Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols Performance Evaluation Under Security Attack

11 I January 2023
https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48677
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue I Jan 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com
Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols

Performance Evaluation under Security Attack
Aabid Farooq1, Jasdeep Singh2
1
M. Tech Scholar, Department of Computer Science Engineering, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh Punjab, India
2
Professor, Department of Computer Science Engineering, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh Punjab, India
Abstract: A mobile ad hoc network is made up of portable wireless nodes (MANET). The communication between these mobile
nodes is not managed centralized. A self-organizing, self-configuring network known as MANET allows mobile nodes to roam
around at whim. The mobile nodes can act as a router by receiving and sending packets. Due to the significance of routing in
MANET, this thesis also evaluates several routing systems' efficacy. We compared the three routing protocols AODV, DSR,
OLSR, and DSDV. Throughput, network load, and latency are the three metrics used to gauge how well-performing different
routing systems are. The three routing techniques are well described using metrics. Information is transmitted end-to-end and
hop-by-hop over the connections to the destination nodes using the proactive and reactive protocols of MANET. In multi-hop
mobile ad hoc networks, energy consumption at the mobile nodes' end and its effective use are crucial factors. Nodes and other
routing resources in MANETs cannot afford to run out of battery power while carrying out mission-critical operations like
military or rescue missions. The effectiveness of MANET protocols such AODV, DSDV, OLSR, and DSR is studied in this study.
Throughput, packet delivery ratio, and energy use are included while computing the Mobile Ad-hoc Networks' performance
parameters. The circumstances that were simulated using various simulators are included in the research. The related research
compared the performance of several protocols in MANETs with varying node mobility, stop length, and node density while
examining the NS-2 scenario. The optimum routing system for mobile ad hoc networks will be identified after a comparison and
analysis of these protocols.
I. INTRODUCTION
In daily communication, wireless networks have remained a key component. It is frequently employed in industrial applications,
personal area networks, and even military applications. Due to its many beneficial characteristics, including as ease of installation,
dependability, cost, bandwidth, total necessary power, security, and network performance, it has become quite popular in a variety
of applications. However, it also utilizes fixed infrastructures, much like wired networks [7], such as cordless phones, cellular
networks, Wi-Fi, microwave communication, Wi-MAX, satellite communication, RADAR, etc.
Figure 1 Infrastructure based wireless network
Due to the large population of independent mobile users, the demand for effective and dynamic communication in
emergency/rescue operations, disaster relief efforts, and military networks, as well as for many applications, next-generation
wireless ad-hoc networks are now widely employed [3], [2]. The network has a wide geographic coverage but has an unstable
topology that can change abruptly..Because they are decentralized, these networks have more network scalability than
infrastructure-based wireless networks. Ad-hoc networks perform better in crucial situations like natural catastrophes and military
conflicts because they require little configuration and operate quickly [8], [4]. Depending on their intended use, ad hoc networks can
be divided into three groups: wireless mesh networks (WMNs), wireless sensor networks, and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs)
(WSN). A MANET is a mobile node network that operates independently [4].
The typical effects of radio communication channels, many users' interference, multiple paths fading, shadowing, etc. are difficult
for these nodes to handle.
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Figure 2 Mobile Ad-Hoc Network
It is quite difficult to create the best routing protocol for MANET. In these dynamic situations, it is crucial to develop an effective
algorithm that will aid in determining the connectedness of network organizations, link scheduling, and routing [5]. The accuracy
and success of the route computation determine how effective a routing algorithm is. In static networks, the shortest path algorithm
is often an efficient method for determining the best route, however in a MANET environment, this straightforward notion is not
necessarily true [21]..To choose a new route, several aspects must be taken into account, including extended power [3], wireless link
quality, path losses, fading, interference, and topological changes [21]. To optimize any of these effects, networks should adjust
their routing pathways adaptively based on circumstances at any time [18]. Any of these standards not being met may result in
decreased network reliability and performance in MANETs. To maintain the standard of routing protocols, the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) - MANET working group is regularly developing new protocols. The functions of IP routing protocols that are
appropriate for wireless routing applications in both static and dynamic topologies were specified by the working group [10].
To keep the routes current, these routing pathways are frequently announced inside the network. Destination Sequenced Distance
Vector (DSDV) and Optimized Link State Routing Protocol are protocols that fall within the aforementioned category (OLSR).
Reactive routing protocols set up source-to-destination routing pathways as needed. These routing techniques include Dynamic
Source Routing (DSR) and Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV).
According to OLSR [3], each node has a routing table that details the routes to every other node in the network. Nodes publish their
routing details, such as address, sequence number, and number of hops, in DSDV [4].
When data transmission is necessary in AODV [5] (RFC: 3561), the source node broadcasts a route request (RREQ) packet to its
neighbors. Unicast Route reply (RREP) is provided to the source if the destination is located. A route error (RERR) packet is
transmitted in the event of a failure to the source node. The reactive subset of routing protocols includes DSR [6]. While DSR
employs a source routing technique where transmitted packets contain the whole path to the destination, it uses an AODV-like route
discovery process. Each node in DSR stores a fresh route it discovers. Route caching speeds up the route search process, however
the performance is also impacted by stale caches.Due to their dynamic topologies, constrained wireless connections, interference
issues, lack of centralized management, and established infrastructure, MANETs are inherently unsafe.
Furthermore, security is frequently not given the proper care while designing MANETs routing protocols. This work offers a
thorough analysis of the performance effects of security attacks on the four well-known MANET routing protocols (OLSR, DSDV,
AODV, and DSR).
II. OBJECTIVES
The objective of this thesis work is:
1) To study proactive and reactive protocols
2) To analyse and compare the performance of both proactive and reactive protocols with and without black hole and grey hole
attack.
3) To implement the scenarios using NS2 simulator.
4) To evaluate the performance in terms of Packet delivery ratio, End to end delay, normalised routing load and normalised
throughput.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW

In the past ten years, there have been several research projects aimed at developing an effective routing protocol that is suited for
MANET real-time network applications. Different routing systems employ various techniques to prevent routing loops. Routing
may result in an infinite loop issue if the target node is not present in the network or if the link fails. Some protocols make use of the
feasible distance, the DAG method, and the destination sequence number to guarantee loop-free routing.
While TORA utilises a link reversal algorithm and AODV uses a sequence number for each destination, DSR uses the source route
to eliminate loops..The two elements that directly affect the routing efficiency are the routing loop and the preservation of full
reachability [7]. With regard to packet delivery ratio and end-to-end latency in the Random Waypoint mobility model, AODV
protocol outperforms DSDV and TORA. AODV also exhibits higher throughput than DSDV, TORA, and DSR protocols in high
mobile node situations [4]. The performance of the routing protocols OLSR, AODV, DSR, and TORA is examined using OPNET
modeller 14.5 for varied network sizes, node mobility, and traffic loads [5], [11].
IV. METHODOLOGY
A. Routing protocols
For wireless ad hoc networks, there are several varieties of routing protocols. Reactive or proactive routing protocols are the two
categories under which these protocols fall [8]. The ad hoc routing techniques known as hybrid routing protocols provide both
proactive and reactive benefits. Reactive or on-demand routing protocol is the name of the first type of protocol. Routing protocols
that are proactive or table-driven fall under this category. Reactive MANET Protocol is the name of the first type of protocol
(RMP). Only when the source node wants to communicate with the other node can communication take place in these protocols.
Nodes with high levels of mobility or nodes that only sometimes send data are best suited for reactive MANET protocols. We'll take
a look at a few reactive routing techniques.
Proactive MANET Protocol is the name of the sec kind of protocol (PMP). Active network layout detection is done via proactive
routing protocols. Every node can retain a routing table, which can be used to identify a route more quickly. The proactive routing
protocols offer minimal latency for route decision-making and strong dependability on the present network topology [14].
B. Reactive Routing Protocols

