Edition 2020

ENGLISH 1
(D / X)

MK111EN1 - X112EN1

Destiné aux étudiants en :

• Commerce Extérieur (Bloc 1)
• Marketing (P.E. Bloc 1) Equipe Langues x
219000064


NEW LANGUAGE LEADER

ENGLISH 1

Vocabulary
Additional activities
Grammar notes

2020-2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Guidelines …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.1
CECR …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.3
List of irregular verbs …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.4

3 WORK

Vocabulary …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.8

Listening comprehensions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.25

Meet the Expert …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.31
Reading comprehensions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.32
Vocabulary exercises …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.35
Oral Expression
Free role-play …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.37
Directed role-play …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.41
Open questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.42
Presentation …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.48
Written Expression
Free writing …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.49
Semi-directed writing …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.50
Scenario …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p. 51

8 BUSINESS
Vocabulary …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.54

Listening comprehensions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.62

Meet the Expert …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.65
Reading comprehensions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.66
Vocabulary exercises …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.70
Oral Expression
Free role-play …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.72
Directed role-play …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.75
Open questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.77
Presentation …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.78
Written Expression
Free writing …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.79
Semi-directed writing …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.80
Scenario …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p. 81
 

5 ADVERTISING
Vocabulary …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.84
Vocabulary simulation / …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.96
MIB

Listening comprehensions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.100

Meet the Expert …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.105
Reading comprehensions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.106
Vocabulary exercises …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.111
Oral Expression
Free role-play …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.113
Directed role-play …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.114
Open questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.116
Presentation …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.117
Written Expression
Free writing …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.118
Semi-directed writing …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.119
Scenario …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p. 120
   
7 DESIGN
Vocabulary …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.127

Listening comprehensions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.142

Meet the Expert …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.144
Reading comprehensions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.146
Vocabulary exercises …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.148
Oral Expression
Free role-play …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.149
Directed role-play …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.154
Open questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.155
Presentation …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.156
Written Expression
Free writing …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.157
Semi-directed writing …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.158
Scenario …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p. 159

10 TRENDS
Vocabulary …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.162

Listening comprehensions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.179

Meet the Expert …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.181
Reading comprehensions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.182
Vocabulary exercises …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.188
Oral Expression
Free role-play …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.190
Directed role-play …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.191
Open questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.193
Presentation …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.194
Written Expression
Free writing …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.195
Semi-directed writing …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.196
Scenario …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p.201
End-of-year scenario …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p. 205
Revision exercises …………………………………………………………………………………………………... p. 211
 GUIDELINES ANGLAIS 1 TRANSVERSAL 2020-2021

1. Le manuel New Language Leader Intermediate (NLL)

Matière commerce extérieur / marketing

o Semestre 1 ! Work - Business

o Semestre 2 ! Advertising - Design - Trends

2. Le syllabus orange lié aux chapitres sélectionnés dans le New Language Leader
Intermediate

Vocabulaire des chapitres sélectionnés

Activités complémentaires relatives à chaque chapitre

o Questions relatives aux auditions du NLL

o Questions relatives aux vidéos du NLL
o Questions relatives aux lectures du NLL
o Exercices de vocabulaire en lien avec les listes de mots du NLL
o Exercices d’expression orale (jeux de rôles ouverts et dirigés, questions ouvertes &
présentations) en lien avec les activités du NLL
o Exercices d’expression écrite (rédactions libres et semi-dirigées) en lien avec les activités du
NLL
o Scenarios à partir de vidéos authentiques servant de point de départ à des activités orales
et/ou écrites

+ Lien vers la chaîne YouTube avec vidéos additionnelles relatives à chaque chapitre

o https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-sTwAI_KoRaXJVYz0TiR4u5JlYummYDT

+ Les ‘grammar notes’ à la fin du syllabus contenant la théorie grammaticale relative aux modules
grammaire crées sur Wooflash et des exercices.

1
3. Plateforme en ligne de grammaire sur Wooflash

www.app.wooflash.com

Une fiche explicative mentionnant les étapes pour créer un compte et effectuer les exercices des
différents modules vous sera transmise par votre professeur en début d’année.

SEMESTRE 1 SEMESTRE 2
Pronouns, possessives, quantifiers Future forms
Adjectives & adverbs Modal verbs
Present tenses Conditionals
Past tenses Word order & sentence pattern
Present perfect Relative clauses
Passive form
9: Modal verbs

Chaque module contient :

o La théorie (vidéos explicatives et/ou fiches résumant les points essentiels à savoir appliquer).
o De nombreux exercices en lien avec la théorie + feedback automatique.
" Les résultats liés aux exercices sont tracés dans le carnet de notes du professeur.
" Les exercices devront être réalisés endéans un délai déterminé par le professeur sur la
plateforme.

4. Récapitulatif global du programme

SEMESTRE 1 SEMESTRE 2

New Language W ooflash New Language W ooflash

Leader leader

Unit 3 Work Possessive Unit 5 Advertising Future forms

pronouns,
Unit 8 Business Unit 7 Design Modal verbs
quantifiers
Unit 10 Trends Conditionals
Adjectives &
adverbs Word order &
sentence pattern
Present tenses
Relative clauses
Past tenses
Passive form
Present perfect

2
 Sélection des critères et des objectifs à atteindre en 1ère année
sur base de la grille d’auto-évaluation du CECR*

ANGLAIS Première

Ecouter Je peux comprendre les points essentiels quand 1 langage clair et standard est utilisé et s’il s’agit de sujets familiers concernant le
travail, l’école, les loisirs, etc. Je peux comprendre l’essentiel de nombreuses émissions de radio ou de TV sur l’actualité ou sur
des sujets qui m’intéressent à titre personnel ou professionnel si l’on parle d’une façon distincte. B1

Lire Je peux comprendre des textes rédigés essentiellement dans une langue courante ou relative à mon travail. Je peux comprendre la
description d’évènements, l’expression de sentiments et de souhaits dans des lettres personnelles. B1

Comprendre
Prendre part à une conversation Je peux faire face à la majorité des situations que l’on peut rencontrer au cours d’un voyage dans une région où la langue est
parlée. Je peux prendre part sans préparation à une conversation sur des sujets familiers ou d’intérêt personnel ou qui concernent
la vie quotidienne (par exemple famille, loisirs, travail, voyage et actualité) B1

S’exprimer oralement en continu Je peux articuler des expressions de manière simple afin de raconter des expériences et des évènements, mes rêves, mes espoirs ou
mes buts. Je peux brièvement donner les raisons ou explications de mes opinions ou projets. Je peux raconter une histoire ou des
faits actuels, passés, futurs, hypothétiquesB1

Parler
Ecrire Je peux écrire un texte simple et cohérent sur des sujets familiers ou qui m’intéressent personnellement. Je peux écrie des
courriers personnels pour décrire expériences et impressions. B1

Ecrire
• Cadre Européen Commun de Référence pour les Langues. A1 = niveau introductif ou de découverte / A2 = niveau intermédiaire ou de survie / B1 = niveau seuil / B2 = niveau avancé /
C1 = niveau autonome / C2 = niveau de compétence opérationnelle effective

• Les objectifs B1 ne peuvent idéalement être atteints que si l’étudiant maîtrise le niveau A2 en début d’année.

3
 LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
to be was/were been être
to beat beat beaten battre, vaincre
to become became become devenir
to begin began begun commencer
to bend bent bent courber, plier
to bet bet bet parier
to bite bit bitten mordre
to blow blew blown souffler
to break broke broken casser
to bring brought brought apporter
to broadcast broadcast broadcast diffuser, émettre
to build built built construire
to burn burnt/burned burnt/burned brûler
to burst burst burst éclater
to buy bought bought acheter
to catch caught caught attraper
to choose chose chosen choisir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost coûter
to creep crept crept ramper, se glisser
to cut cut cut couper
to deal dealt dealt traiter
to dig dug dug creuser
to do did done faire
to draw drew drawn dessiner
to dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed rêver
to drink drank drunk boire
to drive drove driven conduire
to eat ate eaten manger
to fall fell fallen tomber
to feed fed fed nourrir
to feel felt felt sentir, ressentir
to fight fought fought se battre, combattre
to find found found trouver
to flee fled fled fuir, s’enfuir
to fly flew flown voler, s’envoler
to forbid forbade forbidden interdire
to forget forgot forgotten oublier
to forgive forgave forgiven pardonner
to freeze froze frozen geler
to get got got obtenir
to give gave given donner
to go went gone aller
to grow grew grown croître, faire pousser
to hang hung hung pendre
to have had had avoir
to hear heard heard entendre
to hide hid hidden cacher, se cacher
to hit hit hit frapper, atteindre

4
to hold held held tenir
to hurt hurt hurt blesser, faire mal
to keep kept kept garder
to kneel knelt knelt s’agenouiller
to know knew known savoir, connaître
to lay laid laid poser, coucher
to lead led led conduire, mener
to lean leant/leaned leant/leaned (s’)appuyer, (se) pencher
to learn learnt/learned learnt/learned apprendre
to leave left left quitter
to lend lent lent prêter
to let let let laisser, permettre, louer
to lie lay lain être couché
to light lit lit allumer, éclairer
to lose lost lost perdre
to make made made faire
to mean meant meant signifier, avoir l’intention
to meet met met rencontrer
to pay paid paid payer
to put put put mettre, placer
to read read read lire
to ride rode ridden aller à cheval, à moto, …
to ring rang rung sonner
to rise rose risen se lever, s’élever
to run ran run courir
to say said said dire
to see saw seen voir
to seek sought sought chercher, rechercher
to sell sold sold vendre
to send sent sent envoyer
to set set set poser
to sew sewed sewn/sewed coudre
to shake shook shaken secouer
to shine shone shone briller
to shoot shot shot tirer, décocher
to show showed shown/showed montrer
to shrink shrank shrunk rétrécir
to shut shut shut fermer
to sing sang sung chanter
to sink sank sunk couler
to sit sat sat s’asseoir
to sleep slept slept dormir
to slide slid slidden glisser
to smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled sentir
to speak spoke spoken parler
to spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled épeler
to spend spent spent dépenser, passer le temps
to spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled renverser, répandre
to spit spat spat cracher
to split split split se fendre, fendre
to spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled gâcher, gâter
to spread spread spread étendre, se répandre

5
to spring sprang sprung sauter
to stand stood stood se tenir debout
to steal stole stolen voler, dérober
to stick stuck stuck coller, s’attacher
to sting stung stung piquer
to stink stank stunk puer
to strike struck struck frapper
to swear swore sworn jurer
to sweep swept swept balayer
to swim swam swum nager
to swing swung swung se balancer
to take took Taken prendre
to teach taught taught enseigner
to tear tore torn déchirer
to tell told told raconter
to think thought thought penser
to throw threw thrown jeter
to understand understood understood comprendre
to wake woke woken se réveiller
to wear wore worn porter des vêtements
to weep wept wept pleurer
to win won won gagner
to write wrote written écrire

6
TOPIC 3 : WORK
 

 
 
 

   

7
 1. VOCABULARY

General vocabulary to speak about you and your background

to introduce oneself se présenter

to graduate from high school terminer ses études secondaires
to go (went-gone) to college, to university aller à l’université
to attend a business school fréquenter une école de commerce
to study law (uncount.), accountancy (uncount.), étudier le droit, la comptabilité, le
marketing (uncount.), e-business (uncount.), marketing, l’e-business, le commerce
international trade (uncount.) extérieur
to obtain a bachelor’s degree obtenir un baccalauréat
to take (took-taken) an exam passer un examen
to pass an exam réussir un examen
to fail an exam rater un examen
to repeat a year recommencer une année, bisser
to take (took-taken) a gap year, to take a year off prendre une année sabbatique
to study abroad étudier à l’étranger
to do a traineeship (= to do an internship) faire un stage
a trainee (= an intern) un stagiaire
to learn a foreign language apprendre une langue étrangère
to speak (spoke-spoken) Dutch, German, Arabic, parler néerlandais, allemand, arabe,
Spanish espagnol
to speak (spoke-spoken) a language fluently parler une langue couramment
to have (had-had) a student job avoir un job d’étudiant
to earn money gagner de l’argent
to be (was/were-been) a waiter, a waitress être serveur, serveuse
to be a salesperson être vendeur
to work in a supermarket travailler dans un supermarché
to operate the cash desk, to work at the cash desk travailler à la caisse
to do (did-done) a sport pratiquer un sport
to practise s’entraîner, s’exercer, pratiquer
the practice la pratique
to be a boy-scout leader / girl-scout leader être chef scout, guide
to supervise a child, teenagers s’occuper d’un enfant, d’adolescents
to enjoy +ing sth aimer +inf. qch
to be good at +ing sth être doué pour +ing qch
to play an instrument jouer un instrument
to play the guitar, the piano … jouer de la guitare, du piano …
to be a musician, a singer être musicien, chanteur
to write (wrote-written) a song, a blog écrire une chanson, un blog
to read (read-read) a book, a novel, a newspaper, lire un livre, un roman, un journal, un blog
a blog
to spend (spent-spent) time online passer du temps en ligne
to watch a film, a video, a series regarder un film, une vidéo, une série
to listen to a song, music écouter une chanson, de la musique

8
to have a Facebook account avoir un compte sur Facebook
to visit a friend, relatives rendre visite à un ami, à des membres de la
famille
to go (went-gone) out sortir
to go (went-gone) to the movie theater (= to go aller au cinéma
(went-gone) to the cinema)
to rent a flat louer un appartement
to share a flat partager un appartement
to commute faire la navette
a commuter un navetteur
to go (went-gone) to school by train, bus, metro, aller à l’école en train, bus, métro, voiture
car
to gain experience (uncount.) acquérir de l’expérience
adventurous aventurier
ambitious ambitieux
assertive sûr de soi
bossy autoritaire
cautious prudent
energetic énergique
likeable sympathique, agréable
moody de mauvaise humeur, d’humeur changeante
organized organisé
quiet calme
reliable digne de confiance, fiable
sensible sensé
sensitive to sth sensible à qch, susceptible
sociable sociable
talkative bavard
thoughtful sérieux, réfléchi, aussi : attentionné
even-tempered d’humeur égale
strong-willed résolu, volontaire, déterminé
warm-hearted chaleureux
level-headed calme
self-confident qui a confiance en soi, sûr de soi
open-minded à l’esprit ouvert, ouvert d’esprit
easy-going facile à vivre
accurate précis
to be (was-been) interested in sth s’intéresser à qch
hard-working travailleur
enthusiastic enthousiaste
reserved réservé
introvert introverti
extrovert extraverti

