Prime Minister of Canada

The prime minister of Canada (French: premier ministre

du Canada)[note 1] is the head of government of Canada.
Under the Westminster system, the prime minister
governs with the confidence of a majority of the elected
House of Commons; as such, the prime minister typically
sits as a member of Parliament (MP) and leads the
largest party or a coalition of parties. The prime minister
is asked by the monarch's representative, the governor
general, and, as first minister, selects other ministers to
form the Cabinet and chairs it. Constitutionally, the
Crown exercises executive power on the advice of the
Cabinet, which is collectively responsible to the House of
Commons.
 Prime Minister of Canada

Premier ministre du Canada

Incumbent
Justin Trudeau
since November 4, 2015

Government of Canada
Privy Council Office

Style The Right Honourable[a][1]

 (formal)
Prime Minister[1]
(informal)
Abbreviation PM

Member of Parliament · Privy Council ·

Cabinet[2]

Reports to Monarch (represented by the

governor general) ·
Parliament

Residence 24 Sussex Drive[b]

Seat Office of the Prime Minister

and Privy Council building

Appointer Monarch (represented by the

governor general);[3]
with the confidence of the
House of Commons[4]
Term length At His Majesty's pleasure
Constituting instrument None (constitutional
convention)

Inaugural holder John A. Macdonald

Formation July 1, 1867

Deputy Deputy Prime Minister of

Canada

Salary CA$379,000 (2023)[5][c]

Website pm.gc.ca (https://pm.gc.c

a/)

Not outlined in any constitutional document, the office

exists only per long-established convention (originating
in Canada's former colonial power, the United Kingdom)
that stipulates the monarch's representative, the
governor general, must select as prime minister the
person most likely to command the confidence of the
elected House of Commons; this individual is typically
the leader of the political party that holds the largest
number of seats in that chamber.[note 2][6][7] Canadian
prime ministers are appointed to the Privy Council and
styled as the Right Honourable (French: Le très
honorable),[note 3] a privilege maintained for life.

The prime minister is supported by the Prime Minister's

Office and heads the Privy Council Office.[8] The prime
minister also selects individuals for appointment as
governor general (in the federal jurisdiction) and
lieutenant governor (in the provinces), as well as to the
Senate of Canada, Supreme Court of Canada, and other
federal courts, and, as required under law, the chairs and
boards of various Crown corporations. Under the
Constitution Act, 1867, government power is vested in the
monarch (who is the head of state), but in practice the
roles of the monarch and the governor general (or the
administrator) are largely ceremonial and only exercised
on the advice of a Cabinet minister.[9]

Justin Trudeau is the 23rd and current prime minister of

Canada. He took office on November 4, 2015, following
the 2015 federal election where his Liberal Party won a
majority of seats and was invited to form the 29th
Canadian Ministry. Trudeau's Liberals were subsequently
re-elected following the 2019 and 2021 elections with a
minority of seats. Trudeau continued in office with
minority governments.

Origin of the office

The position of prime minister is not outlined in any
Canadian constitutional document and is mentioned only
in a few sections of the Constitution Act, 1982,[10][11] and
the Letters Patent, 1947 issued by King George VI.[12] The
office and its functions are instead governed by
constitutional conventions and modelled on the same
office in the United Kingdom.

Qualifications and selection

The prime minister, along with the other ministers in
Cabinet, is appointed by the governor general on behalf
of the monarch.[13] However, by the conventions of
responsible government, designed to maintain
administrative stability, the governor general will call to
form a government the individual most likely to receive
the support, or confidence, of a majority of the directly
elected members of the House of Commons;[14] as a
practical matter, this is often the leader of a party whose
members form a majority, or a very large plurality, of the
House of Commons.[15]

While there is no legal requirement for prime ministers to

be MPs themselves, for practical and political reasons
the prime minister is expected to win a seat very
promptly.[16] However, in rare circumstances individuals
who are not sitting members of the House of Commons
have been appointed to the position of prime minister.
Two former prime ministers—John Joseph Caldwell
Abbott and Mackenzie Bowell—served in the 1890s while
members of the Senate.[17] Both, in their roles as
Government Leader in the Senate, succeeded prime
ministers who had died in office—John A. Macdonald in
1891 and John Sparrow David Thompson in 1894.
John A. Macdonald, the first prime minister of Canada (1867–1873, 1878–1891)

Prime ministers who are not MPs upon their

appointment (or who lose their seats while in office) have
since been expected to seek election to the House of
Commons as soon as possible. For example, William
Lyon Mackenzie King, after losing his seat in the 1925
federal election (that his party won), briefly governed
without a seat in the House of Commons before winning
a by-election a few weeks later. Similarly, John Turner
replaced Pierre Trudeau as leader of the Liberal Party in
1984 and subsequently was appointed prime minister
while not holding a seat in the House of Commons;
Turner won a riding in the next election but the Liberal
Party was swept from power.