Reactive routing systems are sometimes known as on-demand routing protocols since they build routes when they are required.
Sending route requests across the network will enable you to obtain these routes. This algorithm's disadvantage is that it has a large
latency when scanning a network. In this thesis report, we will discuss AODV and DSR, and the simulation analysis will be
provided in the fifth section of the study..
1) AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector)

An on-demand routing protocol is AODV. A simple method for changing the connection state is provided by the AODV algorithm.
For instance, only the network nodes that are directly impacted by a connection failure receive alerts. All routes through this
impacted node are cancelled as a result of this message. It creates unicast routes from source to destination, which accounts for the
low network utilization. Because routes are created based on demand, network traffic is minimal. AODV forbids retaining excess
routing that is not in use. [21].
In an ad hoc network, AODV is in charge of enabling two nodes to develop a multi hop route if they choose to join. AODV avoids
counting to infinity by using Destination Sequence Numbers (DSN), which is why it is loop-free. This is what makes this algorithm
unique. A node provides its DSNs and all routing information when it makes a request to a destination. Based on the sequence
number [10], it also chooses the best path. Route Request (RREQs), Route Replies (RREPs), and Route Errors are the three AODV
messages (RERRs) [1]. These messages find and maintain the source-to-destination path using UDP (user datagram protocol)
packets. For instance, the node making the request will use its IP address as the message's originator IP address. It simply implies
that not all messages were routed by the AODV automatically. The Time-To-Live (TTL) in the IP header controls how many hops
routing messages go in an ad hoc network. The requesting node broadcasts an RREQ message throughout the network whenever the
source node wishes to establish a new route to the destination [9]. Figure 3.2 below illustrates how this information will be utilized
to create a reverse routing for RREP messages coming from the destination node. The dotted orange line, representing the shortest
route from destination B to source A, shows how the destination node B responds with an RREP message. The request's original
author received the RREP. Only by unicasting an RREP back to the source is this route accessible. From the RREQ's originator to
each node, the nodes that are receiving these messages are cached. An RERR message is issued when a link fails. The RERR
notification gives details about unreachable nodes. The IP addresses of each node that is the following hop before reaching the
destination. The table contains all of the network's routing information. There are four route entries in the routing table: the
destination IP address, the destination sequence number (DSN), the valid destination sequence number flag, and the other state and
routing flags (e.g., valid, invalid, repairable being repaired) Network interface (v) and Hop Count (vi) (number of hops needed to
reach destination) the lifespan list of antecedents, and (viii) the next hop (Expiration time of the route).
Figure 1 RREQ and RREP messages in MANET using AODV
2) DSR (Dynamic Source Routing)