9
General vocabulary about W ork

a permanent job un CDI (Contrat à Durée Indéterminée)

a temporary job un CDD (Contrat à Durée Déterminée)
to resign (= to quit (quit-quit)) (= to give (gave- donner sa démission
given) one’s notice)
to hire engager
to dismiss so (= to lay off) renvoyer, licencier
to fire virer
a dismissal un renvoi
a redundancy un licenciement
to employ avoir à son service
to get (got-got) promoted to être promu
a student job un job d’étudiant
to work as a … (e.g. switchboard operator …) travailler comme (en tant que) (ex :
standardiste)
to be employed for a trial period être engagé pour une période d’essai
a job (= a position) un boulot, un poste
a speculative application une candidature spontanée
to register s’inscrire
a temping agency une agence d’intérim
a temp un intérimaire
well-paid bien payé
a meal voucher un chèque repas
a perk (= a fringe benefit) un avantage en nature
a notice period une période de préavis
to give (gave-given) notice donner son préavis
a vacancy un poste libre, à pourvoir
a background un parcours, un bagage (professionnel ou
scolaire)
to get (got-got) a job interview décrocher un entretien d’embauche
to put (put-put) (sth) into practice mettre qch en pratique
to get (got-got) organized s’organiser
a workload une charge de travail
a position un poste, une fonction
a reputation (= a good name) une réputation
a thirst for knowledge (= a thirst for learning) une soif d’apprendre
(singular)
to take (took-taken) the initiative to do (did-done) prendre l’initiative de faire qch
sth
a database une base de données
tax (uncount.) la fiscalité
to register s’inscrire
an evening class (= an evening course) un cours du soir
varied varié
to take (took-taken) up a challenge relever un défi
lifelong learning (uncount.) la formation continue

10
1. Speaking, p. 26

a nurse un infirmier, une infirmière

a politician un homme/une femme politique
politics (uncount.) la politique
a model un mannequin, un modèle
a journalist un journaliste
a firefighter un pompier
a lawyer un avocat
a footballer un footballeur
a teacher un enseignant (maternel, primaire,
secondaire)
a lecturer un chargé de cours, un maître-assistant
(supérieur), un conférencier
a professor un professeur (université)
a shop assistant (= a sales clerk) un vendeur (en magasin)
a police officer un policier, une policière
a television presenter un présentateur télévisé
a personal assistant un assistant de direction
a sales manager un directeur commercial
useful (>< useless) utile (>< inutile)

2a à 3b. Listening and vocabulary - exercises and transcript, p. 26

to work (in) shifts travailler en relais, en rotation

a colleague un collègue
a patient un patient
rewarding gratifiant
to reward récompenser
a reward une récompense
pay (uncount.) un salaire, une paie
a wage un salaire (par heure/jour/semaine)
a salary un salaire (par mois/an)
although bien que
even if même si
routine (usually before a noun) routinier, d’usager
a routine une routine
paperwork (uncount.) la paperasserie
to attend sth assister à qch
an attendance une présence, une fréquentation
a case un cas, une affaire, un procès
challenging stimulant
to go (went-gone) to court aller devant les tribunaux, en justice
a firm (= a company) (= a corporation) (= a une compagnie, une entreprise
business)
an opportunity (>< a threat) une opportunité, une occasion (>< une
menace)

11
glamorous séduisant, chic, palpitant
actually réellement, vraiment, en fait
currently actuellement
job security (uncount.) la sécurité d’emploi
a worry une inquiétude, un souci
to be worried être inquiet
to worry about so/sth se faire du souci pour qn/s’inquiéter de qch
worrying inquiétant
to suppose supposer
a photographer un photographe
a stylist un coiffeur, un styliste
tedious ennuyeux
to fill sth remplir qch
a shelf (pl. shelves) une étagère, un rayon
monotonous monotone
a window une fenêtre, une vitrine
a display un affichage, aussi : un étalage
to display exposer
repetitive répétitif
to deal (dealt-dealt) with so/sth s’occuper de, se charger de qn/qch
face-to-face (en) face à face
lovely beau, ravissant
a customer (≠ a client) un client
a refund un remboursement
to refund (= to pay back) rembourser
a workaholic un bourreau de travail, accro au travail
overtime (uncount.) les heures supplémentaires
to work overtime (= to do overtime) (= to work faire des heures supplémentaires
extra hours)
(to be) proud (of so/sth) (être) fier (de qn/qch)
a chain une chaîne
a store chain une chaîne de magasins
a branch (= a subsidiary) une branche, une succursale
flexible flexible
stimulating stimulant
satisfying satisfaisant, gratifiant
to come (came-come) out of sth sortir de qch
monthly mensuel(lement)
daily, weekly, yearly quotidien(nement), hebdomadaire(ment),
annuel(lement)
tight serré, fermement
a deadline une heure, une date limite, un délai
a tight deadline un délai serré, court
to meet (met-met) a deadline respecter un délai
stressful stressant, anxiogène
stressed stressé

12
4 à 7. Reading and vocabulary, p. 26

a job ad (= a job advert) (= a job advertisement) une offre, une annonce d’emploi
an area of business (= a line of business) un domaine d’activité
to work by yourself travailler par soi-même
an office un bureau
abroad à l’étranger
to go (went-gone) abroad partir à l’étranger
a foreign country un pays étranger
foreign étranger, extérieur
a foreigner un étranger (de l’extérieur)
a stranger un étranger, un inconnu
a promotion une promotion
to get (got-got) promoted être promu
opportunities for promotion possibilités de promotion
to be in charge (of so/sth) être le responsable (de qn/qch)
the staff (= the personnel) le personnel

4 à 7. Reading and vocabulary - texts, p. 26

an executive un cadre
competitive concurrentiel, compétitif
a competition une compétition, un concours
competition (uncount.) la concurrence
a competitor un concurrent
competitiveness (uncount.) la compétitivité
to compete with so rivaliser avec qn, faire concurrence à qn
a pension plan/scheme un plan de retraite
leading (only before a noun) de premier plan, de tête, principal
to lead (led-led) mener
a (shoe) manufacturer un fabricant (de chaussures)
to manufacture (= to make (made-made)) (= to fabriquer
produce)
to look for so/sth chercher qn/qch
ambitious ambitieux
a (marketing) department un service, un département (marketing)
experience (in/with sth) (uncount.) l’expérience (dans/avec qch)
an experience une expérience (un événement)
an experiment une expérience (scientifique)
to design sth concevoir qch
an advertising campaign une campagne de publicité
a candidate un candidat
to spend (spent-spent) sth on/+ing sth consacrer qch à qch/pour +inf. qch
overseas à l’étranger, outre-mer
a fluency in sth (uncount.) une aisance dans qch
fluent aisé, coulant

13
 exciting excitant, passionnant
to depend on sth dépendre de qch

a benefit (≠ a profit) un avantage (≠ un bénéfice (financier))

annual annuel
a supplier un fournisseur
to supply sth to so/sth fournir qch à qn/qch
office equipment (uncount.) le matériel de bureau
successful réussi, couronné de succès
organisational organisationnel
a skill une compétence, un savoir-faire
responsible (for sth) responsable (de qch)
a sales team (= a sales force) une équipe de vente
to expect s’attendre à (ce que)
continuing (only before a noun) continu
expansion (uncount.) le développement, l’accroissement,
l’extension, l’expansion
to expand se développer, se diversifier
to grow (grew-grown) grandir, se développer, croître
a knowledge (uncount.) in/of une connaissance, un savoir
a market un marché
desirable désirable, souhaitable
essential essentiel, fondamental, indispensable
an employer (>< an employee) un employeur (>< un employé)

a receptionist un réceptionniste
prestigious prestigieux
to seek (sought-sought) demander, chercher à obtenir
a job seeker un demandeur d’emploi
lively plein d’entrain, gai
enthusiastic enthousiaste
motivated by motivé par
a pressure une pression
under pressure sous pression
to report to so être placé sous les ordres de qn
a report un rapport
a (department) head un chef (de département/de service)
a post un poste (un emploi)
to include (>< to exclude) inclure, comprendre (>< exclure)
a prospect (for sth) une perspective (de qch)
the career prospects les possibilités d’avancement
   

14
 an application une candidature, une demande
to apply for sth faire une demande de qch, poser sa
candidature pour qch
to apply for a job postuler pour un job
an applicant un candidat, un demandeur

worldwide mondial
to provide so with sth fournir fournir qch à qn
a wide range of products (= a product range) une large gamme de produits
energetic énergique, physique
self-confident sûr de soi
to act as so/sth servir de qn/qch
required requis, obligatoire
an ability une capacité, une aptitude
previous précédent, antérieur
training (uncount.) la formation
a training course une formation
suitable for approprié pour, qui convient à, adapté à
suitability (uncount.) la pertinence, l’adéquation
a recent graduate un jeune diplômé
to graduate from être diplômé de
a holiday (usually pl.) (= a vacation) des vacances
to be on holiday être en vacances
to go (went-gone) on holiday partir en vacances

9a-9b. Speaking, p. 27

pleasant plaisant, agréable

a working environment un environnement de travail
a company car une voiture de société
a mobile phone un téléphone portable
a bonus une prime, un bonus
flexible hours des horaires flexibles
a dream job un emploi de rêve, idéal

1 à 4b. Reading - exercises and text, p. 28

to work from home travailler à domicile

to be on the rise, on the increase être en hausse, en augmentation
homeworking (uncount.) le travail à domicile
to do (did-done) homework (uncount.) faire ses devoirs
a homeworker (Brit. English) le travailleur à la maison
a graphic designer un graphiste
well-known connu, célèbre

15
a publishing company une maison d’édition
to publish sth publier qch
a publisher un éditeur
a work-life balance un équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie
privée
a balance un équilibre
to balance sth against/with sth faire la part des choses entre qch et qch
balanced équilibré
upward (>< downward) ascendant (>< descendant)
a trend towards une tendance à
trendy (= fashionable) (>< old-fashioned) à la mode, branché (>< démodé, vieux jeu)
according to so/sth selon qn/qch
a study une étude
to do (did-done) (= conduct) (= carry out) a study faire, mener une étude
the International Labour Organisation l’Organisation Internationale du Travail
labour (uncount.) le travail
teleworking (uncount.) le télétravail
a teleworker un télétravailleur
(to be) likely that (être) probable que
(to be) likely to do sth (être) susceptible de faire qch
further information davantage d’informations
a rise (= an increase) in sth une hausse, une augmentation de qch
to rise (rose-risen) (in/by sth) (= to increase (in/by s’élever, monter, se lever, augmenter (de
sth)) qch)
to rise (rose-risen) by 5% augmenter de 5%
key clé, (adj), essentiel
a key une clé
to do (did-done) work (uncount.) faire du travail
broadband à haut débit
data (uncount.) les données
to lower (transitive) baisser
a cost un coût
to take (took-taken) a sick day prendre un congé maladie
a pioneer un pionnier
a scheme un programme, un plan
to pave the way for sth ouvrir la voie à qch
to save an average of (+amount) économiser en moyenne (+montant)
costly coûteux
a workstation un poste de travail
to commute faire la navette
a commuter un navetteur
time-consuming chronophage, qui prend du temps
a work schedule un planning de travail
a schedule un horaire
time management (uncount.) la gestion du temps
management (uncount.) la gestion
to manage gérer

16
 a break une pause
closely étroitement
to brainstorm faire du brainstorming (intensive discussion
a brainstorming to solve problems or generate ideas)
un brainstorming
the pros and cons les avantages et inconvénients, le pour et le
contre
on one’s own tout seul
a nobrainer une chose facile, une évidence
to quit (quit-quit) (+ing sth) arrêter (de +inf. qch)
to outweigh sth l’emporter sur qch, compenser qch

5a-5b. Vocabulary, p. 28-29

effectively (= efficiently) efficacement

to pass/spend (spent-spent) time +ing sth passer, consacrer du temps à +inf. qch
a full-time job un emploi à temps plein
a part-time job un emploi à temps partiel
tired fatigué
to stay in touch (with so/sth) by e-mail/phone rester en contact (avec qn/qch) par e-mail,
téléphone

8a à 9. Listening - exercises and transcript, p. 29

to translate from sth to sth traduire de qch vers qch

a translator un traducteur
a translation une traduction
a career une carrière (travail, école)
born né
to be born naître
a writer un écrivain
tough dur, coriace
heating (uncount.) le chauffage
honest honnête
lonely seul, solitaire
to miss (so/sth) rater (qn/qch)
to fail (sth) (e.g. an exam) échouer (à qch)
gossip (uncount.) les commérages, les cancans
a gossip un/une commère
to gossip bavarder, cancaner
to get (got-got) up se lever
contract work (uncount.) le travail à forfait, à contrat
crowded bondé
a guitar une guitare
to run (ran-run) a business diriger une affaire, une entreprise
a lock une serrure

17
 to lock fermer à clé, enfermer
a husband (>< a wife) un mari (>< une femme, une épouse)
a head office un siège social - une maison mère
a social network un réseau social
comfort (uncount.) le confort, le bien-être

