BEE4113: Electrical Installation Design

Chapter 2:
Lighting & Power

Ir. Dr. NOOR ZAIHAH BINTI JAMAL P.Eng, MIEM

[email protected]
 Instructor’s information

Ir. Dr. NOOR ZAIHAH BINTI JAMAL

Professional Engineer registered with BEM
Chartered Member (MIEM)
PhD in Electrical Engineering (Power System)
Master in Electrical Engineering (Power)
Degree in Electronic Engineering
Email: [email protected]
Tel. (Office): +6095493384

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 Introduction

In this chapter, students are introduced to what is lighting

spectrum and how to select type of lamp from the
manufacturers catalogue. Students shall be able to
calculate the number of lamp need to be installed for a
specified area and how to determine the light arrangement.

In addition, students shall be able to design the lighting and

power layout using the AutoCAD software.

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 Chapter Outline
1. Lighting Spectrum
2. Type of Lamp Selection
3. Number of Lamp and Lamp Arrangement
4. Power Layout Design
5. Layout Drawing

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 Referred Regulation & Standard

• Guideline on Occupational Safety & Health for Lighting at

workplace 2018, Department of Occupational Safety &
Health
• Panduan Teknik Rekabentuk Elektrik (Edisi 4), Jabatan
Kerja Raya

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 Symbols & units

Lux meter
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 Definitions

Luminous Flux (Փ) - quantity of the energy of the light emitted per second in all directions. The
unit of luminous flux is a lumen (lm). One lumen is a luminous flux of the uniform point light
source that has luminous intensity of 1 candela and is contained in one unit on spatial angle (or
1 steradian). The steradian is the spatial angle that limits a surface area of the sphere equal to
the square of the radius (r²)

Luminous Intensity (I) - ability to emit light into a given direction, or it is the luminous flux that
is radiated by the light source in a given direction within the unit of the spatial angel. If the point
light source emits Ø lumens into a small spatial angel β, the luminous intensity is I=Ø/β. The unit
of luminous intensity is candela. There is a standard that details the candela definition. This
includes the standard light source and the physical conditions of the measurement

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 Definitions

Illuminance (E) - measurement of the amount of light falling onto (illuminating) and spreading
over a given surface area. Illuminance also correlates with how humans perceive the brightness
of an illuminated area. The SI unit for illuminance is lux (lx) and the non SI unit is foot-candle.
The term “foot-candle” means “the illuminance on a surface by a candela source one foot
away”. One foot-candle is equivalent to one lumen per square foot which is approximately 10
lux.

Luminious Efficiency - measured in lumen per watt. Generally discharge and fluorescent types
have much higher efficiencies than the tungsten filament lamps. Efficiency of tungsten filament
lamp is in the range of 10 to 15 lumen / watt, for high pressure mercury the range is 40 to 50
and tubular fluorescent lamps is between 30 to 60.

Luminaire - Apparatus (fixed or portable) which distributes, filters or transforms the light given
by a lamp or lamps and which includes all the items necessary for fixing and protecting
these lamps and for connecting them to the supply circuit

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 Lighting in View of Safety & Health

Good lighting whether natural or artificial plays an important role in promoting safety and health
at place of work. It helps employees to see hazards and it can reduce the likelihood of visual
fatigue and discomfort. To ensure workplace have a good lighting, the lighting system shall be
designed and installed properly to provide a safe and comfortable visual working environment.
For example, the lighting requirement recommended for offices range between 200 lux to 750
lux depending on types of task. For other rooms and activities, the lighting requirement is
recommended in Appendix 1.

The level and type of lighting needed for safety in working areas therefore depends
on:
i) The type of work being carried out or effectively reveals the task;
ii) The hazard associated with it; and
iii) Safe and comfortable visual working environment

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 LIGHTING EQUIPMENTS
Lighting equipment should be comprised of lamps, lighting fittings
and control system for lighting installation

• Lamps
A wide range of lamp types is commercially available. Examples for
types of lamp are incandescent (tungsten), fluorescent, LED (light
emitting diode) and others. Examples for types of lamp is as follow:

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 Lighting Equipment

• Light Fittings
All light fitting must support and protect the lamp, provide electrical connection
and be safe during installation and operation. Using incorrect fittings in such
circumstances can be dangerous, and they may deteriorate rapidly unless they
are frequently maintained. The following are examples for types of light fittings

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 Lighting Equipment

• Control Systems
A control system may be anything from a simple mechanical switch to a
sophisticated automatic control system capable of responding to the amount of
daylight present or to whether or not a space is occupied.

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 Power (in Watt)

• Watt is the unit of power and was used for

incandescent lamps as an indication of their light
output. Since modern energy saving lamps and LED
lamps consume far less power to achieve the same
brightness, the wattage is no longer as meaningful.
The lumen value is now used to describe light output.

