Chapter Four:Digital Modulation Techniques

Adama Science and Technology University

December 27, 2021

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Outlines

1 Introduction

2 Types of Digital Modulations Techniques

3 Bandwidth and Frequency Spectrum of Digital Modulations Techniques

4 M-ary Modulation Techniques

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Introduction

Definition
Mapping a sequence of input binary digits into a set of corresponding high
frequency signal waveforms

Digital modulation techniques have a greater demand than analog

ones due to;
More information capacity
High data security
Quicker system availability with great quality communication, . . . etc.

Any modulated signal has a high frequency carrier

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Types of Digital Modulations Techniques

The most prominent digital modulation techniques.

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
The information signal is digital and the amplitude of the carrier is
varied proportional to the information signal
Represents the binary data in the form of variations in the amplitude
of a signal.
The binary signal when ASK is modulated, gives a zero value for
LOW input and gives the carrier output for HIGH input

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Cont. . . .
Mathematically;
 
A
vask (t) = [1 + vm (t)] cos(ωc t) (1)
2

vask (t): amplitude-shift keying wave

vm (t): digital information (modulating) signal (volts)
A
: unmodulated carrier amplitude (volts)
2
ωc : Analog carrier radian frequency (radians persecond, 2πfc t)
The modulating signal [vm (t)] is a normalized binary waveform
For logic 1 vm (t) = +1V vask (t) = Acos(ωc t)
For logic 0 vm (t) = −1V vask (t) = 0
The modulated wave vask (t) is either Acos(ωc t) or 0
The carrier is either ”on” or ”off,” which is why amplitude-shift
keying is sometimes referred to as on-off keying (OOK).
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Cont. . . .

ASK Transmitter:

The input binary sequence is applied to the product modulator.

The product modulator amplitude modulates sinusoidal signal
It passes the carrier when input bit is ’1’ it blocks the carrier when
input is ’0’

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Cont. . . .
There are two types of ASK Demodulation techniques.
Synchronous ASK Demodulator : The clock frequency at the
transmitter when matches with the clock frequency at the receiver

Asynchronous ASK Demodulator :

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
The frequency of the carrier signal varies according to the discrete
digital changes.
The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low,
depending upon the input data applied.

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Cont. . . .

The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in frequency for a

binary HIGH input and is low in frequency for a binary LOW input.
The binary 1s and 0s are called Mark and Space frequencies
respectively.
Consequently, FSK is sometimes called binary FSK (BFSK)
The general expression for FSK is

vfsk (t) = Vc cos[2π(fc + vm (t)∆f )t] (2)

vfsk (t): binary FSK waveform

Vc (t): peak analog carrier amplitude (volts)
fc :analog carrier center frequency (hertz)
f : peak change (shift)in the analog carrier frequency(hertz)
vm (t): binary input (modulating) signal (volts)

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Cont. . . .

The modulating signal [vm (t)] is a normalized binary waveform

For logic 1 vm (t) = +1V vfsk (t) = Vc cos[2π(fc + ∆f )t]
For logic 0 vm (t) = −1V vfsk (t) = Vc cos[2π(fc − ∆f )t]
The modulated wave vfsk (t) is either Vc cos[2π(fc + ∆f )t] or
Vc cos[2π(fc − ∆f )t]
FSK is a form of constant-amplitude angle modulation similar to
standard frequency modulation (FM) except the modulating signal is
a binary signal that varies between two discrete voltage levels rather
than a continuously changing analog waveform.

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Cont. . . .
With binary FSK, the carrier center frequency (fc ) is shifted
(deviated) up and down in the frequency domain by the binary input
signal
FSK Transmitter:

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Cont. . . .
FSK Receiver:
The main methods of FSK detection are
Asynchronous detector (a non-coherent) and
Synchronous detector (a coherent)
Asynchronous (a non-coherent) detector :

Synchronous (a coherent) detector :

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Cont. . . .

FSK Detection Using PLL :

The most common circuit used for demodulating binary FSK signals

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

The phase of the carrier signal is changed by varying the sine and
cosine inputs at a particular time.

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Cont. . . .
Depending on the phases the signal gets shifted there are two types of
PSK
BPSK and QPSK
The other one is DPSK which changes the phase according to the
previous value
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) (2-phase PSK (or) Phase Reversal
Keying)

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Cont. . . .
The sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0◦ and 180◦ .
BPSK is basically a DSB-SC modulation scheme, for message being
the digital information.
The phase of the carrier signal is changed by varying the sine and
cosine inputs at a particular time.
BPSK Transmitter:

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Cont. . . .