On demand routing protocol, also known as Dynamic Source Routing Technology, is a reactive routing protocol. Because it is a
source routing protocol, it is both straightforward and effective. It is applicable to wireless ad hoc networks with several hops [22].
The DSR network completely manages its own configuration and organization. Just two mechanisms—route discovery and
maintenance—make up the protocols. For the benefit of fresh, simple routes that become available, the DSR changes its route cache
often. The node will divert the packet to that route if any newly discovered available routes were discovered. The direction of the
travel must be known to the packet. As a result, the packet was configured with route information to go from sender.
To prevent recurring discoveries that it has the capacity to determine its path in this manner, this information was maintained in the
packet. DSR operates via two fundamental mechanisms: route discovery and route maintenance. Route request (RREQ) and route
reply are the two messages used in route discovery (RREP). A node broadcasts the RREQ packet throughout the network whenever
it wants to transmit a message to a particular recipient. After receiving this RREQ message and adding their own addresses, the
neighbor nodes in the broadcast range rebroadcast it throughout the network..
The RREQ will not be broadcasted over the whole network if a route is identified in that node's route cache. As a result, it will
transmit the RREQ message to the target node. The first communication that arrived at its target included complete routing
information. That node will transmit an RREP packet with complete route information to the sender. The RREQ packet is thought to
have chosen this path since it is the shortest. The source node may now begin routing packets since it has all the necessary
information about the route in its route cache. The method of route finding is shown in Figure 3-3. Here, there are four nodes: A, B,
C, and D. Node A serves as the source, while node D serves as the destination.
Node A will first check its route cache to see whether it has a direct path to node D before sending a data packet there. Node A will
send an RREQ message throughout the network if it lacks a direct path to node D. The RREQ message will be received by neighbor
node B. To see if it has a direct path to the target node D, node B will first check its route cache. If it does, it will proceed.
Consequently, an RREP message will be sent to source node A... The source node A will begin transmitting data packets (DP) along
the identified route in response to that message. If it was unable to find the path from node B to node D, it sent the message RREQ
to the following node C and cached the route AB. Until the RREQ message reaches destination node D, the procedure continues.
The destination node D sends an RREP message to the source node A after caching the routes AB, BC, and CD in its memory.
Figure 2 Route discovery procedure in MANET using DSR
Figure 3-4 displays the four nodes A, B, C, and D. Destination node D receives a message from node A. While receiving the ACK
message up to node B, the transmission continues up to node C. If node C sends an RREQ message to node D but does not get an
ACK message back from node D. The node C is aware that the transmission is having an issue. So, the source node A receives an
RRER message from node C. It then looks for a different path to the final target node D. Figure 3-4: MANET's route maintenance
process utilizing DSR
Figure3 Route maintenance procedure in MANET using DS
Routing Protocols that Are Active Proactive protocols construct and maintain the routing information for each node. Whether or not
the route is required has no impact on the proactive routing protocols [20]. Control messages are sent out at regular intervals. Even
in the absence of data flow, control messages are still sent. Proactive routing methods are ineffective at using bandwidth because of
these control messages. The use of proactive routing techniques has both benefits and drawbacks. One of its benefits is that it makes
it simple for nodes to initiate a session and obtain routing information. The drawbacks include excessive data retention by nodes for
route management and a sluggish recovery time after a particular connection breakdown.
C. OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing)

Because it continuously keeps and updates its routing table, this proactive routing system is also known as a table-driven protocol.
In order to offer a route if necessary, OLSR keeps track of the routing table. Any ad hoc network is able to use OLSR. OLSR is
referred to as a proactive routing protocol due to its characteristics. In figure 3-5, multipoint relay (MPR) nodes are displayed. The
route packets are not transmitted by every node in the network. Route packets are only broadcast by Multipoint Relay (MPR)
nodes..These MPR nodes can be chosen from the source node's neighbors. A list of MPR nodes is maintained by every node in the
network. This MPR selector was discovered through the exchange of HELLO packets between nearby nodes. Before any source
node plans to transmit a message to a particular destination, these routes are constructed. Every node in the network maintains its
own routing table. This is the reason why OLSR has less routing overhead than other reactive routing techniques and offers the
network's quickest path to the target. Building additional routes is not necessary since the already used route does not add significant
routing overhead. The route finding latency is decreased.
Figure. 4 MPR node sends the TC message
Network nodes communicate with one another by sending HELLO messages. In OLSR, these signals are transmitted at regular
intervals to ascertain the connection status. Figure 3-6 helps us to comprehend this. If nodes A and B are neighbors, node A notifies
node B with a HELLO message. We can infer that the connection is asymmetrical if B node gets this message. If B node now
transmits the identical HELLO message to A node. This is the first example, sometimes known as an asymmetric relationship. Now,
if two-way communication is available, we may refer to it as a symmetric link, as seen in Figure 3-6 below. All of the neighbor
information is contained in the HELLO messages.As a result, the mobile node can have a database with data on all of its multiple
hop neighbors. When symmetric connections are created, a node selects the smallest possible number of MPR nodes. At specified
TC intervals, it transmitted topology control (TC) messages including connection status information [20]. The routing tables are
likewise calculated using TC messages. Information about MPR nodes is also provided in TC messages.
Figure 5 HELLO messages in MANET using OLSR
D. The DSDV protocol