• Watts will only tell you how much power the light consumes, not how
much light it generates. Lumens will tell you what you actually need to
know, how much light you will get from a light source; and it is an easier
means for comparing the amount of light you will get from one lamp
versus another
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 Watt to Lumen

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 Directional & Non-directional

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 Beam angle

Indicates the width of the light beam from a

directional light source. It can be thought of as
an imaginary cone of light emitted from the front
of the lamp and is defi ned as the angle at the
point where luminous intensity has diminished
to 50% of the candela intensity found at the
centre beam. The beam angle is particularly
important to understand how focussed or how
diffuse you need your light to be when lighting a
specifi c object or an open space.

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 Colour Rendering Index (CRI)

This is the ability of a

lamp to reproduce the
colours it is illuminating
(maximum CRI = 100).
The higher the CRI, the
more accurate the quality
of the colours of objects
being lit

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 Lumen indicate the lamp colour

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 Lamp base type

Faculty of Engineering Technology – Electrical Power System– BTE 2413

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 Luminaires

• Every luminaire (light fitting) produce certain amount of

Lumens based on the specification given by
manufacturer.
• Refer to the manufacturer’s catalogue or JKR standard in
Chapter 3 Page : C3/ 29 of 32 Appendix 2: Lamp -
Lumen Table

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 Example 1

Average Illumination

If 50% of the light output of 4x100-watt tungsten/mercury

electric discharge lamps ultimately fall on a working plane
measuring 2m by 3m, what is the average illumination? The
design lumen is 1250 lumens

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 Example 1: Answer

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 Example 2

A room is fit by 2 x 18 watt fluorescent lamps and tungsten bulb

100 watt lamp. What is the installed flux?

If the working plane is 20m2, What is the Illuminance per unit

area?

Note: Refer to the manufacturer’s catalogue or JKR standard in

Chapter 3 Page : C3/ 29 of 32 Appendix 2: Lamp - Lumen Table

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 Example 2: Answer

Answer:
Installed flux = (2 x 1130) + (1 x 1160)
= 3420 lm

if the working plane is 20m2, then

Installed illuminance per unit area = 3420/20
= 171 lux

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 Co-efficient of Utilization (CU)

• Ratio of the actual flux received on a working plane to the

installed flux
• Depends on the proportions of the room, design of fitting and
reflection factor of the room surface

Illumination (E) = CU x Installed flux (lumen) per unit area

Note: This formula holds only if the lighting installation is

perfectly clean

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 Maintenance factor (MF)

• Dirt in fitting reduce light output

• Assumption 80% light will deliver if lamp are perfectly clean.
Thus average maintenance factor = 0.8.
• Higher maintenance factor say 0.9 can be assumed if fitting
are cleaned regularly or can be as low as 0.5 in foundry.
• Taking dirt into account, modified formula for illumination (E);

Illumination (E),
E = CU x Installed flux (lumen) per unit area x MF

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 Co-efficient of Utilization (CU) Table

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 Room Index

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 Example 3

A garage 20m long by 12m wide with a ceiling height of 6m

is required to be illuminated to a level of 200 lux at a
working plane height of 1 m. The luminaires will be
suspended 2m below the ceiling height. The reflectance's
are as follows: Ceiling 0.5, Walls 0.5, Floor 0.2. The
utilisation factor can be calculated from the previous table.

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 Example 3: Answer

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 Example 3: Answer

C = ceiling
W = wall
F = floor

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 Example 4

A garage 26m long by 16 m wide with a ceiling height of 7m

is required to be illuminated to a level of 500 lx at a working
plane height of 1.5 m. The luminaires will be suspended
1.5m below the ceiling height. The reflectance's are as
follows: Ceiling 0.3, Walls 0.5, Floor 0.2. Calculate the
utilisation factor from the previous table.

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 Example 4: Answer

What is the CU from the table?

______________

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 Example 4: Answer

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 Space Height Ratio (SHR)

• This is the ratio of space between luminaires to their

installed height above the working plane.
• Manufactures will generally specify a recommended SHR
to ensure their products best performance.

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 Example 5
Estimate a suitable spacing between luminaires which have
a spacing height ratio of 1.5 and are suspended 4 m above
the working plane?

Solution:
If S is the spacing and H the height
S/H = 1.5
S = 1.5 x 4 = 6 m
So SHR = 6:4

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 Example 6

Example
Room dimensions:
Ceiling height = 4m
Working plane = 1m (recessed luminaire)
Manufactures recommended SHR 2:1
Therefore: SHR
= 2:1
= 6:3

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 Example 7

Calculate the number of luminaires required for a given

room.
Dimensions:
L = 20m W = 40m H = 8m
• Luminaire suspended 1.5m from ceiling
• Working plane 1m
Manufactures recommended SHR (1.5:1)

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 Example 7: Answer

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 Lumen Method

This method is most suitable for interior lighting design,

where a high proportion of light on the working plane is
reflected by internal surfaces.