The balanced modulator acts as a phase reversing switch

Figure: a balanced ring modulator

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Cont. . . .

Figure: (b) logic 1 input; (c) logic 0 input

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Cont. . . .

Figure: (a) truth table; (b) phasor diagram; (c) constellation diagram
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Cont. . . .

If +1V is assigned to a logic 1V and −1V is assigned to a logic 0, the

input carrier (sinωc t) is multiplied by either a +1 or −1
The output signal is either +1sinωc t or −1sinωc t the first represents a
signal that is in phase with the reference oscillator, the latter a signal
that is 180◦ out of phase with the reference oscillator.
Each time the input logic condition changes, the output phase changes.

BPSKoutput = [sin(2πfa t) ∗ sin(2πfc t]

= 0.5[cos(2π(fc − fa ) − cos(2π(fc + fa )] (3)

Where
fa = maximum fundamental frequency of binary input (hertz)
fc = reference carrier frequency (hertz)

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Cont. . . .

BPSK receiver

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Cont. . . .

Differential PSK (DPSK)

Is an alternative form of digital modulation where the binary input
information is contained in the difference between two successive
signaling elements rather than the absolute phase.
DBPSK transmitter

Figure: (a) Clock recovery Circuit; (b) Timing diagram

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Cont. . . .

Figure: (a) block diagram (b) Timing diagram

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Cont. . . .
DBPSK receiver

Figure: (a) block diagram; (b) timing sequence

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Bandwidth and Frequency Spectrum of Digital
Modulations Techniques
Baud refers to the rate of change of a signal on the transmission
medium after encoding and modulation have occurred.
baud is a unit of transmission rate, modulation rate, or symbol rate
The terms symbols per second and baud are often used
interchangeably. Mathematically, baud is the reciprocal of the time of
one output signaling element, and a signaling element may represent
several information bits.
1
baud = (4)
ts
B = fb /1 = fb baud = fb /1 = fb
Example :
Determine the baud and minimum bandwidth necessary to pass a
10kbps binary signal using amplitude shift keying.
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Cont. . . .
Bandwidth and Frequency Spectrum of ASK
For every change in the input binary data stream, there is one change
in the ASK waveform, and the time of one bit (tb ) equals the time of
one analog signaling element (t)

fb fb
B= = fb baud = = fb (5)
1 1
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Cont. . . .

The entire time the binary input is high, the output is a constant
amplitude, frequency signal, and for the entire time the binary input is
low, the carrier is off.
The rate of change of the ASK waveform (baud) is the same as the
rate of change of the binary input (bps).
Example
Determine the baud and minimum bandwidth necessary to pass a
10kbps binary signal using amplitude shift keying.

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Cont. . . .

Bandwidth and Frequency Spectrum of FSK

With binary FSK, the carrier center frequency (fc ) is shifted (deviated)
up and down in the frequency domain by the binary input signal

As the binary input signal changes from a logic 0 to a logic 1 and vice
versa, the output frequency shifts between two frequencies:
a mark, or logic 1 frequency (fm ), and a space, or logic 0 frequency (fs )

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Cont. . . .

The mark and space frequencies are separated from the carrier
frequency by the peak frequency deviation ( f ) and from each other by
2f .
fm − fs
f = (6)
2
The time of one bit (tb ) is the same as the time the FSK output is a
mark of space frequency (ts )
The bit time equals the time of an FSK signaling element, and the bit
rate equals the baud
The minimum bandwidth for FSK is

B = |fs − fm | + 2fb = 2(f + fb ) (7)

Where
B= minimum Nyquist bandwidth (hertz)
f = frequency deviation |(fs − fm )| (hertz)
fb = input bit rate (bps)

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Cont. . . .

Example
Determine the peak frequency deviation, minimum bandwidth, and
baud for a binary FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49kHz, a space
frequency of 51kHz, and an input bit rate of 2kbps.
Bandwidth and Frequency Spectrum of PSK
The minimum double-sided Nyquist bandwidth (B) is

BPSK = 2fa (8)

Example
For a BPSK modulator with a carrier frequency of 70 MHz and an
input bit rate of 10 Mbps determine,
The maximum and minimum upper and lower side frequencies
Draw the output spectrum,
Determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth, and
Calculate the baud.

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M-ary Modulation Techniques

M-ary is a term derived from the word binary

M represents a digit that corresponds to the number of conditions,
levels, or combinations possible for a given number of binary variables
The number of bits (N) necessary to produce a given number of
conditions(M) is:
N = log2 M (9)
The number of conditions possible with N bits as:

M = 2N (10)

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 Thank You

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