One of the earliest protocols created for ad hoc networks is the (Dynamic Destination - Sequenced Distance -Vector Routing
Protocol) [11]. To calculate the pathways, DSDV uses the Billman-Ford (DBF: Distributed Bellman- Ford) method. Each node
notifies its surrounding nodes of all possible destinations that may be reached using a metric, which is the number of hops. It has a
sequence number (SN) to distinguish between old and new highways..The updating of the routing table can either be limited to
modified entries or complete reception of all table neighbours (which necessitates sending several data packets per table) (in
provided they are not too many). Two issues—routing loops and counting to infinity—are resolved by the DSDV. However, the
pace of update dissemination is still quite sluggish. The usage of out-of-date table entries is the major cause of mobility for large
losses.
E. Security Attacks in MANETs

In MANETs, there are two different kinds of security threats: active attacks and passive attacks. In active attacks, a malicious node
assumes the identity of a reliable node inside the network and publishes false routing information as a part of the active route, such
as a shorter travel time to the target or a higher sequence number. In passive attacks, the attacker simply listens to the dialogue that
is already taking place on the network rather than directly participating in it.
The goal is to get the precise information from the data rather than altering it or discarding packets. In this study, we looked at how
two recent attacks—the Black-hole and Gray-hole—affect the operation of MANET routing protocols. Black-hole Attack: In this
type of attack, a malicious node lures traffic into the network by asserting that it has the highest sequence number and the fastest
path to the target before dropping each packet that is passed via it [8, 9].
In a gray-hole attack, the malicious node wants to partially reject packets that are either going somewhere specific or are of a
specific traffic type [10]. Because of this, when dealing with general traffic kinds, the malicious node acts properly. However, as
soon as packets are of a specific type or are travelling to a specific place, they are lost.
V. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
Simply said, Network Simulator (Version 2), sometimes referred to as NS2, is an event-driven simulation tool that has been
successful in helping researchers better understand the dynamic nature of communication networks. Using NS2, it is possible to
simulate both wired and wireless network operations and protocols (such as routing algorithms, TCP, and UDP). Generally
speaking, NS2 gives users a mechanism to define these network protocols and simulate the related behaviour.
Object-oriented Tool Command Language and C++ are the two main languages used in NS2 (OTcl). While the fundamental
workings (i.e., a backend) of the simulation objects are defined by the C++, the simulation is built up by the OTcl by putting the
objects together, configuring them, and scheduling discrete events (i.e., a frontend). TclCL is used to link the OTcl and C++
together. Variables in the OTcl domains are frequently referred to as handles when mapped to a C++ object. [17]
Figure 8 NS Architecture
After simulation, NS2 delivers simulation results as either text or animation. NAM (Network Animator) and XGraph are two
examples of tools that are used to understand these results graphically and interactively. Users can extract a pertinent portion of text-
based data and modify it into a more plausible presentation to investigate a certain network activity. Additionally, the simulator
already includes a variety of scheduling tools, management rules queues, and transmission systems (layer 1 of the TCP/IP
architecture) for studies on congestion control. The categories for the key components that are currently offered in NS
A. Parameters under study

1) Packet delivery Ratio: The packet delivery ratio (PDR) measures how many packets a traffic source transmits to how many
packets a traffic destination receives. It assesses both the accuracy and effectiveness of ad hoc routing protocols by measuring
the loss rate as perceived by transport protocols. In any network, a high packet delivery ratio is needed.
2) Average End-to-End delay: The average amount of time a packet spends moving across the network is known as the packet
end-to-end delay. It is measured in seconds and covers the period of time from the sender's packet creation to the destination's
application layer. Therefore, encompasses all network delays caused by routing operations, MAC control exchanges, buffer
queues, transmission times, etc. Utilizing the NS-2 simulator, this work has evaluated routing strategies quantitatively. Under
the simulation configuration presented in Table 1, we have examined the performance of four well-known routing protocols (a)
OLSR, (b) DSDV, (c) AODV, and (d) DSR for the following performance metrics. The ratio of data packets transmitted from
the source to those received at the destination is known as the packet delivery ratio (PDR).
3) End-to-end delay typical: It is the typical amount of time needed to send a data packet from source to destination. Routing load
normalized (NRL): It refers to the quantity of routing packets sent with each data packet.
Table 1 Values and parameters used in simulation
Performance Assessment It has been done to analyze the performance of the routing protocols in the MANET for different node
pause times and data rates. Additionally, we evaluated and contrasted the performance of these well-known MANET routing
algorithms in three different situations: (a) without assault (when the network is not under security attack); (b) under gray-hole
attack; and (c) under black-hole attack.
VI. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

A. Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)
Our simulation findings demonstrated that at different pause times, PDR of the routing algorithms we considered performed well
(data rate set to 16kbps). The PDR of AODV and OLSR is higher than that of the other two routing systems. Additionally, the
proactive route maintenance of OLSR and the route request and response mechanism of AODV allow both protocols to function
well in high mobility environments (or low pause time). Due to its intricate routing table maintenance at each node, PDR of DSDV
is the least considered protocol. The PDR of all routing protocols decreases under a gray-hole attack, as shown in Fig. 5.1(a). OLSR
and DSR are less susceptible to assaults than AODV. The PDR of all the procedures substantially decreases under black-hole
assault, as can also be shown in Fig. 1(b).
Our findings demonstrate that OLSR outperforms other routing protocols in terms of PDR when under attack because OLSR uses an
election-based routing structure that reduces the likelihood of hostile nodes being included in the active route. In terms of PDR,
AODV and OLSR perform better than every other procedure. DSR functions admirably for low data rates, but PDR declines as data
rates rise. Under high data rates, DSR experiences stale route cache entries at each node, which fills up data queues and leads to
packet drops. Although DSDV is not greatly impacted by data rate, it has a lower PDR than other routing methods.
Figures 5, 2(a), and 5.2(b) demonstrate that OLSR outperforms all other routing protocols under assault in terms of PDR.
Additionally, Fig. 5 2(b) demonstrates how PDR for all taken-in routing protocols dramatically declines under the black-hole
assault. The causes of these actions are the same as those that have already been examined in relation to Figures 9 (a) and 9 (b).
Figure 9(a) PDR vs. pause time under gray-hole attack
Figure 9(b) PDR vs. pause time under black-hole
Figure 10 (a) PDR vs. data rate under gray-hole attack
Figure 10(b) PDR vs. data rate under black-hole
B. Average End-to-End Delay

The end-to-end latency of all routing protocols decreases under gray-hole and black-hole assaults, as shown in Fig. 11(a) and 11(b).
This is because there is a significant likelihood that there will be a rogue node along the path that will drop the packet when the hop
count between the source and destination pair is high. The average end-to-end hop count thus declines, which finally results in a
decrease in end-to-end latency. End-to-end latency is greater in the event of gray-hole attack than blackhole assault because the
latter results in more packet drops, which shortens end-to-end pathways and reduces end-to-end delay. DSR is a reactive protocol,
which means that it has a significant end-to-end latency, as shown by Figs..As a result, when a data packet arrives at a node, it
searches for a route and takes longer than other packets. In addition, OLSR has a longer delay than AODV and DSDV. In reality,
this is not the case; rather, AODV and DSDV both have low packet delivery ratios when compared to OLSR, which leads to
minimal latency due to the lower end-to-end hop count. The average end-to-end distance between the source and the destination is
enormous due to OLSR's increased packet delivery ratio, which causes a high end-to-end latency.
The average end-to-end latency for different data speeds is shown in Fig. 11. In comparison to other routing protocols, it can be seen
that DSR has the largest average end-to-end latency for the same reason as was mentioned in relation to Fig 9. The average end-to-
end latency of all three methods is seen in Fig. 11 to grow when the data flow is increased. The source of this rise in end-to-end
latency for all four routing systems is high data rate congestion.
Figure 11(a) Average end-to-end delay vs. pause time under gray-hole attack
Figure 11(b) Average end to end delay vs. pause time under black-hole attack
Figure 12 (a) Average end-to-end delay vs. data rate under gray-hole attack
Figure 12 (b) Average end-to end delay vs. data rate under black-hole attack
C. Normalized Routing Load (NRL)