When a prime minister loses their seat in the legislature,

or should a new prime minister be appointed without
holding a seat, the typical process that follows is that a
member in the governing political party will resign to
allow the prime minister to run in the resulting by-
election.[17] A safe seat is usually chosen; while the
Liberal and Conservative parties generally observed a
practice of not running a candidate against another
party's new leader in the by-election, the New Democratic
Party and smaller political parties typically do not follow
the same practice.[18] However, if the governing party
selects a new leader shortly before an election is due,
and that new leader is not a member of the legislature,
they will normally await the upcoming election before
running for a seat in Parliament.

Term of office
The prime minister serves at His Majesty's pleasure,
meaning the post does not have a fixed term, and once
appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the
prime minister remains in office until they resign, are
dismissed, or die.[19]

While the lifespan of a parliament is constitutionally

limited to five years, a 2007 amendment to the Canada
Elections Act, Section 56.1(2) limited the term of a
majority government to four years, with election day
being set as the third Monday in October of the fourth
calendar year after the previous polling date.[20] The
governor general may still, on the advice of the prime
minister, dissolve parliament and issue the writs of
election prior to the date mandated by the constitution or
Canada Elections Act; the King–Byng Affair was the only
time since Confederation that the governor general
refused the prime minister's request for a general vote.

Following parliamentary dissolution, the prime minister

must run in the resulting general election to maintain a
seat in the House of Commons. Should the prime
minister's party subsequently win a majority of seats in
the House of Commons, it is unnecessary to re-appoint
the prime minister or for the prime minister to retake the
oath of office.[19] If, however, an opposition party wins a
majority of seats, the prime minister may resign or be
dismissed by the governor general. Should the prime
minister's party achieve a minority while an opposition
party wins a plurality (i.e., more seats than any other
party but less than a majority), the prime minister can
attempt to maintain the confidence of the House by
forming a coalition with other minority parties, which
was last entertained in 1925 or by entering into a
confidence-and-supply agreement.

Role and authority

Canada's prime ministers during its first century

Because the prime minister is in practice the most

politically powerful member of the Canadian
government, they are sometimes erroneously referred to
as Canada's head of state,[note 4] when, in fact, that role
belongs to the Canadian monarch, represented by the
governor general.[22] The prime minister is, instead, the
head of government and is responsible for advising the
Crown on how to exercise much of the royal prerogative
and its executive powers,[6] which are governed by the
constitution and its conventions. However, the function
of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power.
Today, per the doctrines of constitutional monarchy, the
advice given by the prime minister is ordinarily binding,
meaning the prime minister effectively carries out those
duties ascribed to the sovereign or governor general,
leaving the latter to act in predominantly ceremonial
fashions.[23] As such, the prime minister, supported by
the Office of the Prime Minister (PMO), controls the
appointments of many key figures in Canada's system of
governance, including the governor general, the Cabinet,
justices of the Supreme Court, senators, heads of Crown
corporations, ambassadors and high commissioners, the
provincial lieutenant governors, and approximately 3,100
other positions. Further, the prime minister plays a
prominent role in the legislative process—with the
majority of bills put before Parliament originating in the
Cabinet—and the leadership of the Canadian Armed
Forces.

William Lyon Mackenzie King, the 10th prime minister of Canada (1921–1926; 1926–1930; 1935–1948)

Pierre Trudeau is credited with, throughout his tenure as

prime minister between 1968 and 1984, consolidating
power in the PMO,[24] which is itself filled by political and
administrative staff selected at the prime minister's
discretion and unaccountable to Parliament. At the end
of the 20th century and into the 21st, analysts—such as
Jeffrey Simpson,[25] Donald Savoie, Andrew Coyne,[26]
and John Gomery—argued that both Parliament and the
Cabinet had become eclipsed by prime ministerial
power;[note 5][27] Savoie wrote: "The Canadian prime
minister has little in the way of institutional check, at
least inside government, to inhibit his ability to have his
way."[28] Indeed, the position has been described as
undergoing a "presidentialization",[24][29] to the point that
its incumbents publicly outshine the actual head of state
(and prime minister's spouses are sometimes referred to
as First Lady of Canada[30][31]).[32][33] Former governor
general Adrienne Clarkson alluded to what she saw as
"an unspoken rivalry" that had developed between the
prime minister and the Crown.[34] It has been theorized
that such is the case in Canada as its Parliament is less
influential on the executive than in other countries with
Westminster parliamentary systems; particularly, Canada
has fewer MPs, a higher turnover rate of MPs after each
election, and a US-style system for selecting political
party leaders, leaving them accountable to the party
membership rather than caucus (as is the case in the
UK).[35]

