University of Eastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
University Town, Northern Samar

PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 108

Prepared by:

LORNA VICTORIA B. RAMIS, CE

Professor
1. OVERVIEW OF THE MODULE

The previous module discussed the design of one-way slab in accordance with the
minimum requirement prescribed by NSCP 2015. In this module we will discuss the methods of
design permitted by the code in the design of two-way slab.

1.1 Purpose of the Module

After completing this module, the students are expected to:

1. Know how to design a two-way slab in accordance to the minimum requirements set
by the NSCP 2015.

2. know how to design two-way slab through the Direct Design Method

1.2 Module Title and Description

MODULE NO.3 – DESIGN OF TWO – WAY SLAB

1.3 Module Guide

Before proceeding to the design, you should know the objectives of the design of
concrete structures. The objectives of the design are as follows:

● The structures so designed should have an acceptable probability of performing

satisfactorily during their intended life.
● The designed structure should sustain all loads and deform within limits for
construction and use.
● The designed structures should be durable.
● The designed structures should adequately resist to the effects of misuse and fire.

1.4 Module Outcomes

After studying this module, you must be able to:

1. Know how to design a two-way slab in accordance to the minimum requirements

set by the NSCP 2015.

2. know how to design two-way slab through the Direct Design Method

1.5 Module Requirements

● Solve the exercises and write them in an A4 bond paper with 1” x 1” borderline
for uniformity.
● Have it stapled at the upper left hand corner of the bond paper. Please do not
use folder, however you can place it inside an envelope to avoid from getting
lost during its transportation.
 ● If you cannot submit a hard copy, you can submit it through google drive. Just
provide me the link so that I can access your file.

2. KEY TERMS

To understand meaning of Key Terms, please refer to NSCP 2015, Chapter 2, Section
202 and Chapter 4, section 402.

3. LEARNING PLAN

3.1 Activating Student’s Schemata

The previous module discussed the basic load combinations integrated in the
design, basic load requirement from NSCP 2015 and design of one-way slab. The present module
will tackle the design of two-way slab with the guidance of NSCP 2015.

3.2 Learning Objectives

3.2.1 Two-Way Slabs

To classify a slab as a tw0-way slab, the length of the long side should be
less than twice the length of the short side. The short direction is considered the
main direction because most of the load is transferred in this direction. The main
reinforcement is arranged in the short direction and the secondary reinforcement is
arranged in the long direction. Two-way slab are those that bend in double curvature
as shown in Fig. 1.9, and thus require steel reinforcement in two directions to prevent
excessive cracking and to limit deflections. The reinforcement is normally positioned
parallel to the side of the slab in both directions. The reinforcement is normally
positioned parallel to the side of the slab in both directions. The position of the
reinforcement is determined by the curvature of the slab. The top steel is placed in
the negative curvature areas and the bottom steel in the positive curvature areas.

Designers may design slabs on the basis of numerical solutions, yield-line

analysis, or other theoretical methods, provided that it can be clearly demonstrated
that they have met all the necessary safety and service ability criteria required by
the Code. Section 408 of the NSCP 2015 provides the minimum provisions needed
in the design of two-way slab system.
3.2.2 Design of Two-Way Slabs

The Code permits, where applicable, two methods for designing two-way
slabs for gravity loads. These are the Direct Design Method of Section 408.10 and
the Equivalent Frame Method of Section 408.11.

3.2.2.1 Direct Design Method

The code provides a procedure with which a set of moment coefficients can
be determined. The method, in effect, involves a single-cycle moment distribution
analysis of the structure based on (a) the estimated flexural stiffness of the slab,
beams (if any), and columns and (b) the torsional stiffness of the slabs and beams
(if any) transverse to the direction in which flexural moments are being determined.
Some types of moment coefficients have been used satisfactorily for many years for
slab design. They do not, however, give very satisfactory results for slab with
unsymmetrical dimensions and loading patterns.