Figures12 (a) and 12 (b) depict NRL with varied pause times. In the absence of an attack, OLSR and DSDV have greater NRLs than
the other two routing protocols. This is due to the frequent interchange of routing and control packets across nodes, as well as the
occasional recalculation of MPR nodes, particularly during connection modifications. High routing load in DSR is caused by source
routing and a large number of stale route caches at each node. Due to the irregularities in route answers, AODV's routing burden is a
little high.NRL is smaller than the case of no attack under gray-hole and black-hole assault, as indicated in Fig. 13(a) and 13 (b).
This is because malevolent nodes swiftly reply to route requests and discard a sig
nificant number of packets, which lowers the routing traffic in that network. Fig. 6 displays NRL for various data rates.
When compared to other low data rate protocols, OLSR's NRL is quite high since nodes send less data packets relative to a lot more
routing packets (proactive nature of the routing protocol). The same is true for DSDV, where NRL diminishes as data rate rises.
In contrast, NRL for reactive methods is low for low data rate and rises as data rate increases. Figures 14(a) and 14(b) show that, in
the presence of assaults, NRL falls for all procedures for the reasons mentioned in relation to Figure 5.
Figure 13 NRL vs. pause time under gray-hole attack
Figure 13(b) NRL vs. pause under black-hole attack.
Figure 14 (a) NRL vs. data rate under gray-hole attack
Figure 14 (b) NRL vs. data rate under black-hole attack
D. Throughput
is defined as the total number of packets delivered over the total simulation time. statistical computation shows that we do not reject
the null hypothesis. That is, there is no significant difference for the different methods in terms of throughput performance (P −
value > 0.05). This means that the results variations between the different algorithms are quite close. We stipulate that the small
variations between the results are due to the network topology and traffic. The data sending rate of all the algorithms is set to a
constant value for all the simulations. If most of the data traffic is between two nearby nodes (one-hop), the three algorithms would
not differ significantly in terms of throughput.
Table 2 Summary of throughput for all the protocols

Groups Count Sum Average Variance
AODV 33 13193522.78 399803.7206 21230449877
DSR 33 11855083 359244.9394 8906585753
DSDV 33 11916653.61 361110.7155 26727816402
OLSR 33 12166744.32 346446.885 2322335938
Table 3 Analysis of throughput
In this case, Fcrit = 3.0911 at α = 0.05. Since F = 0.9127 < 3.0911, the result are significant at the 5% significance level. So we will
accept the null hypothesis, and conclusion can be drawn that there is strong evidence that the expected values in the three groups
does not differ. The variation is quite small and can be eliminated at this significance level. The P −value for this test is 0.4048.
Figure 15 Comparison of throughput in both type of attack
E. Comparative Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols

Table 3 summarizes our conclusions about four routing methods we took into consideration (OLSR, DSDV, AODV, and DSR). In
terms of packet delivery ratio under fluctuating mobility and data rate without assaults, AODV outperforms other routing methods.
In contrast to other routing protocols, it has been found that AODV is more susceptible to security threats. DSR works better than
other protocols, but only when there is little movement and little data flow. With a slightly greater average end-to-end latency and
better NRL performance in an attack scenario, OLSR surpasses other routing protocols that have been taken into consideration.
Furthermore, OLSR performs almost as well as AODV in the absence of an assault, although it has a little larger NRL than AODV.
Comparatively speaking, DSDV has a lower PDR than other routing protocols. Additionally, it performs poorly when the node
mobility and data rate are high.
Table 3 Comparative Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols

Delivery Ratio
Average End
Throughput
Protocols
Delivery
Routing
Attack
to End
Packet
(kbps)
NRL
AODV Black hole 30 0 0.5 1500