1 à 3. Reading, p. 30

to do (did-done) a work placement (= to do (did- faire un stage

done) an internship)
college studies les études supérieures
to get (got-got) into a work sector rentrer dans un domaine professionnel
different from différent de
paid (>< unpaid) payé (><non payé)
an apprenticeship un apprentissage (métiers manuels)
common courant
considered réfléchi
to exploit exploiter (ici)
to take (took-taken) on a responsible role endosser une fonction à responsabilités
basically en fait
to find (found-found) out trouver, découvrir
to improve (s’) améliorer
confidence (uncount.) la confiance, l’assurance
to agree with (>< to disagree) être d’accord avec (>< ne pas être d’accord)
je suis d’accord
I agree with je ne suis pas d’accord
I don‘t agree with - I disagree with

1 à 4b. Reading - text, p. 31

an update une mise à jour

to update sth mettre à jour
to conduct a survey mener une enquête, un sondage
to have a sense of +ing avoir l’impression de
to achieve accomplir, atteindre
to study abroad étudier à l’étranger
as a result suite à
to set (set-set) up a networking event organiser un évènement pour créer des
réseaux de connaissances
to open doors ouvrir des portes
to win (won-won) an award gagner un prix
a job offer une offre d’emploi
people on work placement les gens en stage
to benefit so profiter à qn
to wash pots and pans (= to do the washing up) laver les casseroles et poêles (= faire la
vaisselle)

18
 in the basement au sous-sol, à la cave
a waste of time une perte de temps
a major bank une grande banque
on the one hand … on the other hand d’un côté … d’un autre côté
too much responsibility trop de responsabilités
to open an account ouvrir un compte
a client complaint une plainte de client
supervision (uncount.) le contrôle, la vérification
brilliant génial, brillant
though pourtant
terrible horrible, immonde
to file paperwork (uncount.) classer des papiers administratifs
to convince to +inf. convaincre de +inf.
to convince of convaincre de
proper work to do (!! not to make) du travail convenable à faire
to do (did-done) proper work faire du travail convenable

4a à 4c. Listening - exercises and transcript, p. 30

to talk on the radio parler à la radio

to be at university être à l’université
hospitality management (uncount.) la gestion hôtelière
to work as a trainee travailler comme stagiaire
a concierge concierge d’un hôtel, réceptionniste
a resort un centre de vacances, une station balnéaire
as well également
to book a trip réserver un voyage
to be on a (business) trip être en voyage d’affaires
to work hard learning sth travailler dur pour apprendre qch
a tutor professeur particulier
support (uncount.) le soutien
an input un apport
valuable important, précieux
to talk down to so s’adresser à qn sur un ton condescendant
a mentor un tuteur, un superviseur
to recommend sth to so recommander qch à qn

5 à 8. Grammar, p. 30

to complete a work placement achever un stage

to send (sent-sent) off an application envoyer, expédier une candidature
to work long hours faire de gros horaires, travailler beaucoup
an intern (= a trainee) un stagiaire
in reception à la réception
to enjoy one’s work aimer son travail

19
 at work au travail

9a-9b. Speaking, p. 30

to afford to +inf. se permettre financièrement de +inf.

to work for free travailler bénévolement

M eet the expert, p. 30

the insurance industry le secteur des assurances

to apply to IBM postuler chez IBM
to be damaged être endommagé
an opportunity comes up une opportunité survient, se présente
to pursue (a career) poursuivre (une carrière)
a career fair une foire, une bourse sur les possibilités de
carrière
an internet submission un envoi par Internet
a psychometric test (verbal reasoning & un test psychométrique
numerical tests)
an assessment une évaluation
to consist of consister en
nerve-wracking stressant, éprouvant, angoissant
the first three days les 3 premiers jours
influencing skills les compétences de persuasion
a buddy un copain
a process un processus
through your placement tout au long de votre stage
more knowledgeable plus savant, plus instruit
to go (went-gone) out of your way to +inf. se plier en quatre pour +inf.
to tailor your CV personnaliser son cv
to highlight relevant skills mettre en évidence les compétences
adéquates
a role une fonction

1. Situation, p. 32

a work experience une expérience professionnelle

to open a new branch/subsidiary ouvrir une nouvelle succursale, agence
to invite applications faire appel à candidatures
to be aimed at so être destiné à qn
to consider +ing envisager
to consider relocating envisager de se délocaliser
a personal quality une qualité personnelle

20
3a. Listening - transcript, p. 32

a senior manager un cadre supérieur

to be right (>< to be wrong) avoir raison
an educational qualification un diplôme, une qualification académique
educational experience (uncount.) une expérience académique
to have the right skill avoir la bonne compétence
pretty stressful assez stressant
to build (built-built) up a gym club mettre sur pied, démarrer un club de gym
determined déterminé
outgoing extraverti, ouvert, plein d’entrain
definitely tout à fait
fairly extrovert(ed) assez extraverti
to have people skills avoir le sens du contact
to adapt to different situations s’adapter à différentes situations
to be fluent in German parler couramment l’allemand
a long-term career une carrière de longue durée
afterwards par la suite, après
to make (made-made) a note (= to write (wrote- noter
writen) down)

4a à 6. Key language, p. 32

helpful utile
to avoid +ing éviter de +inf.
a foreign language une langue étrangère
a bad quality (= a weakness) un point faible, une faiblesse

4a. Key language - transcript, p. 32

to develop skills développer des compétences

a strong point (= a strength) un point fort, une force
to go (went-gone) into detail aller dans les détails
a software package / program un logiciel, programme informatique
to be familiar with sth bien connaître, bien maîtriser qch
to move on continuer
a growth area un secteur en expansion
the leisure industry (uncount.) le secteur des loisirs
a boom une croissance économique
in a senior position à un poste (de cadre) supérieur

7a à 9. Task, p. 33

to prepare for an interview se préparer à un interview

to take (took-taken) part in / to do (did-done) an participer à, passer une interview
interview

21
 an evaluation (= an assessment) une évaluation
the results les résultats
thank you for coming in today merci d’être venu aujourd’hui
please take a seat je vous en prie, asseyez-vous
are there any questions you would like to ask us? y a-t-il des questions que vous souhaiteriez
nous poser?
it has been a pleasure meeting you ce fut un plaisir de vous rencontrer
we’ll let you know shortly nous vous tiendrons au courant rapidement

1a-1b. Study skills, p. 34

information (uncount.) l’information, le renseignement

to link to faire le lien vers
to divide into diviser, séparer en

2. Study skills, p. 34

an application letter/covering letter une lettre de candidature, de motivation

the main media les principaux média
to study for a degree in (sports management) faire des études en (management sportif)
a grade (= the marks) une note (les points)
throughout my studies au cours de mes études
to graduate from a school obtenir son diplôme d’une école
to be thinking of +ing penser à +inf., envisager de
to do (did-done) a master’s/a bachelor’s degree in faire un master/un baccalauréat en
(business administration) (administration des affaires)

3. Study skills, p. 34

confident confiant, sûr de soi

sociable sociable
a fitness instructor un moniteur de fitness

4a-4b. Study skills, p. 34

to advertise a position faire la publicité pour un poste

excited by emballé par, enthousiasmé par

5 à 7. W riting skills, p. 34

a career counsellor un conseiller en orientation de carrière

to be available for an interview (at any time être disponible pour un entretien (au
convenient to you) moment qui vous convient)
to look forward to sth attendre qch avec impatience
I look forward to hearing from you soon Dans l’attente de vos nouvelles
a degree un diplôme

22
 to be delighted être ravi
Dear Ms Khan, Chère Madame Kahn
Yours sincerely, Veuillez … agréer mes sincères salutations
Yours, Bien à vous
I speak French to a beginner level j’ai un niveau débutant en français
an intermediate level un niveau intermédiaire
an advanced level un niveau avancé
a dietician un diététicien
to gain useful knowledge (uncount.) acquérir des connaissances utiles
a health food un aliment sain, bon pour la santé
a sports goods company une entreprise d’articles de sport
a placement with a company un stage en entreprise
to run (ran-run) a class donner un cours

6a. W riting skills - transcript, p. 34

a CV (= a résumé) un CV
to be interested in être intéressé par
to sell (sold-sold) oneself se vendre
to attract attirer
to give (gave-given) more detail(s) donner plus de détails
to contribute to contribuer à

8. W riting skills, p. 35

to fill in an (online) application remplir une candidature (en ligne)

a heading (in a CV) un titre, l’en-tête
to tell (told-told) the truth dire la vérité
to make (made-made) a spelling mistake faire une faute d’orthographe

9a. W riting skills - transcript, p. 35

a personal profile (on a CV) un profil personnel

to focus your attention on concentrer son attention sur
to send (sent-sent) out CVs to companies envoyer des CV à des entreprises
at one time en une fois
a work experience section une rubrique ‘expérience professionnelle’
(dans un CV)
your most recent job ton emploi le plus récent
to be unemployed être au chômage
a job board un site d’offres d’emploi (souvent par
profession)
an industry (= an area) (= a field) (= a line of un secteur
business)
to send (sent-sent) a covering letter by email envoyer une lettre de candidature par mail

23
 to get (got-got) a quick reply obtenir une réponse rapide
to keep (kept-kept) a cv up to date garder un cv à jour
to use a spell-check utiliser un correcteur orthographique
to make (made-made) sure s’assurer que
to throw (threw-thrown) in the bin jeter à la poubelle

10-11. W riting skills, p. 35

numerate (adj) qui sait compter

fast-expanding en expansion rapide
the sales les ventes
the personnel le personnel, les ressources humaines
to apply to the head office poser sa candidature pour travailler au siège
principal de l’entreprise
to succeed in sth réussir dans qch
bright brillant
articulate qui parle, s’exprime bien
a postgraduate (studies: beyond bachelor’s des études de troisième cycle universitaire
degree)
to do (did-done) a postgraduate course
voluntary work le bénévolat
a sales assistant un-une assistante commerciale / un vendeur
- une vendeuse
a store un magasin
IT literate compétent en IT (informatique)
a working knowledge of (uncount.) des connaissances pratiques/opérationnelles
de/en
typing (uncount.) la dactylographie

24
 2. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONS

2.1. Listening exercise 3.1. (p. 26, New Language Leader)

Listen to 5 people talking about their jobs. For each, find out about his/her job,
duties, likes and dislikes.

1. JOB: ………………………………….
Duties Advantages Disadvantages

2. JOB: ………………………………….
Duties Advantages Disadvantages

3. JOB: ………………………………….
Duties Advantages Disadvantages

4. JOB: ………………………………….
Duties Advantages Disadvantages

5. JOB: ………………………………….
Duties Advantages Disadvantages

25
2.2. Listening exercise 3.2. (p. 29, New Language Leader)

Listen to 4 people talking about teleworking. For each, find out about his/her job,
how long he/she has been doing it, and the (dis)advantages of working from home.

Speaker1
Job? How long?
Advantage(s)?

Disadvantage(s)?

Speaker 2
Job? How long?
Advantage(s)?

Disadvantage(s)?

Speaker 3
Job? How long?
Advantage(s)?

Disadvantage(s)?

Speaker 4
Job? How long?
Advantage(s)?

Disadvantage(s)?

26
2.3. Listening exercise 3.4. (p. 30, New Language Leader)

Listen to 3 university students talking on the radio

about their work placement. For each student write
down:
- his/her name,
- his/her origin country,
- his/her studies,
- details about his/her work placement.

Name Origin Studies City of Work placement information

country the work
placement
Jan

Zhang
Li

Sylvie

27
2.4. Listening exercise 3.5. (p. 32, New Language Leader)

Listen to 2 senior managers from Jade Gyms, Harry and M arta, recruiting
for work placements.

Fill in:
“I think you are right, Marta, ………………………………………………………….
and ……………………………………. Are not really so important as these are work placements.
We’ve got to find young people with the
right ………………………………………………………………………..
and ………………………………………………………………………… .”

Required skills and qualities:

10

11

12

13

28
2.5. Listening exercise 3.7. (p. 34, New Language Leader)

Listen to a careers counsellor answering questions from a student about covering

letters.
Answer the following questions:
 
1. What do you include in a covering letter? (3)

2. Do you really need it? Why?

3. What is the ideal length?

4. What is the ideal tone?

Complete the following elements:

5. Content of the 1st paragraph of a covering letter: you say …

- Who

- Why

- Where

6. Content of the 2nd paragraph of a covering letter: you say …

- Why

- What

7. Content of the 3rd paragraph of a covering letter: you say …

- Where

- You mention + +

8. Content of the final paragraph of a covering letter: you say …

- When

- End sentence:

29
2.6. Listening exercise 3.8. (p. 35, New Language
Leader)

Listen to 6 people giving their opinion about

writing CVs.
M ake notes about what they say:

 
Speaker Tips to write a good CV: Why?

2 -

3 -

4 - /

5 - -

- -

6 - /

   

30
 3. MEET THE EXPERT
 
3.1. An internship in the insurance industry (p. 30, New
Language Leader)

W atch the video on p. 30 (New Language Leader) and

answer the questions below (in French).

1. Has she always wanted to work in the insurance

industry?

2. How can you get information about internship opportunities?

3. What did the applying process consist in?

4. Why was the assessment day quite stressful?

5. Why does she say that her internship was well-structured?

6. Which benefits did she gain from her internship?

7. Why does she recommend internships?

8. Does she recommend unpaid internships?

9. What 3 tips is she giving to an applicant for an internship?  

31
 4. READING COMPREHENSIONS
4.1. Reading exercise ‘W orking from home on the rise’ (p. 28, New Language
Leader)

Read the text. Answer the questions below (in French).

   
1. Title: What does ‘on the rise’ mean?
2. Why does the text speak about Sunjit Patel?
3. What is the reason why he has chosen this way of working?
4. What is the current trend?
5. What is likely to happen in the future?
6. In English: Give a synonym of “working from home”?
7. Who was the first company to start with that way of working?
8. What are the reasons for this trend?

Technological reason?

Cost reason?

Productivity reason?

Absenteeism reason?

Benefits for the employers?

Benefits for the employees?

32
9. What could be the downsides of this trend?

Regarding the family?

Regarding the social life?

Regarding the work performance? -

33
4.2. Reading exercise ‘’Eastern Bubble’ (p. 31, New Language Leader)

Read the text.