3.2.2.2 Equivalent Frame Method

By equivalent frame method the structure is divided for analysis into

continues frames centered on the column lines and extending longitudinally and
transversely, as shown in Fig(4-1). Each frame is composed of a row of columns
and a broad continues beam. The beam or slab beam, includes the portion of the
slab bounded by panel centerlines on either side of the columns, together with
column line beam or drop panel, if used. For vertical loading, each floor with its
columns may be analyzed separately, with the columns assumed to be fixed at the
floor above and below
DESIGN LIMITS

408.3.1 Minimum Slab Thickness

408.3.2 Calculated Deflection Limits
 408.3.3 Reinforcement Strain Limit in Non-Prestressed Slabs

REQUIRED STRENGTH

408.4.1 General
408.4.2 Factored Moment

408.4.2.3 Factored Slab Moment Resisted by the Column

408.4.3 Factored One - Way Shear

408.4.4 Factored Two - Way Shear

DESIGN STRENGTH

408.5.1 General

408.5.2 Moment
408.5.3 Shear

408.5.4 Openings in Slab System

408.6 Reinforcement Limits

408.6.1 Minimum Flexural Reinforcement in

Non-Prestressed Slabs
408.6 Reinforcement Detailing
408.10 Direct Design Method
408.11 Equivalent Frame Method
3.2.2 SAMPLE PROBLEM (DIRECT DESIGN METHOD)

Determine the negative and positive moments required for the design of the exterior panel
of the two-way slab beam structure shown. The slab is to support a live load of 5.75 kN/m2
and a dead load of 4.79 kN/m2 including slab weight. The columns are 375mm x 375mm
and 3.66m long. The slab is supported by beams along the column line with the cross
section shown. Design the two-way slab using Direct Design Method. f’c = 21MPa and fy =
420 MPa.
6.70m 6.70m

3.54m

5.5m

5.5m

5.5m

500mm

380mm 380mm
SOLUTION:

1. Check NSCP 2015 limitations. These conditions are met.

2. Minimum thickness as required by NSCP 2015:
(a) Assume h = 150mm
(b) Effective flange projection of column line beam as specified by code:
=4hf = (4)(150) = 600mm or h - hf = 500 - 150 = 350mm
(c) Gross moments of inertia of T beams. The following values are the gross moments
of inertia of the edge and interior beams computed, respectively, about their
centroidal axes. Many designers use approximate values for these moments of inertia
Is, with almost identical results for slab thickness. One common practice is to use 2
times the gross moment of inertia of the stem (using a depth of stem running from top
of slab to bottom of stem) for interior beams and 1½ times the stem gross moment of
inertia for edge beams.
I for edge beams = 5.609x109 mm4
I for interior beams = 6.606x109 mm4

(d) Calculating α values (where α is the ratio of the stiffness of the beam section to
the stiffness of a width of slab bounded laterally by the centerline of the adjacent
panel, if any, on each side of the beam):

380
For edge beam (width = ½ x 6700 + 2
= 3540mm)
1
Is = ( )(3540)(150)3 = 995.625x106 mm4
12
5.609𝑥109
α= 995.625𝑥106
= 5.63

For 5.5m interior beam (with 6.7m slab width)

1
Is = ( )(6700)(150)3 = 1.884x109 mm4
12
6.606𝑥109
α= 1.884𝑥109
= 3.51

For 6.7m interior beam (with 5.5m slab width)

1
Is = ( )(5500)(150)3 = 1.547x109 mm4
12
6.606𝑥109
α= 1.547𝑥109
= 4.27

5.63 + 3.51 + (2)(4.27)

Average α = αm = = 4.42
4
βs = ratio of length of continuous edges to total perimeter
18900
= = 0.77
24400

6700 − 380
β = ratio of long to short clear span = = 1.23
5500 − 380

(e) Thickness limits by NSCP 2015 section 408.3.1

ln = 6.70 - 0.38 = 6.32m
As αm > 2.0, use equation in Table 408.3.1.2

𝑓𝑦 420
𝑙𝑛 (.08 + ) 6320 (.08 + )
1400 1400
h= = = 51.02mm
36+9𝛽 36 + 9(1.23)
h is less than 90mm, assumed h = 150mm (ok)
3. Moments for the short - span direction centered on interior column line:

