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    EE103 Lecture13 BGF 22 Dec 2022 Mod3 Uploaded

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    Raunak Mukherjee
    This document provides information about the EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering course taught by Professor B.G. Fernandes. It includes the course code, department, instructor details, and slides discussing different topics in electrical engineering like distributed and concentrated windings in motors, synchronous motors, torque production in magnetic fields without current carrying conductors, and DC-DC conversion using techniques like buck and boost converters.

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    EE103 Lecture13 BGF 22 Dec 2022 Mod3 Uploaded

    Uploaded by

    Raunak Mukherjee
    12 views18 pages
    This document provides information about the EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering course taught by Professor B.G. Fernandes. It includes the course code, department, instructor details, and slides discussing different topics in electrical engineering like distributed and concentrated windings in motors, synchronous motors, torque production in magnetic fields without current carrying conductors, and DC-DC conversion using techniques like buck and boost converters.

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    This document provides information about the EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering course taught by Professor B.G. Fernandes. It includes the course code, department, instructor details, and slides discussing different topics in electrical engineering like distributed and concentrated windings in motors, synchronous motors, torque production in magnetic fields without current carrying conductors, and DC-DC conversion using techniques like buck and boost converters.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views18 pages

    EE103 Lecture13 BGF 22 Dec 2022 Mod3 Uploaded

    Uploaded by

    Raunak Mukherjee
    This document provides information about the EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering course taught by Professor B.G. Fernandes. It includes the course code, department, instructor details, and slides discussing different topics in electrical engineering like distributed and concentrated windings in motors, synchronous motors, torque production in magnetic fields without current carrying conductors, and DC-DC conversion using techniques like buck and boost converters.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    Introduction to Electrical

    Engineering
    Course Code: EE 103

    Department: Electrical Engineering

    Instructor Name: B. G. Fernandes

    E-mail id: [email protected]

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes


    Distributed and Concentrated Windings
    2-layer distributed winding 2-layer concentrated winding 1-layer concentrated winding

    End-winding length

    𝐿𝑠𝑡𝑘

    Distributed winding:
    → Larger end-windings → Larger copper losses
    → Larger frame size required
    → Lower harmonic content in MMF

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 2


    Stator MMF due to distributed windings

    https://www.icrfq.net/motor-winding/

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 3


    Stator MMF due to concentrated windings

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 4


    Distributed winding with spp = 2 (12-slot, 2-pole)

    Developed view

    Slot number

    Phase-A Phase-B Phase-C

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 5


    Synchronous Motor
    Generally,
    • Stator of Induction Motor = Stator of Synchronous Machine
    • Rotor → Winding excited by DC or Permanent Magnet (PMSM/ BLDC)
    When Stator Winding of 3-phase IM is connected to 3-phase supply,
    • Rotor starts rotating → Self Starting Stator
    • Synchronous Motor → Not a Self Starting Motor
    So, are single phase motors Rotor
    (1-phase supply will produce pulsating field)
    • Average Torque =0

    When Stator Winding of 3-phase, 2-pole IM (=SM) is connected to 3-phase, 50Hz supply,
    120𝑓
    • 𝐹𝑠 starts rotating at 3000rpm
    𝑃

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 6


    Synchronous Motor

    Since the field produced by rotor is DC


    • Speed of 𝐹𝑟 =Speed of Rotor 𝑁𝑟
    • At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑁𝑟 = 0 (Rotor is stationary)
    = 0+ , 𝑁𝑟 = 0 (Speed cannot change instantaneously, Rotor has its own inertia)
    • Speed of 𝐹𝑠 ≠ Speed of 𝐹𝑟 , 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0

    𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 is finite, when Speed of 𝐹𝑠 = Speed of 𝐹𝑟 , 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑁𝑟


    Hence the name Synchronous Motor

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 7


    Torque production without a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field..
    • Consider the following ‘assembly’
    • Rotor is made of ferromagnetic material
    • No. of stator teeth not equal to rotor teeth

    • Continuous rotation is achieved by repeating the sequence of phase


    excitation
    • What would happen if the rotor is simply ‘cylindrical’? Why??

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 8


    DC – DC conversion

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes


    DC-DC Conversion
    How to convert dc input of 30 V to 5 V output?
    → Use potential divider → Use a linear voltage regulator ‘7805’

    𝑉1 can range from 7 to 35 V

    But, unnecessary power losses in R and in the ‘7805’ IC


    Can this be avoided?

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 10


    DC-DC Conversion
    How can a circuit change the voltage level, yet dissipate low power?

    • Circuit elements → 𝑅, 𝐿, 𝐶 → Passive 𝐼𝑠𝑤


    • 𝐿 & 𝐶 → do not consume power
    +
    • Power loss in a ‘switch’ = 𝑉𝑠𝑤 × 𝐼𝑠𝑤
    ▪ When switch is open, 𝐼𝑠𝑤 = 0 𝑉𝑠𝑤
    ▪ When switch is closed, 𝑉𝑠𝑤 → Very low −
    ▪ Power loss ≈ 0

    • Resistor results in power dissipation


    • For high efficiency, a power switch with low on-state voltage drop must be used
    • In addition, use only 𝐿 & 𝐶 elements

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 11


    DC-DC Conversion
    How can a circuit change the voltage level, yet dissipate low power?

