the
average value of a sine wave is defined for
only the half cycle, but not complete full
cycle period.
Average Value
The average value of the sine wave is the total area under the half-cycle curve
divided by the distance of the curve

The average value of a sine wave is shown by the dotted line.


RMS Value or Effective Value

When a resistor is connected across a dc voltage source a certain amount of

heat is produced in the resistor in the given the time. A similar resistor is

connected across an ac voltage source for the same given time.

Now the value of ac voltage is adjusted such that the same heat is produced in

the resistor as in the case of dc voltage source. This value is called RMS value.

The RMS value of sine wave is equal to the dc voltage that produce the same

heating effect.
RMS Value

• The RMS value of any function with period T has an effective value given
by
AC Circuits - Resistors

In an AC resistor
circuit, Ohm’s
law applies to
both the
instantaneous
and peak
currents and
voltages.
AC Circuits - Resistors
The resistor voltage vR is
given by

where VR is the peak or


maximum voltage. The
current through the resistor is

where IR = VR/R is the peak current.


AC Circuits - Resistors
AC Circuits - Capacitors

The AC current to and from a


capacitor leads the capacitor
voltage by π/2 rad, or 90°.
AC Circuits - Capacitors
Capacitive Reactance
The capacitive reactance XC is defined as

The units of reactance, like those of resistance, are ohms.


Reactance relates the peak voltage VC and current IC:

NOTE: Reactance differs from resistance in that it does not


relate the instantaneous capacitor voltage and current
because they are out of phase. That is, vC ≠ iCXC.
AC Circuits - Capacitors
AC Circuits - Inductors

The AC current through an inductor lags the inductor


voltage by π/2 rad, or 90°.
AC Circuits - Inductors
Inductive Reactance
The inductive reactance XL is defined as

Reactance relates the peak voltage VL and current IL:

NOTE: Reactance differs from resistance in that it does not


relate the instantaneous inductor voltage and current
because they are out of phase. That is, vL ≠ iLXL.
Inductive Reactance
CIVIL

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