Grey Hole 60 0 1.50 2100
DSR Black hole 40 300 1 200
Grey Hole 65 200 0.9 1000
OLSR Black hole 80 29 3 5000
Grey Hole 55 130 4 4000
DSDV Black hole 25 100 1.1 1100
Grey Hole 60 90 1.5 1000
VII. CONCLUSION
The four well-known routing protocols (OLSR, DSDV, AODV, and DSR) have all had their performance thoroughly analysed in
this work.
Each of these well-known protocols has been shown to have merits and downsides while the network is operating normally
(without an attack), making it impossible to single out one protocol as the best. However, none of the routing protocols under
consideration were created with security in mind.
As a result, procedures that were most effective in no-attack settings do not perform as well while under attack.
This highlights the need of considering security issues while designing a routing protocol for MANETs.
In this work All of these protocols were analyzed and compared and the performance of both was examined over blackhole and
greyhole attacks
NS2 simulator was used for implementation
The performance parameters into consideration were packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, Normalized routing load and
normalized throughput.
It was observed that OLSR performs best in even being under attack.
Additionally, there is a need for a general security framework that existing protocols may utilize to isolate hostile nodes from the
routing path and reduce the effect of their actions.
A. Future Scope
Future work is about the development of modified version of the selected routing protocols, which should consider different aspects
of routing protocols such as rate of higher route establishment with less route breakage and the weakness of the protocols mentioned
should be improvised.
REFERENCES
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Math., Vol. 2, No. 3, Sep 2009.
[2] D.O. Jörg, “Performance Comparison of MANET Routing Protocols In Different Network Sizes” Comp. Science Project, Institute of Comp. Science and
Networks and Distr ibuted Sys, University of Berne, Switzer land, 2003. [Online]. at:
[3] S. Ali, and A. Ali, “Performance Analysis of AODV, DSR and OLSR in MANET”, Masters Thesis, M.10:04, COM/School of Computing, BTH, 2010.
[Online]. Available at:
[4] M.K. J. Kumara and R.S. Rajesh, “Performance Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols in different Mobility Models” IJCSNS International Journal of
Computer Science and Network 22 Security, VOL.9 No.2, February2009.
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Eng. & Computer Scientists, Hong Kong, Vol. II IMECS 2008.
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Mathematical Science, Auckland university of Technology, 2008. [Online]. Available at:
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Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols Performance Evaluation Under Security Attack

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11 I January 2023

Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols

Figure 1 Infrastructure based wireless network

Figure 2 Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

III. LITERATURE REVIEW

B. Reactive Routing Protocols

1) AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector)

Figure 1 RREQ and RREP messages in MANET using AODV

2) DSR (Dynamic Source Routing)

Figure 2 Route discovery procedure in MANET using DSR

Figure3 Route maintenance procedure in MANET using DS

C. OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing)

Figure. 4 MPR node sends the TC message

Figure 5 HELLO messages in MANET using OLSR

D. The DSDV protocol

E. Security Attacks in MANETs

A. Parameters under study

Table 1 Values and parameters used in simulation

VI. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

Figure 9(a) PDR vs. pause time under gray-hole attack

Figure 9(b) PDR vs. pause time under black-hole

Figure 10 (a) PDR vs. data rate under gray-hole attack

Figure 10(b) PDR vs. data rate under black-hole

B. Average End-to-End Delay

C. Normalized Routing Load (NRL)

Figure 13 NRL vs. pause time under gray-hole attack

Figure 13(b) NRL vs. pause under black-hole attack.

Figure 14 (a) NRL vs. data rate under gray-hole attack

Figure 14 (b) NRL vs. data rate under black-hole attack

Table 2 Summary of throughput for all the protocols

Table 3 Analysis of throughput

Figure 15 Comparison of throughput in both type of attack

E. Comparative Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols

Table 3 Comparative Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols

AODV Black hole 30 0 0.5 1500

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