Science

Science & Technology
1. Answer anyone out of the following questions in about 40-60.

(b) Explain the thermal expansion process with the help of diagram and two suitable
examples from daily life
Ans- Thermal expansion occurs when an object expands and becomes larger due to a change
in the object's temperature. To understand how this happens, we need to think about what
temperature actually is. Temperature is the average kinetic (or movement) energy of the
molecules in a substance. A higher temperature means that the molecules are moving faster on
average. If you heat up the material, the molecules move faster and, as a result, they take up
more space they tend to move into areas that were previously empty. This causes the size of the
object to increase.
So when you heat up the jar lid, the same thing happens – the jar lid expands. So does the glass,
but metals expand more than glass. The gaps between the metal jar lid and the glass threads
increase, so it becomes easier to open.
A bimetal strip consists of two thin strips of different metals such as brass and iron joined
together. On heating the strip, brass expands more than iron. This unequal expansion causes the
bending of the strip.
Bridges made of steel girders also expand during the day and contract during the night. They
will bend if their ends are fixed. To allow thermal girder rests on rollers in the gap left for
expansion.
2. Answer anyone out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words.

(a) Write the formula of the compounds.
(b) (i) If the cerebellum is not functioning properly, which activities of our body would
Get affected?
If the cerebellum is not functioning properly, activities of our body may get affected like,
 Balance: Maintenance of body balance or equilibrium and posture.
 Movements: Motor, voluntary, and coordinating movements.
 Strength: Maintenance of muscle tone.
 Sensory perception: of vision, speech.
 Intellectual: Motor learning and cognitive functions.
(ii) Which part of the brain controls all involuntary actions?
Ans- The medulla controls the involuntary activities of the body like sneezing, Heart rate, and
vomiting.
Here are some of the regions of the medulla and their functions
(i) Reflex centers – this is responsible for reflexes such as swallowing, Vomiting, sneezing, and
coughing.
(ii) The cardiac center – responsible for the regulation of the heart rate.
(iii) The vasomotor center – this is responsible for the regulation of blood pressure.
(iv) Respiratory center – this is responsible for the breathing activity.
(b) (i) Explain the following:
 Ionic compounds conduct electricity in a molten state but covalent compounds
Cannot conduct electricity in the molten state.
 Ans- In molten state or dissolved state ionic compounds conduct electricity because they
contain charged particles called cations and anions. These ions are free to move to
conduct electricity. There are plenty of free ions in the molten state or dissolved state
which is able to conduct electric current.
 In a solid-state, the movement of iron is restricted because the ions are held together in
fixed positions by strong electrostatic force and cannot move freely. These ionic
compounds conduct electricity in a molten state or solution but in a solid-state, they do
not conduct electricity.
 The melting point of naphthalene is 353.4K the melting point of sodium Chloride is
1074K.
Ans- Saturated concentration of rock salt in water is determined by a simulation of brine in
contact with a crystal in the slab geometry. The NaCl crystals are rotated to expose facets with
higher Miller indices than [001] to brine. The rock salt melting point is obtained by both the
standard and adiabatic simulations in the slab geometry with attention paid to finite size effects
as well as to a possible influence of facets with higher Miller indices and applied stress. Two
force fields are used, the Lennard-Jones-based model by Young and Cheatham with SPC/E
water and the Kiss and Baranyai polarizable model with BK3 water. The latter model is refitted to
thermomechanical properties of crystal NaCl leading to better values of solubility and the melting
point.
(ii) Explain Redox Reaction with example.
Ans- An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a
transfer of electrons between two species. An oxidation-reduction reaction is any chemical
reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing
an electron.
The formation of hydrogen fluoride is an example of a redox reaction. We can break the reaction
down to analyze the oxidation and reduction of reactants. The hydrogen is oxidized and loses
two electrons, so each hydrogen becomes positive.
H2 +2F→2HF
(a) A group of tall, elongated cells having cilia at their free ends, are found in the
inner lining of the stomach and intestine. Name these tissues and also mention
their functions in the body?
Ans- Epithelium is one of only 4 types of human body tissues. Like all types, it is formed by cells
within an extracellular matrix (ECM).
The cells in this tissue are tightly packed within a thin ECM. Forming sheets that cover the
internal and external body surfaces (surface epithelium) and secreting organs (glandular
epithelium). Functions of epithelial tissue are secretion, protection, absorption, transportation,
and special sensory receptive.
Cilia – fingerlike structures present on almost every epithelial cell. There are three types of cilia;
motile, primary, and nodal. Their respective functions are; removing foreign particles from the
epithelial surface, transportation of signals from the ECM to the intracellular space, and Fetal
development.
6. Prepare any one project out of the given below.

(b) Visit a nearby school or college laboratory and collect information about some of
the chemicals that are used in the laboratory. Answer the following–
(i) How will you differentiate between organic and inorganic chemicals?
Ans- The terms "organic" and "inorganic” mean something different in chemistry than when
you're talking about food and produce. Organic and inorganic compounds form the basis for
organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry. Organic chemists study organic molecules, their
synthesis, and the reactions between them. Inorganic chemists study all other types of
substances, including salts, metals, and minerals.
(ii) Name the functional group present in ethanol.

Ans- Ethanol is the byproduct of plant fermentation and is also produced by the Hydration of
ethylene.
(iii) Name the allotropic forms of carbon.
Some chemical elements exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state. These
different forms are called allotropes. Diamond, graphite, and fullerene are different allotropes of
carbon. Graphite is used in ribbons for printing in computes and typewriters and also in lead
pencils.
(iv) How will you differentiate between alcohols and carboxylic acids?
Ans- Alcohols and carboxylic acids are organic compounds. They are composed of C, H, and O
atoms in different combinations. Both these compounds are acidic compounds. They have
special groups of atoms that are called functional groups. The difference between alcohol and
carboxylic acid can be identified by the presence of these functional groups. Since they are
different compounds, they show different physical and chemical properties as discussed in this
article. There are many applications of alcohols and carboxylic acids in the laboratory and in the
industry. The main difference between alcohol and carboxylic acid is that the functional group
present in alcohol is a hydroxyl group (-OH) whereas the functional group in carboxylic acid is the
carboxyl group (-COOH).
(v) How will you differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
(vi) CO2 is an organic or inorganic compound?
Ans- Compounds of carbon are classified as organic when carbon is bound to hydrogen.
Carbon compounds such as carbides (e.g., silicon carbide [SiC2]), some carbonates (e.g.,
calcium carbonate [CaCO3]), some cyanides (e.g., sodium cyanide [NaCN]), graphite, carbon
dioxide, and carbon monoxide are classified as inorganic.

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Science & Technology

1. Answer anyone out of the following questions in about 40-60.

2. Answer anyone out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words.

6. Prepare any one project out of the given below.

(ii) Name the functional group present in ethanol.

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