Shortlist the advantages and disadvantages (in French).

 
AZRA: TOM:
1. + 1. -

2. + 2. -

3. + 3. -

4. + 4. -

5. + 5. -

6. + 6. -

7. +

 
SABRINA: CHARLOTTE:
1. + 1. +

2. + 2. +

3. - 3. +

4. - 4. -

5. - 5. +

6. - 6. -

7. -

8. -

Son conseil:

 
 

34
 5. VOCABULARY EXERCISES
5.1. Fill in exercise

Study your vocabulary and fill in the gaps with the correct words.

Améliorer - Dépendre de - Etre au chômage - Etre d’accord avec - Etre intéressé par - Faire des
heures supplémentaires - Faire du travail convenable - Postuler pour un job - Une agence d’intérim
- Une capacité, une aptitude

1. Jack is …………………………………….. . It means that he has no job at the

moment.
2. Sara is ……………………………………. this job because she would like to work in
marketing. This is why she sent her CV and a covering letter.
3. If you are selected for an internship, make sure to …………………………………….
and they might want to hire you as an employee at the end of your internship.
4. – “John is the best candidate we have interviewed”.
– No, I ……………………………………. you: I have a different opinion. Nancy is the
best candidate for me.
5. One of the main goals of the company is to ……………………………………. the
quality of its products. Indeed, a lot of customers have complained about the bad
quality of the products they had bought.
6. To be able to do this job, you need the ……………………………………. to work
under pressure because it’s a stressful job.
7. Your success ……………………………………. three things: talent, luck and destiny.
8. A good way to find a job nowadays is to go to a …………………………………….
such as Trace or Adecco. They will certainly call you back when they have a job for
you.
9. As a young graduate, you should ……………………………………. to show your
motivation.
10. You need to send a CV and a covering letter in order to
…………………………………… . If you are lucky, you will be selected for an
interview.

35
5.2. Fill in exercise

Study your vocabulary and fill in the gaps with the correct words.

Avoir le sens du contact - Chronophage, qui prend du temps - Donner sa démission

L’expérience professionnelle - Ouvrir une nouvelle filiale/succursale - Un avantage en nature - Un
emploi à temps partiel - Un équilibre entre vie privée et professionnelle - Un stagiaire - Une lettre de
candidature

1. I don’t like my job anymore. This is why I will ……………………………….. and find
another job in another sector.
2. My company offers a lot of ……………………………….. . I have a company car, a
laptop and a mobile phone.
3. Commuting to work is ……………………………….. . It means that it takes a lot of
time.
4. If you want to apply for a job, you need to send a CV and a
……………………………….. .
5. I’m not sociable: I don’t have ……………………………….. .
6. On your CV, you should always mention your education, your
……………………………….. , your skills and your hobbies.
7. This American chain of health club is going to ……………………………….. in the
UK!
8. I would like to be an ……………………………….. in this company in order to gain
experience and put into practice what I have learned at school.
9. Some mothers prefer to have a ……………………………….. . It means that they only
work 3 or 4 days a week to spend more time with their children.
10. Nowadays, employees want to have a good ……………………………….. . It means
that their free time is as important as their job.

36
 6. ORAL EXPRESSION

6.1 Free role play

Role-Play 1: Offres de stage

Student A

Dans le cadre de vos études en …………………., vous devez trouver un stage en entreprise. Avec un
ami(e), vous discutez des stages en entreprise et vous considérez ensuite deux offres de stage (ci-
dessous).

1. Parlez des stages en général : focalisez-vous sur les aspects positifs des stages en
entreprise.
2. Considérez les deux offres en profondeur en concluez en choisissant celle qui
convient le mieux à votre profil/personnalité.
3. Pendant la conversation :
- Focalisez-vous sur les aspects positifs du télétravail quand vous abordez le
sujet.

OFFRE DE STAGE n°1

Stagiaire au sein du département marketing de Coca-Cola.
Profil recherché : adapté à une personne diplômée de l’enseignement secondaire, qui
fréquente une école de commerce.
Personnalité recherchée : extraverti(e), bavard, volontaire, à l’esprit ouvert, facile à vivre et
ayant du charisme.
Tâches : assister les assistants marketing qui sont responsables de la création des
campagnes de publicité

OFFRE DE STAGE n°2

Stagiaire au sein du département des ressources humaines chez Belfius (tâches
administratives).
Profil recherché : adapté à un jeune diplômé de l’enseignement secondaire qui a étudié à
l’étranger ou qui a une aisance en anglais et néerlandais.
Personnalité recherchée : introverti(e), calme, sensé, organisé, capable de travailler sous
pression, capable de respecter un délai serré, faculté à travailler seul.
Tâches : télétravail 3 jours semaine: gérer la paperasserie et remplir des feuilles Excel.

37
Student B

Dans le cadre de vos études en …………………………., vous devez trouver un stage en entreprise.
Avec un ami(e), vous discutez des stages en entreprise et vous considérez ensuite deux offres de stage
(ci-dessous).

1. Parlez des stages en général : focalisez-vous sur les aspects négatifs des stages en
entreprise.
2. Considérez les deux offres en profondeur en concluez en choisissant celle qui
convient le mieux à votre profil/personnalité.
3. Pendant la conversation :
- Focalisez-vous sur les aspects négatifs du télétravail quand vous abordez le
sujet.

OFFRE n°1
Stagiaire au sein du département marketing de Coca-Cola.
Profil recherché : adapté à une personne diplômée de l’enseignement secondaire, qui
fréquente une école de commerce.
Personnalité recherchée : extraverti(e), bavard, volontaire, à l’esprit ouvert, facile à vivre et
ayant du charisme.
Tâches : assister les assistants marketing qui sont responsables de la création des
campagnes de publicité.

OFFRE n°2
Stagiaire au sein du département des ressources humaines chez Belfius (tâches
administratives).
Profil recherché : adapté à un jeune diplômé de l’enseignement secondaire qui a étudié à
l’étranger ou qui a une aisance en anglais et néerlandais.
Personnalité recherchée : introverti(e), calme, sensé, organisé, capable de travailler sous
pression, capable de respecter un délai serré, faculté à travailler seul.
Tâches : télétravail 3 jours par semaine : gérer la paperasserie et remplir des feuilles Excel.

38
Role-Play 2: Job Offers
 
Discussing pros and cons of 2 job offers. Work in pairs.

Student A (student in law/accountancy)

He/she already has a student job and helps his/her friend to find a student job too.
He/she tries to convince Student B to apply for one of the 3 ads he has found.

Student B (student in marketing/foreign trade)

He/she is not really motivated to work… his/her parents usually pay for all the
school year expenses. Besides, he/she is quite demanding: his/her student job has
to be interesting, nice, well-paid …

Preparation sheet: list your arguments before starting the discussion.

 
STUDENT A STUDENT B

Job offer N°1: arguments for Job offer N°1: arguments against

- -

- -

- -

Job offer N°2: arguments for Job offer N°2: arguments against

- -

- -

- -

39
 Job offer N°1
Admin Assistant
Ability Promotions, Croydon, London
Job Description
Looking for a Student with good telephone manners who knows their way around computer to
work for a small publishing company in Croydon. To work with the director who is visually
impaired with a guide dog. Accuracy and presentation are an important part of the role. The
Candidate will be required to call clients, process emails, and fulfil other administrative functions.
20-30 hours a week (Mon – Fri) £8 an hour for 6 weeks.
Office based in a modern business centre near Wandle park. Tram stop a few minutes from Central
Croydon. To start immediately.
For more information, please call Richard on 020 8686 4942.
http://www.e4s.co.uk/search/jobdescription?id=1719599&css=p&act=p
 
Job offer N°2
Job Description
Infin8 Management are looking for:
Sales, promotional staff, brand ambassadors, sampling, exhibition staff, event staff, catering and
hospitality.
Infin8 Management is a promotional, sales and event staffing agency based in the heart of London.
What we are looking for:
● Bright, engaging and confident promotional staff.
● Self–motivated, trustworthy and reliable individuals.
● Customer service and communication skills needed.
● Experienced sales staff
● Well presented hospitality and catering staff. Experience preferred.
What we can offer you:
● Well-paid part time work. We generally offer high rates than many of the other staffing
agencies.
● The opportunity to work with a professional but fun company who values and appreciates the
team as a whole and doesn’t overlook hard work.
● Fun and Flexible hours - You choose the jobs you want to apply for.
● Opportunity to be promoted to team leader or event manager.
● The opportunity to work at some cool events with other like-minded people.
If you think you have what it takes then please fill in the application form.
http://www.e4s.co.uk/search/jobdescription?id=1719599&css=p&act=p

40
 6.2. Directed role play: A job interview

Vous dites que vous avez la candidature et le Remerciez le/la et dites que vous êtes ravi(e) d’avoir
CV du/ de la candidat(e) sous les yeux et que décroché cet interview.
son profil vous intéresse beaucoup.
Vous l’interrogez sur qui il/elle est, sur son Vous répondez que, comme il/elle a pu le voir dans
parcours. votre CV, vous êtes diplômé(e) en … et vous avez
fait l’an passé un stage dans une entreprise
similaire à la leur, un concurrent d’ailleurs.
Vous vous montrez intéressé et vous désirez Vous avez pu mettre en pratique toutes vos
savoir ce qu’il/elle a appris de ce stage. compétences techniques, càd la connaissance
apprise à l’école. Mais vous avez aussi développé
des compétences plus personnelles.
Vous lui demandez d’expliquer cela plus en Vous avez appris à vous organiser et à gérer votre
détail et d’illustrer par des exemples. temps car la masse de travail était énorme. Vous
avez aussi appris à gérer le stress.
Vous dites que vous cherchez quelqu’un de Vous êtes motivé par plusieurs choses : la nature
motivé, bon en informatique et qui a une des tâches de la fonction, la réputation de leur
bonne connaissance pratique d’Excel. Vous lui entreprise, mais aussi la soif d’apprendre pour
demandez pourquoi vous devriez l’engager acquérir de l’expérience.
lui/elle plutôt qu’un(e) autre candidat(e).
Vous êtes curieux de ce que la personne a déjà Vous dites que justement Excel est un de vos
réalisé en Excel. points forts : lors de votre stage vous avez pris
l’initiative de créer une nouvelle structure pour la
base de données ‘clients’ et ça s’est avéré très facile
à utiliser. L’entreprise l’a d’ailleurs adoptée.
Pouvez-vous citer une de vos faiblesses ? Vous admettez que vous devez encore améliorer vos
connaissances en fiscalité. C’est pour cela que
vous êtes déjà inscrit aux cours du soir tous les
mercredis.
Vous commentez son Cv : vous êtes J’ai beaucoup aimé le poste de vendeur dans la
agréablement surpris de voir que son boutique Mac : j’ai appris à gérer les contacts
expérience professionnelle est assez variée pour clients et je suis aussi curieux des nouvelles
un jeune diplômé. Quel emploi a-t-il/elle technologies. Ça évolue tout le temps.
préféré et pourquoi ?
Vous dites que vous procéderez à une seconde Vous le/la remerciez et demandez poliment et
série d’entretiens et que vous lui ferez savoir prenez congé.
rapidement si il/elle sera invité(e) à passer ces
interviews.

41
6.3. Open questions

Student jobs

1. What are the most popular student jobs in your country/region nowadays?

1. 5.

2. 6.

3. 7.

4. 8.

         

2. Do you have a regular job during the year?

3. If so, how often do you work? If not, why not?

4. Is combining a student job with student life easy?

42
 5. What do you use your salary for?

o Going out
o Clothes
o Electronic devices
o A rent
o Food
o Tuition fees
o Car insurance
o Savings
o Others

Studies and Career choice

1. How did you choose your studies?

2. Has marketing / international trade / law / accountancy always interested

you?

3. List 3 good reasons for your study choice.

4. List 3 good reasons for studying at EPHEC.

5. How do you see your dream job?

6. What are the 5 top values that matter to you when looking for a job. Rank
them.

Adventure Freedom Humour Money Respect

Ambition Friendship Independence Passion Security
Challenge Fun Integrity People Success
Creativity Health Learning Power Travel
Family Honesty Love Recognition Trust

7. What kind of company would you like to work for?

8. Would you like to be self-employed?

9. Do you have an idea of what a(n) marketer / commercial agent / jurist

/accountant does on a daily basis ? List 5 tasks.

10. How much do you expect to earn as a junior? (net salary)

43
 11. Would you like to do a post-graduate course after your first degree? Why
(not)?

12. Knowing your own personality, how would you describe yourself as an
employee?

13. Which career or which job wouldn’t fit you at all? Why not ?

14. What are your technical skills (= hard skills) up to now? What are your soft
skills?

Job search

1. List at least 8 things to do to find a job. Try to be chronological:

1. 5.

2. 6.

3. 7.

4. 8.

2. Give 5 pieces of advice to a young graduate who is compiling his/her CV.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Wear your CV on your shirt!

44
3. Give 8 good pieces of advice to a job-seeker who is about to take a job
interview:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

45
New working trends: debates

Telecommuting: working at/from home using a computer connected to a company's main

office.

1st: Think of the advantages and disadvantages of this new trend.

Advantages
o

Disadvantages
o

2nd: debate your point of view with your neighbour: are you for or against?

46
Incubators: a company that helps new and startup companies to develop by providing
services such as management, training, office space.

1st step: Do some Internet research on this current business trend (origin, concept,
future) and find examples of companies which have been able to start their
activities thanks to this system.

2nd step: Consider the main advantages / opportunities of incubators for young
start-ups.

Advantages
o

47
6.4. Presentation

Work in pairs. Do some Internet research to develop one of the following

topics. Then present your topic to the rest of the class.