Wu = 1.4D + 1.6L
Wu = 1.4(4.79) + 1.6(5.75)
Wu = 15.91 kN/m2
2
𝑞𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛
Mo = 8

15.91(6.7)(6.322 )
Mo = 8
Mo = 532.22kN-m

(a) Dividing this static design moment into negative and positive portions, as
per section 408.10.4 of NSCP 2015:
Negative design moment = 0.65 (532.22) = -345.94 kN-m
Positive design moment = 0.35(532.22) = 186.28 kN-m

(b) Allotting these interior moments to beam and column strips, as per
section 408.10.5 of NSCP 2015:

𝑙2 6700
𝑙1
= 5500 = 1.22
α1 = α in direction of short span = 3.51
𝑙
α1 𝑙2 = 3.51(1.22) = 4.28
1
The portion of the interior negative moment to be resisted by the column strip, as per
Table 408.10.5.1, by interpolation is 68%

(0.68)(-345.94) = - 235.24 kN-m

85% beam = 0.85(-235.24) = -199.95 kN-m
15% slab = 0.15(-235.24) = -35.29 kN-m
Middle Strip = -345.94 - (-235.24) = -110.70 kN-m

The portion of the interior positive moment to be resisted by the column strip as per
table 408.10.5.5 of the code, by interpolation is 68%
(0.68)(186.28) = 126.67 kN-m
85% beam = 0.85(126.67) = 107.67 kN-m
15% slab = 0.15(126.67) = 19 kN-m
Middle Strip = 186.28 - 126.67 = 59.61 kN-m

4. Moments for the short - span direction centered on the edge beam:
2
𝑞𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛
Mo = 8

15.91(6.32)(5.122 )
Mo =
8
Mo = 329.49kN-m

(a) Dividing this static design moment into negative and positive portions, as per
section 408.10.4 of NSCP 2015:
Negative design moment = 0.65 (329.49) = -214.17 kN-m
 Positive design moment = 0.35(329.49) = 115.32 kN-m
(b) Allotting these exterior moments to beam and column strips, as per section
408.10.5 of NSCP 2015:

𝑙2 6700
𝑙1
= 5500 = 1.22
α1 = α for edge beam = 5.63
𝑙
α1 𝑙2 = 5.63(1.22) = 6.87
1
The portion of the exterior negative moment to be resisted by the column strip, as per
Table 408.10.5.1, by interpolation is 68%

(0.68)(-214.17) = - 145.64 kN-m

85% beam = 0.85(-145.64) = -123.79 kN-m
15% slab = 0.15(-145.64) = -21.85 kN-m
Middle Strip = -214.17 - (-145.64) = -68.53 kN-m

The portion of the exterior positive moment to be resisted by the column strip as per
table 408.10.5.5 of the code, by interpolation is 68%
(0.68)(115.32) = 78.42 kN-m
85% beam = 0.85(78.42) = 66.66 kN-m
15% slab = 0.15(78.42) = 11.76 kN-m
Middle Strip = 115.32 - 78.42 = 36.9 kN-m

Summary of the short - span moments (kN-m):

Column Strip Moments Middle Strip Slab
Beam Slab moments
Interior slab-beam strip
Negative -199.95 -35.29 -110.70
Positive +107.67 +19.00 +59.61
Exterior Slab-beam Strip
Negative -46.73 -8.25 -7.50
Positive +26.38 +4.65 +4.23

5. Moments for the long - span direction centered on the edge beam:
2
𝑤𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛
Mo = 8

15.91(5.5)(6.322 )
Mo = 8
Mo = 436.89kN-m

(a) From Table 408.10.4.2 , for an end span with beams between supports but with
no edge beams:
Interior negative factored moment
= 0.70 Mo = -(0.70)(436.89) = -305.82 kN-m
Positive factored moment
= 0.57 Mo = (0.57)(436.89) = 249.03 kN-m
Exterior negative moment
= 0.16 Mo = -(0.16)(436.89) = -113.59 kN-m

These factored moments may be modified by 10%, according to section 408.10.4.3 of

NSCP 2015, but this reduction is neglected here.
 (b) Allotting these moments to beam and column strips:

𝑙2 5500
𝑙1
= 6700 = 0.82
α1 = α1 for the 6.7m beam = 4.27
𝑙
α1 𝑙2 = 4.27(0.82) = 3.50
1

Next an expression is given for βt. It is the ratio of the torsional stiffness of an edge
beam section to the flexural stiffness of a width of slab equal to the span length of the
beam measured center to center of supports.

