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SQL Basic & DDL Commands

The document discusses SQL data definition language (DDL) commands. It demonstrates how to create a table using CREATE TABLE with and without constraints. It shows how to alter a table using ALTER TABLE commands to add, modify, delete columns and rename the table. Examples are provided to add a column, modify column size, drop a column, and rename the table. Finally, it lists various constraint types that can be used like NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY etc.

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JEEVAN MITTA (RA2111030010219)
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67 views12 pages

SQL Basic & DDL Commands

The document discusses SQL data definition language (DDL) commands. It demonstrates how to create a table using CREATE TABLE with and without constraints. It shows how to alter a table using ALTER TABLE commands to add, modify, delete columns and rename the table. Examples are provided to add a column, modify column size, drop a column, and rename the table. Finally, it lists various constraint types that can be used like NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY etc.

Uploaded by

JEEVAN MITTA (RA2111030010219)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ex.

No: 1 SQL BASIC COMMANDS


Date:
AIM:
To write SQL queries to execute basic SQL commands.
QUERIES:
1. Create table
Query:
CREATE TABLE emp
(
empno NUMBER,
empname VARCHAR2(255),
DOB DATE,
salary NUMBER,
designation VARCHAR2(20)
);
Output:
Table created.
2. Insert values
Query:
INSERT INTO emp VALUES(100,'John','4.21.1994', 50000,'Manager');

INSERT INTO emp VALUES(101,'Greg','6.20.1994',25000,'Clerk');


Output:
2 rows inserted
3. Display values
Query:
SELECT * FROM emp;
Output:

EMPN EMPNA SALA DESIGNATI


O ME DOB RY ON

04/21/19
100 John 50000 Manager
94
06/20/19
101 Greg 25000 Clerk
94

Query:
SELECT empname,salary FROM emp;

Output:

EMPNAME SALARY

John 50000

Greg 25000

4. Modify values
Query:
UPDATE emp SET salary = salary + 1000;
Output:
2 row(s) updated.
Query:
SELECT * FROM emp;
Output:

EMPN EMPNAM SALAR DESIGNATIO


O E DOB Y N

04/21/199
100 John 51000 Manager
4

06/20/199
101 Greg 26000 Clerk
4

5. Delete values
Query:
DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno = 100;
Output:
1 row(s) deleted.
Query:
SELECT * FROM emp;
Output:

EMPN EMPNAM SALAR DESIGNATIO


O E DOB Y N
06/20/199
101 Greg 26000 Clerk
4

RESULT:
Thus the basic SQL queries were successfully executed and verified.
Ex. No: 2 DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)
Date :
AIM:
To write the SQL queries using DDL Commands with and without
constraints.
DDL STATEMENTS
 CREATE TABLE
 ALTER TABLE
 DROP TABLE
SYNTAX:
1. Create Table
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a relational table
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type [constraints],
column_name1 data_type [constraints],
column_n
ame1 data_type [constraints],
……..
);
2. Alter Table
The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify
columns in an existing table
a. To Add a column
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype

b. To delete a column in a table


ALTER TABLE table_name DROP (column_name)

c. To change the data type of a column in a table


ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY(column_name datatype )

3. Drop Table
Used to delete the table permanently from the storage
DROP TABLE table_name
QUERIES:
1. CREATE THE TABLE (with no constraint)
Query:
CREATE TABLE emp
(
empno NUMBER,
empname VARCHAR2(25),
dob DATE,
salary NUMBER,
designation VARCHAR2(20)
);
Output:
Table Created
Query:
DESC emp;
Output:

Co
Ta m
ble Colum Data Len Preci Sc Primar Null Def me
n Type gth sion ale y Key able ault nt
EM EMPN NUMB
22 - - - - -
P O ER
EMPNA VARCH
  255 - - - - -
ME AR2
  DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
SALAR NUMB
  22 - - - - -
Y ER
DESIG
VARCH
  NATIO 20 - - - - -
AR2
N

2. ALTER THE TABLE


a. ADD
// To alter the table emp by adding new attribute department
Query:
ALTER TABLE emp ADD department VARCHAR2(50);
Output:
Table Altered

Query:
DESC emp;
Output:

Ta
ble Colum Data Len Preci Sc Primar Null Def Com
n Type gth sion ale y Key able ault ment
EM EMPN NUMB
22 - - - - -
P O ER
EMPNA VARCH
  255 - - - - -
ME AR2
  DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
SALAR NUMB
  22 - - - - -
Y ER
DESIG
VARCH
  NATIO 20 - - - - -
AR2
N
DEPAR VARCH
  50 - - - - -
TMENT AR2

b. MODIFY
//To alter the table emp by modifying the size of the attribute
department
Query:
ALTER TABLE emp MODIFY (department VARCHAR2(100));
Output:
Table Altered