The lumen method, sometimes called the luminous flux

method of calculation, is normally used to calculate the
average illuminance (Lux) on working planes, or to calculate
the number of luminaires required providing a specified
average illuminance in rooms.

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 Lumen Method

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 Example 8

A factory floor, 30m x 20 m, is to be illuminated with 2 x

58W (low pressure mercury vapour) LPMV luminaires.
Calculate the number of luminaires needed to maintain an
average illuminance of 500 lux. The initial lamp output is
5,200 lumens. Calculations are to be carried out using a MF
of 0.8 and a UF of 0.7

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 Example 8: Answer

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 Example 9

A hotel reception area, 18m x 11 m, is to be illuminated with

40, 70 W, 2 pin pod MBI luminaires. The initial lamp output
is 6600lm, the MF is 0.8 and the UF is 0.65. Calculate the
average illuminance in the reception area. Also calculate
the efficacy of the lamp.

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 Example 9: Answer

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 Example

Consider a classroom of floor dimension 25ft x 30ft and

ceiling height 10 ft. the luminaire chosen is 4 foot 3 x 58W
fluorescent lamps. IES illumination standard recommend an
illumination of 300 lux. How many lamps are need to attain
this illumination level?

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 Example: Answer

• 1 ft = 0.3048m so, 1 lm/ft2 = 10.76 lux

• 300 lux = 27.88 lm/ft2
• Assume fittings are at same level of ceiling and table tops 2 ½
ft. high, then Hm = 7.5ft and L = 30 ft. , w = 25 ft.
• Thus,

• As the ceiling and walls are painted white, reflection factor of

ceiling of 70% and wall of 50% can be reasonably assumed.
• C of U = 0.46
• Take maintenance factor (MF) = 0.80
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 Example: Answer

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 Other lighting

Besides the basic indoor lighting,

the Design Engineer (DE) may
have to design for other types such
as special lighting for halls,
gymnasium, or outdoor facility e.g.
façade lighting, courts lighting,
area/security lighting, etc.

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 INDOOR/ INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING

• Building with high ceiling such as gymnasiums,

multipurpose halls, exhibition halls, etc. shall use less
maintenance and high performance type of luminaire such
as high pressure discharge lamps.
• The high ceiling lighting design criteria:

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 INDOOR/ INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING

• For high bay luminaries, Which is, S is maximum

spacing between luminaries in order to ensure sufficient
uniformity and Hm is Mounting height (distance between
luminaries and working plane). The lighting system shall
be designed by arrangement of alternating circuits, proper
grouping of lighting switches, separate switching etc. so
that necessary light fittings can be switched off if desired

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 Emergency Light

Emergency lighting can be used either standby or escape

lighting when the normal installation fails. Standby lighting
enables essential work to continue. Escape lighting enables a
building to be evacuated.
Emergency lighting is normally required to operate fully
automatically and give illumination of a sufficiently high level to
enable all occupants to evacuate the premises safely. Most new
buildings now have emergency lighting installed during
construction; the design and type of equipment being specified
by the architect in accordance with current Building Regulations
and any local authority requirements.

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 Emergency Light

 Standby Lighting/ Emergency light

The illuminance needed for standby lighting
depend on what work has to be done. It may be
between 5% and 100% of the illuminance
produced by the normal installation.

 Escape Lighting/ Exit light

An emergency escape lighting system provided
to ensure the means of escape can be effectively
identified and safely used by occupants of the
building
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 Power Layout Design

Power layout are designed based on requirement/ task of

the room. Power circuit consist of 13A 3-pin socket outlet,
air conditioner point (15A), heater point (15A), motor point
and other specific power point for specific devices.

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 DRAWING LEGEND (NORMAL LOAD)

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 DRAWING LEGEND (ESSENTIAL LOAD)

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 References
Recommended References:
1) Malaysian Standard, MS1936:2007, "Electrical Installation of
Buildings - Guide to MS IEC 60364"

2) British Standard, BS7671:2008, "Requirement for Electrical

Installations", IET Wiring Regulations 17th Edition.

3) Malaysian Standard, MS IEC 62305 "Protection Against

Lightning", 2007.

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 References
Recommended References:

1) Malaysian Standard, MS1936:2007, "Electrical Installation of Buildings -

Guide to MS IEC 60364"

2) British Standard, BS7671:2008, "Requirement for Electrical Installations",

IET Wiring Regulations 17th Edition.

3) Malaysian Standard, MS IEC 62305 "Protection Against Lightning", 2007.

4) A.J.Watkins, Electrical Installation Calculation, Volume 3. Arnold Publisher,

1999
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 Software

1. Microsoft Word
2. Microsoft Excel
3. AutoCAD

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