    Operate the switch as follows 𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑜𝑉


    • Close to position ‘1’ for some time and then transfer it to 𝑜
    position ‘2’
    𝑇1
    𝑉𝑂 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝐷
    𝑇1 + 𝑇2
    • 𝐷 is the duty cycle of the switch
    • Power loss ≈ 0
    ∵ voltage drop across the device during ON period ≈ 0
    𝑉𝐷𝐶
    𝑇1 𝑇2

    𝑇1 𝑇2

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 12


    DC-DC Conversion: Linear vs. switching power supply

    P = 500 W
    P = 210 W
    P = 120 W

    Heat sink

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 13


    DC-DC Conversion: Buck Converter
    Following circuit is a buck converter For, 0 < 𝑡 < 𝐷𝑇
    S is ON
    𝐿 → filter inductor S 𝐿 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 − 𝑉𝑜 = constant
    𝐶 → filter capacitor
    ‘𝑉𝑂 ’ is assumed to remain constant 𝑖𝐿 → 𝑖𝐿 increases linearly
    𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝐶 𝑅 𝑉𝑜 → 𝑖𝐿 = 𝑖𝐶 + 𝑖𝑅 (KCL)
    Switch ‘S’ is switched at a very high frequency 𝑑𝑣 𝑣
    → 𝑖𝐿 = 𝐶 𝑜 + 𝑜
    ▪ S is ON for 𝐷𝑇 second 𝑑𝑡 𝑅
    ▪ S is OFF for (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 second → 𝑉𝐷 = −𝑉𝐷𝐶
    ▪ 𝑇 is switching period, given by
    1
    𝑇= , 𝑓𝑠𝑤 : switching frequency S is OFF 𝐿 𝑖𝑜
    𝑓𝑠𝑤 For, 𝐷𝑇 < 𝑡 < 𝑇
    𝑉𝐿 = −𝑉𝑜 = constant
    𝑉𝐷𝐶 D 𝐶 𝑅 𝑉𝑜𝑜 → 𝑖𝐿 decreases linearly
    𝑑𝑣 𝑣
    → 𝑖𝐿 = 𝐶 𝑜 + 𝑜
    𝑑𝑡 𝑅
    → 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 14


    DC-DC Conversion: Buck Converter

    Assume 𝑖𝐿 is continuous and steady-state is


    assumed
    Average voltage across 𝐿 = 0

    ∴ 𝑉𝐷𝐶 − 𝑉𝑜 𝐷𝑇 = 𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐷 𝑇

    𝑉𝑜 = 𝐷𝑉𝐷𝐶
    𝐼𝐿 , max
    ➔ Buck Converter, Output < Input
    𝐼𝐿 , min

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 15


    DC-DC Conversion: Buck Converter output when ‘D’ changes
    𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 30 V,
    𝐿 = 47 uH, • The relation: 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐷𝑉𝐷𝐶 is
    𝐶 = 22 uF, valid during steady state
    𝑅𝐿 = 10 ohm only
    • Notice the rise time in
    both the plots
    Time (s)

    Time (s) Time (s)

    EE 113:
    EE 103: Introduction
    Introduction to Electrical
    to Electrical Engineering PracticeProf. B.
    Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes
    G. Fernandes Slide 16
    DC-DC Conversion: Boost Converter
    Following circuit is a boost converter S is ON
    L → filter inductor 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 = Constant
    C → filter capacitor
    ‘𝑉𝑂 ’ is constant and ripple free → 𝐼𝐿 increases linearly
    𝑑𝑣 𝑣
    → 𝐼𝑜 = −𝐶 𝑑𝑡𝑜 = 𝑅𝑜
    Switch ‘S’ is switched at a very high frequency
    ▪ S is ON for 𝐷𝑇 time
    ▪ S is OFF for (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 time
    ▪ 𝑇 is switching period,
    1
    𝑇= , 𝑓𝑠𝑤 : switching frequency S is OFF
    𝑓𝑠𝑤

    𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 − 𝑉𝑜 = Constant

    → 𝐼𝐿 decreases linearly
    𝑑𝑣 𝑣
    → 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑡𝑜 + 𝑅𝑜

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 17


    DC-DC Conversion: Boost Converter

    Assume 𝑖𝐿 is continuous, and steady-state is assumed


    Average voltage across L = 0
    ∴ 𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝐷𝑇 + 𝑉𝐷𝐶 − 𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐷 𝑇 = 0
    1
    ⇒ 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉
    1 − 𝐷 𝐷𝐶

    ➔Boost Converter, Output > Input

    Precaution: Boost converter output should never be open


    circuited! (why??)
    𝐼𝐿 , max

    𝐼𝐿 , min

    EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 18

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