There do exist checks on the prime minister's power: the

House of Commons may revoke its confidence in an
incumbent prime minister and Cabinet or caucus revolts
can quickly bring down a serving premier and even mere
threats of such action can persuade or compel a prime
minister to resign his post, as happened with Jean
Chrétien. The Reform Act, 2014,[36] codifies the process
by which a caucus may trigger a party leadership review
and, if necessary, chose an interim leader, thereby
making a prime minister more accountable to the MPs in
his or her party. Caucuses may choose to follow these
rules, though the decision would be made by recorded
vote, thereby subjecting the party's choice to public
scrutiny.[37]

The Senate may delay or impede legislation put forward

by the Cabinet, such as when Brian Mulroney's bill
creating the Goods and Services Tax (GST) came before
the Senate, and given Canada's federal nature, the
jurisdiction of the federal government is limited to areas
prescribed by the constitution. Further, as executive
power is constitutionally vested in the monarch, meaning
the royal prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any
of its ministers,[38][39][40] the sovereign's supremacy over
the prime minister in the constitutional order is thus seen
as a "rebuff to the pretensions of the elected: As it has
been said, when the prime minister bows before the
queen, he bows before us [the Canadian people]."[41][42]
Either the sovereign or his or her governor general may
therefore oppose the prime minister's will in extreme,
crisis situations.[note 6] Near the end of her time as
governor general, Adrienne Clarkson stated: "My
constitutional role has lain in what are called 'reserve
powers': making sure that there is a prime minister and a
government in place, and exercising the right 'to
encourage, to advise, and to warn'[...] Without really
revealing any secrets, I can tell you that I have done all
three."[43]

Privileges
24 Sussex Drive, the official residence of the prime minister of Canada

Two official residences are provided to the prime

minister—24 Sussex Drive in Ottawa and Harrington
Lake, a country retreat in Gatineau Park—as well an office
in the Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council
building (formerly known as Langevin Block), across
from Parliament Hill.[44] For transportation, the prime
minister is afforded an armoured car (a car allowance of
$2,000 per year) and shared use of two official aircraft—a
CC-150 Polaris for international flights and a Challenger
601 for domestic trips. The Royal Canadian Mounted
Police also furnish constant personal security for the
prime minister and their family. All of the aforementioned
is provided through budgets approved by Parliament, as
is the prime minister's total annual compensation of
$357,800[5] (consisting of an MP's salary of $178,900
and the prime minister's salary of $178,900).[5]

Serving or former prime ministers are accorded a state

funeral, wherein their casket lies in state in the Centre
Block of Parliament Hill.[45] Only Bowell and the Viscount
Bennett were given private funerals, Bennett also being
the only former prime minister of Canada to die and be
buried outside the country and Bowell the only whose
funeral was not attended by politicians. John Thompson
also died outside Canada, at Windsor Castle, where
Queen Victoria permitted his lying-in-state before his
body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in
Halifax.[46]
The mark of the prime ministership of Canada, applied to the arms of prime ministers

Prior to 1919, it was traditional for the monarch to

bestow a knighthood on newly appointed Canadian
prime ministers. Accordingly, several carried the prefix Sir
before their name; of the first eight premiers of Canada,
only Alexander Mackenzie refused the honour of a
knighthood from Queen Victoria. Following the 1919
Nickle Resolution, however, the House of Commons
motioned that it should be against the policy of the
Canadian Sovereign (and the Canadian government
advising the Monarch when such honours are not within
the Monarch's personal gift) to bestow aristocratic or
chivalric titles to Canadians. The Crown in right of
Canada (but not the Crown in right of the United
Kingdom, which has periodically bestowed such Imperial
honours on such citizens) has since adopted this policy
generally, such that the last prime minister to be knighted
near appointment was Robert Borden, who was the
prime minister at the time the Nickle Resolution was
debated in the House of Commons (and was knighted
before the resolution). Still, Bennett was, in 1941, six
years after he stepped down as prime minister, elevated
to the peerage of the United Kingdom by King George VI
as Viscount Bennett, of Mickleham in the County of
Surrey and of Calgary and Hopewell in Canada.[47][48] No
prime minister has since been titled.
The Canadian Heraldic Authority (CHA) grants former
prime ministers an augmentation of honour on the coat
of arms of those who apply for them. The heraldic badge,
referred to by the CHA as the mark of the Prime
Ministership of Canada,[49] consists of four red maple
leaves joined at the stem on a white field (Argent four
maple leaves conjoined in cross at the stem Gules); the
augmentation is usually a canton or centred in the
chief.[49][50][51][52][53] Joe Clark,[49] Pierre Trudeau,[50] John
Turner,[51] Brian Mulroney,[52] Kim Campbell,[53] Jean
Chrétien[54] and Paul Martin[55] were granted arms with
the augmentation.