1. Unemployment and youth unemployment in Belgium: facts & figures,

causes, consequences, average profile of unemployed people, recent laws,
solutions…
2. Unemployment and youth unemployment in the USA (or another country
of your choice): facts & figures, causes, consequences, average profile of
unemployed people, recent laws, solutions…
3. In terms of employment, what are the fastest growing sectors? In Belgium?
In the world? + facts & figures, new trends …
4. Recruiting techniques: traditional ones and new ones (online applications
and interviews): facts & figures, where, what sort of companies (examples),
pros and cons of the different methods
5. Moving towards a service industry: those jobs that tend to disappear and the
new jobs that didn’t exist before: facts & figures, where, what sort of
companies (examples), causes and (social) consequences.
6. The Chinese job market of a fast-growing economy.
7. Child labour: facts and figures all around the world. Causes, consequences,
laws, solutions.
8. Telecommuting as a trend: facts & figures, causes, consequences, average
profile of telecommuters, recent laws, examples…
9. Working overtime in Belgium. Paid or unpaid? Facts & figures, causes,
consequences, recent laws, examples of companies.
10. The best paid jobs in Belgium, in the world. Top athletes salaries, golden
parachutes… Facts & figures, causes, consequences, recent laws, examples...
11. Job specialization per country. Give a global overview of what industry is
typical of which country. + Facts & figures, causes, consequences, recent
laws, examples of companies.

48
 7. WRITTEN EXPRESSION
7.1. Free writing
 
Instructions :
o Write a structured essay: use paragraphs and linking words.  
o Use as much vocabulary coming from this chapter as you can.  
o Write 200 words.

§ Explain your point of view regarding 2 working trends: business incubators and
working from home. Are you for or against?

49
7.2. Semi-directed writing
 
Instructions :
o Write a structured essay: use paragraphs and linking words.  
o Use as much vocabulary coming from this chapter as you can.  
o Write 200 words.

§ Describe one of your previous student jobs. If you haven’t had any, describe
one that you would like to have.

o Activity of the company? Does it sell a product or provide a service?

o Type of industry = sector = line of business? Food - cleaning - financial
services - banking - …
o Location? Downtown - outside the city - in the outskirts of Brussels -
o Your position? Cashier -clerk - employee - factory worker - shop assistant-
…
o Your tasks/duties? Paperwork - filing - delivery - restocking - helping
customers - …
o Your working hours? From … to … - lunch break - work in shifts - at
night - in the morning/evening - at the WE
o The work place? An office - open-space offices (cubicles)- a shop - a
factory - small/big premises
o The atmosphere? Nice - relaxed - serious - professional - young - …
o The relationship with your colleagues? Good - I had to report to … - my
manager - my supervisor
o Transport? By car (parking lot?) - By bus - by train - …
o Your pay? salary (monthly pay) - wages (per hour, day, week if you are a
temp) … euros net - … euros gross - well-paid or not
o How did you find the job? Newspaper ad - online job offer - word of
mouth - networking (friends, relatives)
o Experience gained? Dealing with customers - languages - administrative
o Application? Sent a CV - sent a CV and a cover letter - took an interview -
…

50
 8. SCENARIO
8.1. How the world of work is changing (3’14’’)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYPxrzHJhF8

From the job hunt, the

interview to the work itself,
the workplace of today looks
dramatically different to that
of a few decades ago.

Find out how technology and the Internet are affecting the world of work:

New trend: Description:

1 Online job board

2 Social media

3 Skype, phone and

videos
4 Emails

5 The cloud

6 Gender equality

7 Employer brand

8 Cultural fit

9 Working
atmosphere
10 Collaborative
offices
11 New perks

12 Mixed up
innovative benefits
(at Apple &
Facebook)
13 Mixed up
innovative benefits
( at Netflix)
14 Flexible work
arrangements (2)
15 Upcoming jobs

51
8.2. Oral tasks

How the world of work is changing

List your pros and cons regarding the new working trends seen in the video and share
them next with your neighbour/the class.
Taking a job interview online (webcam) or on the phone.
+
-
Social media pre-screening by the employer.
+
-
Emails communication instead of face-to-face communication
+
-
The cloud storage of information
+
-
Cultural fit rather than technical requirements
+
-
Working atmosphere (+ relaxed, fun, inclusive)
+
-
Collaborative offices
+
-
New perks (gym membership, free meals, gaming areas, nap rooms)
+
-
Mixed up innovative benefits (Apple & Facebook) (money for freezing their eggs or sperm)
+
-
Mixed up innovative benefits (Netflix) (unlimited holidays, provided that the work is
covered)
+
-
Flexible work arrangements (2) homeworking + freelancing
+
-
Upcoming jobs: choose some jobs that appeal to you and some that don’t appeal to you.
+
-

52
TOPIC 8 : BUSINESS
 

53
 1. VOCABULARY

General vocabulary

to set (set-set) up a business établir, lancer une affaire

to run (ran-run) a business gérer une affaire, un business
to do (did-done) business (uncount.) faire des affaires
a company une société, une entreprise
a factory (≠ a company, a corporation) une usine (≠ une entreprise, une société)
a chief executive un directeur général
a manager un chef, un manager
a retailer un détaillant
a manufacturer un fabricant
to manufacture produire, fabriquer
a supplier un fournisseur
to supply fournir
a wholesaler un grossiste
to launch a product (on a market) commercialiser, lancer un produit (sur le
marché)
a brand une marque
a customer un client
a consumer un consommateur
the goods & services les biens et les services
to provide a good/a service délivrer/fournir un bien/service
a representative un représentant, un délégué
a sales representative un représentant, un délégué commercial
a competitor un concurrent
to carry out market research (uncount.) (= to do faire des études de marché
(did-done) market research (uncount.))
to place an order passer une commande
to sell (sold-sold) well bien se vendre
to sell (sold-sold) at a price vendre à un certain prix
the headquarters + verbe au pluriel le siège central / la Direction
e.g. : the headquarters are located in Ohio ex : le siège central se trouve en Ohio

1à5. Vocabulary and reading, p.76 -77

a relative un proche
a law une loi
a loss une perte
to make (made-made) a profit faire un bénéfice
profitable rentable
staff (uncount.) le personnel (ici)
a tax un impôt
a wage un salaire
a statement une affirmation

54
 an entrepreneur un entrepreneur
to charge a high price faire payer un prix élevé
a business partner un partenaire commercial
to fail échouer
to run (ran-run) a business on a day-to-day basis gérer une affaire au quotidien
careful management (uncount.) la gestion attentive
to put (put-put) money (uncount.) back into a réinjecter des fonds dans une affaire
business
to sponsor sponsoriser

6aà6d. Listening p.77 + transcripts p.171

a piece of advice (uncount.) un conseil

(pieces of) advice (uncount.) des conseils
to give (gave-given) advice (uncount.) on … donner des conseils sur …
to advise so (of sth) conseiller (qch) à qn
a tip un truc, une astuce
to focus on se concentrer sur
an accountant un comptable
an accountancy firm un cabinet comptable
accounting (uncount.) la comptabilité
a business adviser un conseiller en affaires
first of all tout d’abord, pour commencer
an area une zone, un domaine
to train oneself se former
to bring (brought-brought) in an employee faire appel à un employé, engager (ici)
a skill une compétence
to cover the costs couvrir les frais
in other words en d’autres mots
to promote promouvoir
to become (became-become) aware of sth devenir conscient de qch
to market sth commercialiser qch
a key to success une clé du succès
to leave (left-left) sth behind abandonner qch
a cash flow problem un problème de liquidité
a debt une dette
up-to-date à jour, moderne
printing trade (uncount.) le marché de l’impression
to deal (dealt-dealt) with tax properly gérer les impôts correctement
to manage a business properly gérer une affaire correctement
a business plan un plan financier
to improve (sales) améliorer (les ventes)
at the beginning au début
to forecast prévoir
to set (set-set) out an objective définir un objectif
to measure progress (uncount.) mesurer les progrès

55
 unexpected inattendu
the rising costs l’augmentation des coûts
to get (got-got) the forecasts down in writing mettre les prévisions par écrit
do’s and don’ts les choses à faire et les choses à ne pas faire

8à9. Speaking, p.77

a garden care service un service d’entretien de jardin

a mobile hairdressing service un service de coiffure mobile
to sell (sold-sold) a second-hand item vendre un objet de seconde main
a location of the business un emplacement de l’entreprise
a target market un marché cible
a discount une réduction
to start with pour commencer
to print a leaflet imprimer un dépliant
to make (made-made) money (uncount.) se faire de l’argent

Video, Meet the expert , p.77 : Vietnamese Food Business

to set up (set up – set up) a food business = to créer / lancer une entreprise dans le secteur
start, to create, to launch alimentaire
the owner le propriétaire
to go about s’affairer à, vaquer à telle occupation
to get made redundant se faire licencier
the financial crisis (pl. crises) la crise financière
affordable abordable
the shareholders les actionnaires
demanding exigeant
a staff un personnel
to manage gérer
to design a menu créer, concevoir un menu
to develop the business further = to expand agrandir l’entreprise
a chain (shops, restaurants) une chaîne (de magasins, restaurants)
to run (ran-run) = to operate a restaurant gérer un restaurant
actually en fait, en réalité
a mobile home-cooking business une entreprise mobile (sur roues) de cuisine
à domicile
a well-known British chef un chef (culinaire) anglais très connu
to take out a bank loan souscrire un prêt bancaire

1à3. Reading, p.78 -79

ethical éthique
a clothing department un rayon vêtements
shoplifting (uncount.) le vol à l’étalage

56
 a silk tie une cravate en soie
to pay (paid-paid) attention to sth faire attention à qch
to deserve mériter
you didn’t deserve a good bonus tu ne méritais pas un bon bonus
to notice remarquer, observer
a rotten bonus un bonus pourri, un mauvais bonus
to make (made-made) up for a rotten bonus compenser un mauvais bonus
an environmental manager un manager environnemental
to reduce (the production) costs réduire les coûts (de production)
to make (made-made) a loss subir une perte
to cut (cut-cut) back on investment (uncount.) réduire les investissements
as a result en conséquence
waste water (uncount.) les eaux usées
a scientist un scientifique
however, cependant,
to flow (flew-flown) into a nearby lake couler dans un lac à proximité
to warn avertir
a fish caught in a river un poisson attrapé dans une rivière
to catch (caught-caught) attraper
to go (went-gone) bankrupt faire faillite
bankruptcy (uncount.) la faillite
a car manufacturer un fabricant de voitures
on returning to de retour à
a competing offer une offre compétitive, concurrentielle
to complain about se plaindre de
to act illegally agir dans l’illégalité

4à9. Speaking - Grammar - Pronunciation - Writing, p.79

a punishment une punition

a gift un cadeau
a bribe un pot-de-vin, un dessous de table
to make (made-made) a difficult ethical decision prendre une décision éthique difficile
a missing file un dossier manquant
to hand in your resignation remettre sa démission
to resign = to quit démissionner

1à3. Reading, p.80

a famous brand une marque connue

cosmetics (pl.) la cosmétique
the cosmetics market le marché cosmétique
a soft drink un soda
sports clothing (uncount.) un vêtement de sport
a lawyer un avocat
a hardware store une quincaillerie

57
to succeed réussir, avoir du succès
to succeed at university réussir à l’université
to succeed in business réussir en affaires
the salespeople (pl.) les vendeurs
a founder un fondateur
to found fonder, créer
to have a sibling avoir un frère / une soeur
a childhood une enfance
to struggle with money (uncount.) avoir des difficultés financières
to grow (grew-grown) up grandir
to be interested in être intéressé par
she became interested in business (uncount.) elle s’est intéressée aux affaires
to graduate obtenir son baccalauréat, être diplômé
a department store un grand magasin
a launch un lancement
one of the world’s best selling brands une des marques les mieux vendues au
monde
to own a brand posséder une marque
an obituary une nécrologie
a co-founder un co-fondateur
ahead of devant
wealthy riche, prospère
a recording tape un enregistrement à bande magnétique
a tape recorder un enregistreur
to rename renommer, changer de nom
a custom (≠ the customs (pl.)) une coutume, une habitude (≠ la douane)
a key reason une raison principale
a workaholic un bourreau de travail
a playaholic un fou de jeux
to argue discuter, débattre
an achievement un accomplissement
to achieve accomplir
to earn extra money gagner de l’argent supplémentaire
the endorsement la publicité, l’endossement
celebrity endorsement la publicité faite par une personne connue
the sponsorship le sponsoring, le parrainage
to work as a lawyer travailler comme avocat
a profitable business une entreprise rentable
to expand s’étendre
a branch = a subsidiary une filiale, une succursale
a parent company une maison mère
a top model un mannequin
by the end of his life à la fin de sa vie
to negotiate huge contracts négocier de gros contrats
he leaves 3 children to former tennis professional il laisse derrière lui 3 enfants à l’ancienne
Betty Nagelson joueuse de tennis pro Betty N.