Query:
DESC emp;
Output:
Com
Ta Data Len Preci Sc Primar Null Def men
ble Column Type gth sion ale y Key able ault t
EM NUMB
EMPNO 22 - - - - -
P ER
EMPNA VARC
  255 - - - - -
ME HAR2
  DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
NUMB
  SALARY 22 - - - - -
ER
DESIGN VARC
  20 - - - - -
ATION HAR2
DEPAR VARC
  100 - - - - -
TMENT HAR2
c. DROP
// To alter the table emp by deleting the attribute department
Query:
ALTER TABLE emp DROP(department);
Output:
Table Altered
Query:
DESC emp;
Output:

Com
Ta Data Len Preci Sc Primar Null Def men
ble Column Type gth sion ale y Key able ault t
EM NUMB
EMPNO 22 - - - - -
P ER
EMPNA VARC
  255 - - - - -
ME HAR2
  DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
NUMB
  SALARY 22 - - - - -
ER
DESIGN VARC
  20 - - - - -
ATION HAR2

d. RENAME
// To alter the table name by using rename keyword
Query:
ALTER TABLE emp RENAME TO emp1 ;
Output:
Table Altered
Query:
DESC emp1;
Output:

Pre
Ta Colum Data Len cis Sc Prima Null Def Com
ble n Type gth ion ale ry Key able ault ment
EM EMPN NUMB
22 - - - - -
P1 O ER
EMPN VARC
  255 - - - - -
AME HAR2
  DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
SALAR NUMB
  22 - - - - -
Y ER
DESIG
VARC
  NATIO 20 - - - - -
HAR2
N
DEPAR VARC
  100 - - - - -
TMENT HAR2

3. DROP
//To delete the table from the database
Query:
DROP TABLE emp1;
Output:
Table Dropped
Query:
DESC emp1;
Output:
Ouubject to be described could not be found.

CONSTRAINT TYPES:
 NOT NULL
 UNIQUE
 PRIMARY KEY
 FOREIGN KEY
 CHECK
 DEFAULT
QUERIES:
1. CREATE THE TABLE
Query:
CREATE TABLE student
(
studentID NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
sname VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
department CHAR(5),
sem NUMBER,
dob DATE,
email_id VARCHAR2(20) UNIQUE,
college VARCHAR2(20) DEFAULT 'MEC'
);
Output:
Table created.
Query:
DESC student;
Output:

Tabl Colum Data Len Preci Sc Primar Null Def Com


e n Type gth sion ale y Key able ault ment
STU
STUDE NUMB
DEN 22 - - 1 - - -
NTID ER
T
VARC
  SNAME 30 - - - - - -
HAR2
DEPAR
  CHAR 5 - - - - -
TMENT
NUMB
  SEM 22 - - - - -
ER
  DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
EMAIL_ VARC
  20 - - - - -
ID HAR2
COLLE VARC 'ME
  20 - - - -
GE HAR2 C'

Query:
CREATE TABLE exam
(
examID NUMBER ,
studentID NUMBER REFERENCES student(studentID),
department CHAR(5) NOT NULL,
mark1 NUMBER CHECK (mark1<=100 and mark1>=0),
mark2 NUMBER CHECK (mark2<=100 and mark2>=0),
mark3 NUMBER CHECK (mark3<=100 and mark3>=0),
mark4 NUMBER CHECK (mark4<=100 and mark4>=0),
mark5 NUMBER CHECK (mark5<=100 and mark5>=0),
total NUMBER,
average NUMBER,
grade CHAR(1)
);
Output:
Table created.

//To alter the table student by adding new constraint to the


examID attribute

Query:
ALTER TABLE student ADD CONSTRAINT pr
PRIMARY KEY (examid);
Output:
Table altered.

2. CREATE THE TABLE USING COMPOSITE PRIMARY KEY


Create the following table with the attributes reg_no and
stu_name as primary key.
stu_details (reg_no, stu_name, DOB, address, city)

Query:
CREATE TABLE stu_details
(
reg_no number,
stu_name varchar2(30),
DOB date,
address varchar2(30),
city char(30),
primary key(reg_no, stu_name)
);
Output:
Table created.

Query:
DESCstu_details

Output:

Colu Data Len Preci Sc Primar Null Def Com


Table mn Type gth sion ale y Key able ault ment
STU_D REG_ NUMB 22 - - 1 - - -
ETAILS NO ER
STU_ VARC
  30 - - 2 - - -
NAME HAR2
  DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
ADDR VARC
  30 - - - - -
ESS HAR2
  CITY CHAR 30 - - - - -

RESULT:
Thus the SQL queries using DDL Commands with and without
constraints were successfully executed and verified.

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