Involved in the equation is a term C, which is a property of the cross-sectional area

of the torsion arm estimating the resistance to twist

Where x is the length of the short side of each rectangle and y is the length of the long
side of each rectangle. The exterior beam considered here is described in section
408.10.5.3 and is shown below:

150m C=

+
500mm
350mm C = 5.25x109 mm4

380mm 350mm

𝐸 𝐶 𝐸 (5.25𝑥109 )
βt = 2𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼 = 2𝐸𝑐 (1.547𝑥109 ) = 1.70
𝑐𝑠 𝑠 𝑐

The portion of the interior negative moment to be resisted by the column strip, as per Table
408.10.5.1, by interpolation is 80%
(0.80)(-305.82) = - 244.65 kN-m
85% beam = 0.85(-244.65) = -207.95 kN-m
15% slab = 0.15(-244.65) = -36.70 kN-m
Middle Strip = -305.82 - (-244.65) = -61.17 kN-m

The portion of the positive moment to be resisted by the column strip as per table
408.10.5.5 of the code, by interpolation is 80%
(0.80)(249.03) = 199.22 kN-m
85% beam = 0.85(199.22) = 169.34 kN-m
15% slab = 0.15(199.22) = 29.88 kN-m
Middle Strip = 249.03 - 199.22 = 49.81 kN-m

The portion of the exterior negative moment to be resisted by the column strip, from Table
408.10.5.2, by double interpolation is 87%
(0.87)(-113.59) = -98.82 kN-m
 85% beam = 0.85(-98.82) = -84.00 kN-m
15% slab = 0.15(-98.82) = -14.82 kN-m
Middle Strip = -113.59 - (- 98.82) = - 14.77 kN-m

Summary of the long - span moments (kN-m):

Column Strip Moments Middle Strip Slab
Beam Slab moments
Interior Negative -207.95 -36.70 -61.17
Positive +169.34 +29.88 +49.81
Exterior Negative -84.00 -14.82 -14.77

6. Check shear strength in the slab at a distance d from the face of the beam. Shear is
assumed to be produced by the load on the tributary area as shown in the figure, working
with a 1-m strip as shown

d = h - cover - half bar diameter = 150 - 20 - 5 = 125.00mm

Vu = (.01591)(2700 − 190.5 − 125) = 37.94 N/mm
ØVc = 0.75(2√21)(1)(0.125)
= 85.92 N/mm > 37.94 N/mm ok

1-m strip

2.7m

d = 125mm
380mm

6.70m

3.3 ACTIVITY

Compute for the required reinforcement. Tabulate your answers in a Table

form.Draw the reinforcement detail.

3.6 Assigned Readings:

Read your NSCP 2015, Chapter 4.

3.7 Assessment

Assessment will be given in the form of midterm and final examinations.

3.8 Feedback

From this module, I hope that you now understand the importance of having a
printout or hardcopy of your NSCP 2015, Chapters 2 and 4. Your code will serve as
your guide in the design computation of any structure.
4. Suggested Readings:

Please read more books regarding concrete design to enhance your knowledge
more of the concept and design analysis of two-way concrete slabs.

5. References:
● Mosley, W.H., Bungey, J.H., & Hulse, R. Reinforced Concrete Design, 5th
Edition
● McCormac, Jack C. & Nelson, James, Design of Reinforced Concrete,
Seventh Edition
● Guide to Concrete Construction, Principles of Reinforced and Prestressed
Concrete
● Kong & Evans, Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
● ASEP, National Structural Code of the Philippines, 2015 Edition