58
 to make (made-made) a living / to earn a living gagner sa vie
to complete secondary education achever / terminer ses études secondaires
to drink (drank-drunk) a can boire une cannette
the tiredness la fatigue
the jetlag le décalage horaire
to work well bien fonctionner (ici)
to go (went-gone) into partnership with s’associer avec
the launch of the new product le lancement du nouveau produit
although bien que
to remain rester

4à7. Vocabulary - Grammar, p.81

to run (ran-run) a business badly mal gérer une affaire

to set (set-set) up an overseas branch établir une filiale à l’étranger
to do (did-done) a business plan faire un plan financier
to make (made-made) an advertising campaign faire une campagne publicitaire
to go (went-gone) into partnership faire un partenariat
to recruit a new manager recruter un nouveau manager
to launch a new range lancer une nouvelle gamme
by the age of 25 à l’âge de 25 ans
by his/her/its 26th birthday à son 26ème anniversaire
to break (broke-broken) a record battre un record

1à4. Scenario, p.82 - Situation

how often? à quelle fréquence?

how often do you negotiate? négociez-vous souvent?
to have a clear aim avoir un objectif clair
to get (got-got) a win-win result obtenir un résultat gagnant-gagnant
why is the market growing? pourquoi le marché est-il en croissance?
to supply a retailer approvisionner un détaillant
although bien que
a peak season une haute saison
even même
even in the evening même le soir
fashion accessories (pl.) les accessoires de mode
a delivery une livraison
to deliver livrer
a payment (to make a payment) un paiement (faire un paiement)
payment on delivery paiement à la livraison
a sample un échantillon
to order sth (online) commander qch (sur internet)
I’m afraid that… je crains que…
to get (got-got) back to so reprendre contact avec qn

59
1à6. Scenario, p.8 3 Key language - Task

quite a large order une commande assez grande

to place an order passer une commande
a failure un échec
a meeting une réunion
a need un besoin
a good deal une bonne affaire
to be happy with a result être satisfait d’un résultat
for both sides pour les deux côtés
to make (made-made) a bigger profit on faire un bénéfice plus important avec
the winter range la gamme d’hiver (la collection ici)
a discount une réduction
to pay (paid-paid) interests on a bank loan payer des intérêts sur un prêt bancaire

1à4. Study skills,p.84

a report un rapport
an email un email
a note un message, une note
the minutes (pl.) of a meeting le compte-rendu d’une réunion
a cost benefit un coût-avantage
staff morale (uncount.) le moral du personnel
a recommendation une recommandation
a requirement une exigence
to find (found-found) out sth apprendre, découvrir qch
can you find out what stuff he needs for …? peux-tu te renseigner pour savoir ce dont il
a besoin?
to book (a hotel…) réserver (un hotel…)
asap (= as soon as possible) aussitôt que possible, dès que possible
further to your information suite à votre information
unfortunately malheureusement
to attend a conference assister à une conférence
due to à cause
de, suite à
to be grateful être reconnaissant
Yours sincerely Veuillez agréer l’expression de mes
sentiments les meilleurs / Bien à vous
to firm up a need confirmer un besoin

5à7. Study skills, p.85

to remind rappeler
to remind so of sth rappeler qch à qn
to provide fournir
to register enregistrer

60
Writing, Letter and email expressions, p.85

I am writing to enquire about, whether je vous écris au sujet de, pour savoir si
I am writing to inform you that/about … je vous écris pour vous informer que/de
to refer to a previous contact faire référence à un ancien contact
with reference to your letter of … en référence à votre lettre du …
I am delighted to inform you that … je suis ravi de vous informer que …
I regret to inform you that … je suis au regret d evous informer que …
unfortunately, malheureusement,
to make an offer faire une offer, proposer (ici : de faire qch)
if you wish, I would be happy to … si vous le souhaitez, je serais heureux de …
would you like me to … voulez-vous que je …
to make a request faire une demande, une requête
I would be grateful if you could je serais reconnaissant si vous pouviez ..
could you possibly … pourriez-vous éventuellement
to refuse = to turn down an invitation refuser une invitation
I am unable to attend due to … je suis dans l’incapacité d’être présent dû à
…
I can’t make it as… je ne pourrai être présent puisque …
an apology une excuse
I would like to apologize for … je voudrais m’excuser pour …
I am sorry about/for … je suis désolé de/pour …
the closing remarks les remarques finales
if you have any further questions, please do not si vous avez d’autres questions, n’hésitez pas
hesitate to contact me à me contacter
if I can help in any way, please contact me again. si je peux vous aider de n’importe quelle
manière, recontactez-moi
please feel free to call me again if you need any n’hésitez pas à me rappeler si vous avez
more help encore besoin d’aide
to refer to the future faire référence au futur
I look forward to hearing from you (in the near en espérant avoir bientôt de vos nouvelles /
future) au plaisir de vous lire bientôt
looking forward to meeting you. dans l’attente de vous rencontrer
speak to you soon / see you soon on se parle/voit plus tard
yours sincerely, je vous prie d'agréer, monsieur/madame,
l'expression de mes sentiments les plus
distingués
je vous prie d'agréer, madame, monsieur,
l'expression de mes salutations distinguées
regards, salutations, cordialement, bien à vous
an attachment une pièce jointe
please find attached veuillez trouver en pièce(s) jointe(s) ….
I am attaching … je vous mets … en pièce jointe

61
 2. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONS
 
2.1. Listening exercise 8.1. (p. 77, New Language Leader)
 
Listen to the first part of an interview with Allan Smith
giving advice on starting a business and answer the
questions (in French).

1. What are Allan Smith’s professional activities?

2. What is the first tip that Allan mentions to someone

who wants to set up a business? How should business
owners react?

3. According to Allan, how can you get useful advice (2 elements)?

4. The second tip is about marketing. Explain what Allan says about the pricing
strategy (2 elements min.)?

5. Regarding the promotion, what could be the key to success?

2.2. Listening exercise 8.2. (p. 77, New Language Leader)

6. Indicate three reasons that explain why businesses fail? Don’t give details.

62
2.3. Listening exercise 8.3. (p. 77, New Language Leader)

7. How does Allan know so well about these problems?

8. Why are business plans useful?

9. True or false? Justify in both cases.

- You may keep your business plans in your head.

- At the beginning, you may make mistakes when you forecast.

Would you like to set up your own business? Why? Why not?

What would you be afraid of if you wanted to set up a business?

Do you know people who have set up their business? Explain. (Launched /
created / started)
   

63
2.4 Listening exercise 8.4 (p. 77, New Language Leader)

Listen to two people talking about an idea for a business in their hometown.
Fill in the table below (in French).

Product / Place? Promotion? Price? Others?

Service?

Do you think it is a good business idea? Why? Why

not?

According to you, are Belgians good at creating

businesses? Explain.

What is the best age to start up a business? Why?

2.5. Listening exercise 8.6. (p. 82, New Language Leader)

 
Listen to Vanessa from Domino s.p.r.l. speaking to a potential manufacturer
in San Francisco and answer the questions below (in French).

1. How many pairs of sunglasses did Vanessa want to order? At what price?

2. When does Vanessa want to get the order? Is it possible? If yes, why? If not,
why?

3. What does Bob expect about the payment? How does Vanessa react?

Do you prefer to negotiate on the phone or face-to-face? Why?

Do you negotiate a lot with your parents? Explain.

Do you think girls are better negotiators than boys? Why?

64
 3. MEET THE EXPERT
 
3.1. An interview with Teresa Le (p. 77, New Language Leader)

Watch the video on p. 77 (New Language Leader) and answer the questions
below (in French). /8

1. What sort of business did Teresa launch? In which city? /2

2. What circumstances pushed Teresa to set up her own business? (two

elements) /2

3. What activity did Teresa start at the very beginning? /1

4. How was Teresa able to finance her business? /1  

 
 
 
 
5. What would Teresa like to do in the future (2 elements)? /2

65
 4. READING COMPREHENSIONS

4.1. Reading exercise. The secret of my success (p. 76, New Language Leader)

Read the text. Answer the questions below (in French).

1. For the entrepreneur:

- What should be done before setting up the business?

- What’s the most difficult time to go through?

2. Describe the relationship between the retailer and the customer?

3. True or false? If the price of your luxury product is very high, you’ll make big
profits and you’ll be taken seriously.

4. Considering the partner, what happened with his first business? How did he
react?

5. True or false? When you manage a manufacturing business, the key to

success is to invest all your money back into this business.

66
4.2. Reading exercise Business Dilemmas (p. 78, New Language Leader)

Read the text. Answer the questions below (in

French).

Text 1
1. Why didn’t Julia and her friend get a good
bonus last year?

2. True or false? Julia paid too much for the new

men’s shirts she has in her bag? Why?

Text 2
3. What was the focus for the company all last year? Why? What decision was
taken?

4. What do scientists claim (2 elements)?

5. Why is the company involved in this problem?

6. True or false? If you tell the press about the waste water, your company will
go bankrupt.

Text 3
7. Who is giving you all the presents?

8. True or false? The person who gives you the presents has the business offer
with the cheapest radios.  

67
4.3. Reading exercise Business Icons (p. 80 + 160, New Language Leader)

1) Read the text p.80. Fill in the table below (in French).

Estee Lauder Akio Morito

What kind of childhood
did they have?

Was there a family

business?
What was their first
professional experience?

Explain the evolution of

the company (min. 3
steps).

What was the key to

success?

How is the company

doing nowadays?

Add one extra element of

your choice.

68
2) Read the text p.160. Fill in the table below (in French).

Mark McCormack Chaleo Yoovidhya

What kind of childhood
did they have?

Was there a family

business?
What was their first
professional experience?

Explain the evolution of

the company (min. 3
steps / dates).

What was the key to

success?

How is the company

doing nowadays?

Add one extra element of

your choice.

69
 5. VOCABULARY EXERCISES

5.1. Fill in exercise

Study your vocabulary (first half of your list) and fill in the gaps with the
correct words.

Un distributeur – Attraper - Un représentant commercial – Se plaindre de - La

faillite - Un comptable – Prévoir – Un problème de liquidité – Un conseil – Un
concurrent

1. This company faces………………………..…..…………..……………………and it

can’t pay its bills anymore.
2. Business plans help companies to
…………………………………………………..the sales and the different costs of
the business.
3. There are a lot of future …………………….………………………..at the Ephec
College. They especially like to work with figures.
4. It’s important to consider all the …………………..………………………….to
get an overall view of the market shares.
5. Colruyt is one of the most important food
………………………………………………….in Belgium.
6. The service at this restaurant was really bad. I’m
going……………………………………………………………………………………
…… it on their website.
7. You could ask your
friend……………………………………..……………………………on how to set
up your business.
8. Last year the police …………………………………………………thieves who
were trying to get into the factory.
9. I’d like to start my career as
a………………………………………………………………………………………..b
ecause I like to meet new customers and I don’t mind driving.
10. Most businesses in Belgium fail during their first year. That’s why the
number of …………………………………………………………………..is very
high in the first 12 months.

70
5.2. Fill in exercise

Study your vocabulary (the whole unit) and fill in the gaps with the correct
words

Le siège central (le QG) – Un consommateur – Passer une commande – Fournir un

service – Bien que – La paiement à la livraison – Une exigence – Un rapport –
Malheureusement – A l’âge de 28 ans

1. Vanessa wanted to ……………………………………………………….of 2500

pairs of sunglasses.
2. Don’t forget to mention the increase of the sales in our annual
…………………………….. .
3. ……………………………………………………………………………she had
already set up 2 successful businesses.
4. Our …………………………………………………………are located in London
but we have offices all over Europe.
5. Our new marketing strategy pays off as we have many new
……………………………………
6. …………………………………………………an international competitor arrived
and took a big part of the market. That’s why we lost market shares last year.
7. Nowadays, it’s getting difficult to find companies that
………………………………………………..……………………on the phone.
8. There are a lot of
………………………………………………………………………….if you want to
work in this company. Among others, you need to speak three languages.
9. Bob can deliver the order immediately if there is
…………………………………………………………………………… .
10. My colleague was fired …………………………..…………….he was working
efficiently.

71
 6. ORAL EXPRESSION

6.1 Free role play

Business dilemmas

Student A

Vous revoyez deux amis avec qui vous avez fait vos études. Désormais, vous travaillez tous
les 3 dans des secteurs différents mais vous vous rendez compte que vous devez parfois faire
face à des dilemmes éthiques à votre boulot. Vous expliquez chacun un cas/exemple
précis et vous réagissez aux histoires de vos amis.

Vous commencez.

1. Vous êtes directeur d’une usine qui fabrique des parfums pour hommes et
pour femmes. Vous avez récemment été à l’étranger rencontrer un
fournisseur de flacons en verre (= bouteilles) pour vos parfums. Vous
expliquez qu’en quittant, le fournisseur vous a offert une tablette tactile
dernière génération. Vous vouliez le dire à vos collègues en rentrant mais
vous avez oublié.
2. Vos amis vous ont donné leurs points de vue. Expliquez que vous avez,
depuis, reçu à nouveau un cadeau du fournisseur : une caisse de bonnes
bouteilles de vin. Vous n’avez jamais signé de contrat avec ce fournisseur et
vous ne savez pas comment réagir, surtout qu’il est plus cher que les autres
pour des flacons d’une qualité identique. Votre ami B répond et puis C
enchaîne.
3. Lorsque C a donné son opinion sur le problème dans le supermarché de
votre ami B, vous ajoutez que, pour vous, c’est grave de voler sans le dire,
même des petites choses. Selon vous, l’employé ne mérite pas de bonus cette
année et s’il continue, il sera renvoyé. Vous demandez à C s’il a aussi des
problèmes éthiques dans son entreprise.
4. Concernant la pollution de l’usine de votre ami C, vous dites que c’est
compliqué parce que si les machines coûtent trop cher à acheter, cela risque
de provoquer une faillite et votre ami pourrait perdre son emploi. Vous
proposez de commander à boire et de parler des prochaines vacances. Parlez
librement de cet aspect, soyez créatif.

72
Student B

Vous revoyez deux amis avec qui vous avez fait vos études. Désormais, vous travaillez tous
les 3 dans des secteurs différents mais vous vous rendez compte que vous devez parfois faire
face à des dilemmes éthiques à votre boulot. Vous expliquez chacun un cas/exemple
précis et vous réagissez aux histoires de vos amis. A commence puis vous
enchaînez.

1. Vous demandez à A pourquoi il a accepté la tablette car vous trouvez cela

dangereux dans le cadre des affaires. Vous lui dites qu’il doit absolument le
dire à ses collègues, ce sera plus honnête. Vos amis C et A donnent leurs
avis.
2. Selon vous, A devrait renvoyer les bouteilles et la tablette s’il ne choisit pas
le fournisseur qui lui a offert les cadeaux. Il sera plus à l’aise car ce sont des
pots-de-vin. Vous enchaînez en expliquant un cas éthique dans votre
entreprise. Précisez que vous travaillez comme directeur de supermarché et
que vous pensez qu’un de vos employés se sert de nourriture dans les stocks
sans le dire. Votre ami C réagit.
3. En entendant l’histoire de pollution de votre ami C, vous répondez qu’il doit
absolument aller à la banque demander un crédit pour investir dans des
machines qui polluent moins. Vous ajoutez que ce n’est pas légal de ne pas
réagir et qu’il pourrait avoir des problèmes. Votre ami A donne son avis.
4. Votre ami A change de sujet et vous enchaînez naturellement. Soyez créatif.