Style of address
Kim Campbell, the 19th prime minister of Canada (1993) and only female and British Columbia–born person to hold the office

Canada continues the Westminster tradition of using the

title Prime Minister when one is speaking to the federal
head of government directly; the Department of
Canadian Heritage advises that it is incorrect to use the
term Mr. Prime Minister.[56] The written form of address
for the prime minister should use his or her full
parliamentary title: The Right Honourable [name], [post-
nominal letters], Prime Minister of Canada. However, while
in the House of Commons during Question Period, other
members of parliament may address the prime minister
as the Right Honourable Member for [prime minister's
riding] or simply the Right Honourable Prime Minister.[57]
Former prime ministers retain the prefix the Right
Honourable for the remainder of their lives; should they
remain sitting MPs, they may be referred as the Right
Honourable Member for [member's riding], by their
portfolio title (if appointed to one), as in the Right
Honourable Minister of National Defence, or should they
become opposition leader, as the Right Honourable
Leader of the Opposition.

In the decades following Confederation, it was common

practice to refer to the prime minister as Premier of
Canada,[58][59][60] a custom that continued until the First
World War, around the time of Robert Borden's
premiership.[61][62][63] While contemporary sources will
still speak of early prime ministers of Canada as
premier,[64][65][66] the modern practice is such that the
federal head of government is known almost exclusively
as the prime minister, while the provincial and territorial
heads of government are termed premiers (in French,
premiers are addressed as premier ministre du [province],
literally translated as prime minister of [province]).

Prime minister-designate of Canada

The prime minister–designate of Canada is the person
who has been designated as the future prime minister by
the governor general, after either the individual's politicial
party won a general election or proposing to form either
a confidence and supply government or coalition
government. The term does not apply to incumbent
prime ministers.
Activities post-tenure
After exiting office, former prime ministers of Canada
have engaged in various pursuits. Some remained in
politics: Bowell continued as a senator, Stephen Harper
returned to the House of Commons as a backbench MP,
and Bennett moved to the United Kingdom after being
elevated to the House of Lords.[67] A number were
leaders of the Official Opposition: John A. Macdonald,
Arthur Meighen, Mackenzie King,[68] and Pierre Trudeau,
all before being re-appointed as prime minister
(Mackenzie King twice); Alexander Mackenzie and John
Diefenbaker, both prior to sitting as regular Members of
Parliament until their deaths;[69] Wilfrid Laurier dying
while still in the post;[70] and Charles Tupper,[71] Louis St.
Laurent,[72] and John Turner, each before they returned to
private business. Meighen was also appointed to the
Senate following his second period as prime minister,
but resigned his seat to seek re-election and moved to
private enterprise after failing to win a riding.[73] Also
returning to civilian life were: Robert Borden, who was
Chancellor of Queen's and McGill Universities, as well as
working in the financial sector; Lester B. Pearson, who
was Chancellor of Carleton University;[74] Joe Clark and
Kim Campbell, who became university professors, Clark
also consultant and Campbell working in international
diplomacy and as the director of private companies and
chairperson of interest groups; while Pierre Trudeau and
Jean Chrétien returned to legal practice.[75] Former prime
ministers also commonly penned autobiographies—
Tupper,[71] for example—or published their memoirs—
such as Diefenbaker and Paul Martin.[69]
See also
Canada
portal
Politics
portal

Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada

List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office

Prime ministers of Canada in popular culture

List of books about prime ministers of Canada

List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria

List of prime ministers of Edward VII

List of prime ministers of George V

List of prime ministers of Edward VIII

List of prime ministers of George VI

List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II

 List of prime ministers of Charles III

Notes
1. When the position is held by a woman, the French title is
première ministre du Canada.

2. See majority and plurality.

3. When the style is held by a woman, the French title is: La

très honorable.

4. A 2008 Ipsos-Reid poll found 42% of respondents thought

the prime minister was head of state.[21]

5. See note 2 at Cabinet of Canada.

6. See "Responsibilities" and note 1 at Cabinet of Canada.

a. This title is granted to holders of the office for life upon

taking office.

b. Under renovation since 2015. Rideau Cottage is the

current residence of Justin Trudeau.
 c. Including a salary of CA$189,500 as a Member of
Parliament. There is also a $2,000 car allowance.[5]

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