73
Student C

Vous revoyez deux amis avec qui vous avez fait vos études. Désormais, vous travaillez tous
les 3 dans des secteurs différents mais vous vous rendez compte que vous devez parfois faire
face à des dilemmes éthiques à votre boulot. Vous expliquez chacun un cas/exemple
précis et vous réagissez aux histoires de vos amis. A commence, B enchaîne
puis c’est à votre tour.

1. Vous êtes d’accord avec B. Votre ami (A) doit le dire immédiatement à ses
collègues et ne devrait plus accepter ce genre de gros cadeaux, c’est
embarrassant et il va être influencé pour choisir son fournisseur. Votre ami
A reprend la parole.
2. Lorsque B explique ce qui se passe dans son supermarché, vous réagissez en
disant que c’est peut-être une personne qui n’a pas beaucoup d’argent et qui
doit s’occuper de sa famille. Vous suggérez qu’il en parle avec l’employé
pour comprendre les raisons. Il ne faut pas s’énerver trop vite, ce n’est pas si
grave. Votre ami A enchaîne.
3. Vous expliquez aux autres que vous travaillez dans une usine de peinture
située dans un petit village. Vous remarquez que les habitants sont de +en +
malades et vous savez que votre usine émet beaucoup de pollution.
L’entreprise n’a pas les finances pour investir dans de technologies qui
réduiraient la pollution. Votre ami B réagit.
4. A la fin de la conversation, vos amis changent de sujet et vous enchaînez
naturellement. Soyez créatif.

74
6.2 Directed role play

Etudiant A

Vous êtes étudiant dans une école de commerce. Lors d’un salon de l’entrepreneuriat, vous
vous arrêtez à un stand destiné aux jeunes et vous discutez avec un consultant qui vous
donne des conseils intéressants sur la manière de bien lancer son propre business.

Vous commencez.

1. Vous saluez la personne et vous vous présentez de façon complète (nom,

études, raison de la visite au salon, ..). Vous expliquez que vous aimeriez
commercialiser un nouveau produit (choisissez quel produit) avec un ami
mais vous avez un peu peur de lancer votre propre entreprise. B vous
répond.
2. Une fois que vous connaissez vos faiblesses, est-ce mieux de s’entraîner
pour apprendre ou de demander l’avis d’un expert ? Quel est le meilleur
conseil ?
3. Vous demandez à B comment couvrir vos coûts et obtenir un retour sur
investissement, même peut-être du bénéfice ? Est-ce possible la première
année ?
4. Effectivement, vous allez choisir un prix différent des concurrents : soit plus
bas, soit plus haut. Pour la promotion, le plus important au début est que les
gens aient conscience que le produit existe.
5. Vous réagissez à ce que dit B et vous demandez les raisons qui font que
certaines entreprises échouent et font faillite ?
6. Vous dites que vous avez un business plan très clair dans votre tête, que
vous avez fixé des objectifs et que vous savez comment vous allez les réaliser.
7. Vous remerciez B pour ses bons conseils et vous lui dites que vous allez y
faire très attention. Vous achevez la conversation de manière professionnelle.

75
Etudiant B

Vous êtes consultant en entrepreneuriat. Lors d’un salon sur la création d’entreprise, un
jeune étudiant s’arrête à votre stand et vous lui donnez des conseils intéressants sur
la manière de bien lancer son propre business.

A commence.

1. Vous félicitez A pour sa nouvelle idée et son envie de lancer son entreprise.
C’est une excellente initiative. Le conseil le plus important que vous pouvez
lui donner est que jamais il ne saura tout sur la manière de gérer une
entreprise. C’est aussi simple que ça. Il faudra de l’aide et des conseils dans
certains domaines comme la finance ou le marketing, par exemple.
2. Demander l’avis d’un expert est une excellente idée. Vous expliquez à A
qu’il peut aussi demander simplement conseil à un ami qui gère déjà son
entreprise (cela coûte moins cher) ou même engager un employé qui
possède les compétences nécessaires.
3. Pour bien vendre le produit, le marketing est très important : vendre en
quantités suffisantes, choisir le prix juste, organiser une bonne promotion.
C’est votre second conseil pour réussir : se concentrer sur le marketing.
4. Vous expliquez à A que vous avez beaucoup travaillé et aidé des entreprises
qui faisaient faillite.
5. Il y a plusieurs raisons, comme par exemple le fait de ne dépendre que d’un
seul client. Si le client décide qu’il n’a plus besoin de vous, c’est la faillite.
6. Vous prévenez A qu’il faut mettre toutes ces prévisions par écrit, un
business plan écrit vous servira à réagir aux choses imprévues. Vous
souhaitez bonne chance à A et vous terminez la conversation de manière
claire et professionnelle.

76
6.3. Open questions

1. Choose ONE word to describe a successful business.

2. According to you, is everyone able to run a business successfully? Is it only

aimed at specific personalities to run a business successfully?

3. Is there a perfect age to set up a new business? Justify!

4. What are the advantages of setting up your own business?

5. What are the disadvantages/drawbacks of setting up your own business?

6. Would you like to set up a business? In which sector? Where? On your own
or with a friend?

7. Can you think of dangerous business ideas to set up in Belgium?

8. “Smart small, grow big”. Explain how you understand this sentence.

9. Some people say failing in setting up a business for the first time is a positive
experience for life. Do you agree with that statement? Explain.

10. Women are better than men for setting up and managing a business. Do you
agree with that statement?

11. Who are the most important people in the success of a business?

77
6.4. Presentation

You have 5 minutes to prepare and present orally a business idea you’d like to
bring in Belgium from abroad. Mention the following elements during your
presentation:

o Name of the business (or clear explanations of the business)?

o Country of origin?
o Age of the company (approximately)?
o Products or services offered?
o Clients?
o Ways of doing promotion?
o Changes over the years?
o Would it be necessary to adapt some aspects of the business to sell in
Belgium? Which ones?
o Your personal opinion on this company: why you like this company?
o Would you like to work for this company: yes, no, why?
o Where should the company be located in Belgium? Why?

78
 7. WRITTEN EXPRESSION
7.1. Free writing
 
Instructions:
o Write a structured essay: use paragraphs and linking words.  
o Use as much vocabulary coming from this chapter as you can.  
o Write 200 words.

§ Vous êtes en séjour linguistique en Irlande. Pour mieux connaître votre pays
d’un point de vue commercial, votre professeur d’anglais vous demande de
rédiger un texte sur une entreprise belge qui a bien réussi.

§ Choisissez librement une entreprise qui vous plaît et que vous connaissez.
Précisez le nom, les produits/services, le secteur d’activité, les clients et les
concurrents principaux.

§ Expliquez les raisons du succès de l’entreprise selon vous (min. 2 éléments).

§ Donnez votre opinion sur l’entreprise choisie : vous aimez, vous n’aimez pas,
pourquoi ?

§ D’après vous, comment l’entreprise pourrait-elle encore s’améliorer (min. 3

éléments) ?

§ Aimeriez-vous travailler pour cette entreprise après vos études : oui, non,
pourquoi (min. 2 éléments) ?

79
7.2. Semi-directed writing

Rédigez un texte cohérent de 150 mots en introduisant les éléments ci-

dessous. Faites des phrases complètes, variez les structures et utilisez des mots-liens.
Essayez d’utiliser des phrases types du tableau p. 85 dans NLL.

Vous travaillez pour l’entreprise « Easy festival ». Vous envoyez un email à un

fabricant potentiel de bracelets jetables en Pologne. Vous lui indiquez les éléments
suivants :

o Vous décrivez votre entreprise : belge, précisez l’année de création de

l’entreprise, active dans les accessoires pour les festivals (événementiel en
général), ventes augmentent parce que le marché est en croissance,
fournisseur de détaillants partout dans le Benelux, précisez le nombre
d’employés et votre fonction dans cette entreprise ;
o Vous souhaitez passer une commande importante, environ 35.000 bracelets ;
o Vous demandez d’abord des échantillons et le meilleur prix possible ;
o La condition pour passer la commande est la date de livraison= marchandise
doit être livrée en mars ;
o Le paiement à la livraison ne sera pas possible ; proposez de payer 60 jours
après la livraison.
o Vous devez avoir une réponse rapidement car vous avez d’autres
négociations en cours avec d’autres fabricants potentiels dans d’autres pays ;
o Terminez votre mail de manière professionnelle.

 
 

80
 8. SCENARIO

8.1. Milkmade Ice-cream

Diana Hardeman is a dynamic entrepreneur who founded her company in

New York City back in 2009. Watch the video and summarize the
information you hear about the following aspects:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDmEhS-IxDc

Unique concept offered by the company?

Origin of the idea?

Service provided to the ice-cream of the month club members?

Main features of the ingredients used?

Business philosophy?

81
8.2. Oral activity

What do you think of Diana’s idea? What

are the main strengths of the concept /
company?

How do you imagine the future of the

company?

What are the possible threats on the

business?

Imagine Diane is a friend of yours: which

advice would you give her in order to expand her business?

8.3. Written activity

Milkmade Ice-Cream is now a thriving business and Diana wants to expand in

order to gain more customers in America. However, she lacks cash investment.

As a result, she decides to launch a KickStarter campaign to raise money

and find private investors.

She writes an e-mail to potential private investors to promote her company,

referring to her KickStarter project. This is her draft with the major ideas
she wants to develop.

DRAFT
o Opening salutations
o Objective of the e-mail: KickStarter campaign to raise
money
o §1: Present the company + unique concept + unique
ingredients and flavours.
o §2: Develop professional / personal qualities to convince
people to invest in the company.
o Closing salutations (+ link to the KickStarter campaign)

You will find lots of useful expressions in your textbook NLL on page 85.
Do not hesitate to use them!

82
TOPIC 5 : ADVERTISING
 

83
 1. VOCABULARY

General vocabulary

to advertise a product / a service faire de la publicité pour un produit / un

service
an advertisement (= an advert) (= an ad) (in a une publicité (dans un journal ou un
newspaper or a magazine) magazine)
an advertiser un annonceur
an advertising agency une agence de publicité
a commercial (= a radio/tv spot) une publicité à la télévision / radio

1.Speaking, p. 46

to make (made-made) a good advert constituer une bonne publicité

what makes a good advert? quels sont les éléments qui constituent une
bonne publicité?
to like (>< to dislike) aimer (>< ne pas aimer)
a memorable advert une publicité marquante, mémorable

2a-2b. Reading - exercise and text, p. 46

to attract attention (uncount.) attirer l’attention

to be colourful être coloré
to state déclarer
to reflect everyday life (uncount.) refléter la vie quotidienne
nowadays de nos jours
to focus on se concentrer sur
1. Michael Hamilton
first of all tout d’abord
to be attention-grabbing capter, attirer l’attention
to be powerful être puissant
a strong image une image forte
to be eye-catching attirer le regard
a catchy slogan un slogan percutant, accrocheur
a joke une blague
to shock choquer
the Aida formula la formule Aida
attention attention
interest intérêt
a desire un désir
action action
to get (got-got) the attention attirer l’attention
effective efficace
persuasive persuasif, convaincant
to motivate motiver

84
 to go (went-gone) out sortir
an advertising executive un cadre travaillant en agence de pub
2. Miranda Hoyles
over the years au cours des années
to be purely informative être purement informatif
to tell (told-told) an inspirational tale raconter une histoire stimulante,
enthousiasmante
witty spirituel, plein d’esprit
humorous humoristique
sophisticated sophistiqué
dull ennuyant, terne
to take (took-taken) away the ordinariness of rendre la vie quotidienne moins ordinaire
everyday life
3. Christie Peterson
exciting excitant, passionnant
intriguing intrigant
an instantly recognisable logo un logo reconnaissable immédiatement
to build (built-built) up a logo développer un logo
to identify with identifier à, connecter à
to make (made-made) a connection établir une connexion
to become (became-become) irritating devenir énervant, agaçant
to infer an opinion déduire une opinion
to escape from reality (uncount.) s’échapper de la réalité
a strong symbol un symbole fort
carefully chosen words des mots choisis avec attention
to be the key être essentiel
an impact un impact
to make (made-made) an impact produire un impact
to be too repetitive être trop répétitif

3 à 5. Vocabulary - exercises, p. 47

unusual inhabituel
attractive attrayant
noticeable visible
amusing amusant
enjoyable agréable
easy to remember facile à retenir
surprising surprenant
to work well bien fonctionner, être efficace
to produce results produire des résultats
imaginative plein d’imagination
clever intelligent
a jingle un jingle
to promote promouvoir
misleading trompeur

85
 to support a product, an idea, an opinion soutenir un produit, une idée, une opinion
to support soutenir (aussi financièrement)
to approve of a product approuver un produit
to give (gave-given) financial support sponsoriser
(= to sponsor)
sponsorship (uncount.) le sponsoring
to endorse a product représenter un produit (dans le but de le
promouvoir)
a famous celebrity une star, célébrité connue
an actor (>< an actress) un acteur (>< une actrice)
a sports star une star du monde sportif
to be out of the question être hors de question
to be visually beautiful être superbe visuellement
to be set in a romantic location se dérouler dans un endroit romantique
to stretch a budget augmenter un budget
would the budget run to that? le budget le permettrait-il?
to get (got-got) so to do sth inciter qn à faire qch

6a à 6c. Listening - transcript, p. 47

Speaker 1
to drive (drove-driven) a car conduire une voiture
a car park un parking
the surrounding buildings les bâtiments environnants
in the country (ici) à la campagne
to power the overhead power lines enclencher le réseau électrique
along the road le long de la route
a blue oval logo un logo ovale bleu
actually (= in fact) en fait
to consider +ing sth envisager de +inf. qch
Speaker 2
a humorous ad une publicité humoristique
to stick (stuck-stuck) in one’s mind rester à l’esprit de quelqu’un
to be inspirational qui est stimulant, enthousiasmant
to be lively (music) être entraînant (musique)
exotic exotique
to drink (drank-drunk) a soft drink boire une boisson non-alcoolisée
the camerawork (uncount.) la prise de vues
to be creative être original, novateur
to have fun s’amuser
Speaker 3
to see (saw-seen) a dull advert on television voir une pub ennuyeuse à la télévision
recently (= lately) récemment
a washing powder une poudre à lessiver
to be irritating être agaçant
to be informative informer, donner des informations

86
 I can’t get this jingle out of my head ce jingle me trotte en tête
to give (gave-given) a lot of information donner beaucoup d’informations sur un
(uncount.) about a product produit
a brand une marque
§1
to be effective être efficace
to be the most effective être le plus efficace

Reading - text, p. 48

FOR
§1
to be acceptable to do sth être acceptable de faire qch
in recent years au cours de ces dernières années
to manipulate so/sth to manipulate qun/qch
to manipulate images digitally (= to photoshop) manipuler des images digitalement (=
photoshopper)
to become (became-become) increasingly devenir de plus en plus habituel
common
the advertising industry le monde publicitaire
to be usual practice être affaire courante
a celebrity une célébrité
a model un mannequin
to retouch a photo (= to airbrush a photo) retoucher une photo
to alter a photo transformer une photo
to alter altérer, changer, transformer
to make (made-made) so look physically perfect faire en sorte que qn soit parfait
physiquement
to cause controversy provoquer la controverse
to argue (that) argumenter (que)
an unrealistic image une image irréaliste
to distort déformer
a woman (pl. women) une femme
a man (pl.men) un homme
to look like ressembler
§2
to come (came-come) out strongly in defence of se montrer clairement en faveur de qch
sth
to be aware of sth être conscient de qch
to quote so/sth citer qch/so
an editor un rédacteur en chef
a reader un lecteur
§3
to point out faire remarquer
wealthy riche
youthful juvénile

87
 to criticise critiquer
to enjoy sth Apprécier qch
§4
subtle subtil
a fake (noun) un faux, une contrefaçon
a fake image une image truquée
the willingness la volonté
to consume images consommer des photos
§5
to use one’s critical skills faire preuve d’esprit critique
to view an image regarder une photo
a failure un échec
an expectation une attente

Reading - text, p. 158

AGAINST
§1
regularly régulièrement
to edit an image corriger une photo
to touch up an image retoucher une photo
to make (made-made) a model more attractive embellir un mannequin
so that de manière à ce que
a consumer un consommateur
to spend (spent-spent) more money on a product dépenser plus d’argent pour un produit
to attract criticism (uncount.) attirer des critiques
the general public le grand public
to go (went-gone) too far aller trop loin
to be harmful to society porter préjudice à la société
§2
a constant exposure une exposition constante
a digitally-enhanced picture une photo retouchée, améliorée
digitalement
to distort one’s view of the world déformer, altérer sa vision du monde
to have unrealistic expectations about sth avoir des attentes irréalistes concernant qch
a body image une image corporelle
to lead (led-led) to mener à
an eating disorder un trouble du comportement alimentaire
an emotional problem un problème émotionnel
no wonder that… pas étonnant que…
to consider cosmetic surgery envisager une opération esthétique
to have a photograph airbrushed faire retoucher une photo
to appear like a model (= to look like a model) ressembler à un mannequin
§3
thankfully heureusement
a government un gouvernement

88
 to put (put-put) pressure on mettre la pression sur
the United Kingdom le Royaume-Uni
the Advertising Standards Authority l’institution chargée de contrôler les
publicités au Royaume-Uni
to ban an advertisement by (+ brand) interdire une publicité de (+ marque)
to feature an actor, an actress mettre en vedette un acteur, une actrice
a flawless skin une peau sans défaut
to be too good to be true être trop beau pour être vrai
to have a warning label comporter un message qui met en garde
§4
there have been developments il y a eu des changements
to take (took-taken) action agir
to make (made-made) so unrealistically thin amincir qn de manière irréaliste
to appear on a cover of a magazine apparaître sur la couverture d’un magazine
to request demander
to select a photographer sélectionner un photographe
to be well known être connu
a skin flaw un défaut de la peau
to agree to do sth accepter de faire qch
an aim un but, un objectif
to highlight mettre en avant
to be striking être frappant, saisissant
slim mince
a hip une hanche
a waist la taille (du corps humain)
the removal of cellulite la suppression de cellulite
§5
to be damaging to young people porter préjudice aux jeunes
to set (set-set) standards of body image imposer des critères esthétiques
widespread étendu
to destroy young people’s self-esteem (uncount.) détruire l’image de soi des jeunes
to set (set-set) the example donner l’exemple
to follow an example suivre un exemple
to accept a practice accepter une pratique
to introduce legislation (uncount.) mettre en place des lois, légiférer

1 à 5. Reading - exercises, p. 48

to scan scanner
to find (found-found) out découvrir
to share information (uncount.) partager les informations
a key point un point essentiel

89
6a-6b. Vocabulary - exercises, p. 48

to enhance mettre en valeur

to exaggerate exagérer
to improve (s’)améliorer
skilfully habilement, adroitement
a shape une forme
good (better- best) bien
bad (worse-worst) mal
a face un visage
to hate so haïr qn
salt (uncount.) du sel
a flavour un goût

7a. Listening- transcript, p.49

a web designer un concepteur de site web

a photographer un photographe
to design a website concevoir un site web
to take (took-taken) a photograph prendre une photo
to be based in (a city, a country) être basé à (ville, pays)
to cover ici : travailler, étendre son champ d’action
to get (got-got) a stunning wedding shot obtenir une photo de mariage remarquable
a bride une mariée
a groom un marié
to stand (stood-stood) in front of a place se tenir debout devant un endroit
a rainforest (uncount. une forêt tropicale
a white sandy beach une plage de sable blanc
a luscious rainforest une forêt tropicale luxuriante
a waterfall une cascade
a river un fleuve, une rivière
amazing incroyable
the Great Barrier Reef la Grande Barrière de Corail
a stunning location un endroit fantastique
to be spoilt for choice avoir l’embarras du choix
a shot une photo
although bien que
Papua New Guinea Papouasie Nouvelle Guinée
right away tout de suite
to be honest être honnête
to lose (lost-lost) out to a competitor perdre du terrain face à un concurrent
to act quickly agir rapidement
to limit the damage limiter les dégâts
to catch (caught-caught) up with so rattraper qn
if I were you à votre place, si j’étais vous
to be proud of a shot être fier d’un cliché

90
 to leave (left-left) sth at home laisser qch à la maison
contact details les coordonnées d’un contact
ideally idéalement
to have an unlimited budget avoir un budget illimité

8a. Grammar - exercises, p.49

to be likely to +inf. être probable que …

to be unlikely to +inf. être improbable que …
to have enough time avoir assez de temps
to give (gave-given) advice (uncount.) donner des conseils

9. Grammar - exercise, p. 49

to be offended être offensé

10. Speaking - exercise, p. 49

to be made illegal être rendu illégal

1 à 3. Reading, p.50

to be featured in sth être mis en avant, présenté dans qch

a governmental control on sth un contrôle gouvernemental sur qch
to be aimed at so/sth être destiné à qun/qch

4 à 5. Vocabulary, p.50-51

an advertising manager un responsable de publicité

to be interested in so/sth être intéressé par qn/qch
a study shows that… une étude montre que…
nutritious nutritif
a lecturer un conférencier, un professeur dans le
supérieur
loud fort (son, musique)
a little louder un peu plus fort
an (animated) cartoon un dessin animé
a cartoon character un personnage de dessin animé
an entertainment programme une émission de divertissement
an entertainment un divertissement
an entertainer un comique, un artiste de variétés
to entertain amuser, divertir
entertaining amusant, divertissant
a concern une inquiétude, un souci
a worrying thing une chose inquiétante
critical critique

91
 junk food de la malbouffe
a manufacturer un fabricant
to manufacture (= to make (made-made)) (= to fabriquer, produire
produce)
healthy (>< unhealthy) sain (>< mauvais pour la santé)
health (uncount.) la santé
gimmicky packaging (uncount.) l’emballage fantaisiste
confectionery (uncount.) la pâtisserie, la confiserie
to sweeten sucrer
sweetened sucré
to grow (grew-grown) up croître, grandir
a belief une croyance, opinion
however, cependant
tough difficile
to get (got-got) tougher devenir plus difficile
there is little hope il y a peu d’espoir
a regulation une réglementation, un règlement
to have a common approach avoir une approche similaire

6. Grammar, p.51

trainers des chaussures de sport

tasty délicieux

1. Scenario - Situation, p.52

to charge so for sth faire payer qun pour qch

a campaign une campagne
to carry out a campaign mener, réaliser une campagne
well-known bien connu, célèbre
to introduce sth to a market introduire qch sur un marché
to appeal to so plaire à qn
to launch sth lancer qch

3a à 3c. Key language, p.53

our presentation is divided into 3 parts notre présentation se divise en 3 parties

if you have any questions, we will be pleased to si vous avez des questions, nous y
answer them répondrons volontiers
moving on now to… passons maintenant à …
let me summarise the main points permettez-moi de résumer les points
principaux
are there any questions? y a-t-il des questions ?

92
1a. Study skills - transcript, p. 54

to decide whether décider si

a statement un énoncé, une déclaration
to make (made-made) a judgement se faire un jugement
based on sur base de
evidence (uncount.) des preuves
a piece of evidence une preuve
clear thinking lucidité
in a thoughtful way de manière réfléchie
to do (did-done) an essay rédiger une dissertation
to do (did-done) a report faire un rapport
to carry out research (= to do (did-done) research faire, réaliser une recherche
on/into/about)

1a à 4. Study skills - text, p. 54

a law une loi

to allow so to +inf. autoriser qn à +inf.
advertising (uncount.) for la publicité (commerciale) pour qch
to go (went-gone) further continuer, aller plus loin
undoubtedly sans aucun doute, assurément
the right way forward la bonne voie à suivre, le bon exemple
a benefit un avantage, une allocation
to outweigh compenser
greatly grandement
widely known bien connu
a rate un taux, une proportion
to increase augmenter
significantly grandement, de manière significative
a western country un pays occidental
an eastern country un pays d’orient
to be second only to sth n’être devancé que par
the food industry l’industrie alimentaire, le secteur
to spend (spent-spent) on sth dépenser à qch
over $33 billion plus de 33 milliards
to result in avoir pour conséquence
a wide range of une large gamme de
a disease (= an illness ) une maladie
to be likely to +inf. être susceptible de +inf.
a behaviour un comportement
an opponent un adversaire, concurrent
to choose (chose-chosen) whether to choisir de
a business (= a firm, a company, an organization) une entreprise, une société
healthcare les soins de santé
a habit une habitude
a duty (= a task) une tâche

93
 to prevent so from +ing empêcher qn de +inf.
to create jobs créer de l’emploi
to bring (brought-brought) in rapporter
a large amount une grosse quantité
worthwhile qui en vaut la peine
furthermore, de plus, en outre
to make (made-made) money (se) faire de l’argent
to harm nuire
a citizen un citoyen
a responsibility une responsabilité
to damage endommager, nuire à
beneficial to so bénéfique à qn
a society !! une société (communauté)
(≠ a business) (≠ une société commerciale)

3-4. Study skills, p. 54

a heading une rubrique

to summarise (= to sum up) résumer
to belong to appartenir à
a purpose (= a goal, an aim) un but, un objectif
to question sth remettre qch en question
reliable fiable
main principal
to pay (paid-paid) attention to faire attention à
careful (>< careless) prudent, minutieux, soigné
well known célèbre
a television advertisement une publicité télévisée
on first impression au premier abord
to ban from +ing interdire

5a-5b. Study skills, p. 55

to practise pratiquer
the practice la pratique
to debate sth débattre de qch
biased biaisé, partial
to persuade so to +inf. persuader qn de +inf.
a point of view (= an opinion) un point de vue
to compare sth to sth, to compare with comparer qch à qch

6 à 9b. W riting skills, p. 55

a weakness une faiblesse

a strength une force
a kind of sth une sorte de qch

94
 to contain contenir
a controversial topic un sujet polémique, controversé
opposing opinions des opinions opposées
a reason for sth une raison à qch
to give (gave-given) evidence for sth donner des preuves pour qch
to refer to surveys faire référence à des enquêtes
to restate reformuler
to link with sth lier à qch
in my opinion, selon moi,
personally I think that personnellement je pense que
definitely sans aucun doute, tout à fait
as a result, par conséquent
nevertheless, néanmoins
on the one hand …, on the other hand … d’un côté …, d’un autre côté …
clearly clairement
what’s more de plus, qui plus est
in addition, en plus
moreover, de plus, en outre
to what extent dans quelle mesure

   

95
 USEFUL VOCABULARY TO DEAL WITH YOUR SIMULATION / MIB

the market le marché

to launch a product on the market lancer un produit sur le marché

a booming market un marché en plein essor, en pleine croissance

a survey une enquête

a market survey – a market study une étude de marché
to carry out (to make) a survey faire une étude de marché
to draw up a questionnaire rédiger un questionnaire
a poll – an opinion poll un sondage d’opinion
market research [U] les études de marchés (en tant que science ou
technique)
to assess the market évaluer le marché
a market assessment une estimation du marché
the target market le marché cible

the target la cible

to target cibler

targeting le ciblage
positioning le positionnement
segmentation la segmentation
segmentation criteria les critères de segmentation
1 criterion 1 critère
the market share la part de marché

a marketing strategy une stratégie marketing

a marketing concept un concept marketing
a marketing tool un outil marketing
a competitor un concurrent
competition la concurrence
to compete with concurrencer
a niche un créneau
the supply (of) l’offre de
the demand (for) la demande pour

the supplier le fournisseur

the delivery la livraison
the subcontractor le sous-traitant
 

96
the consumer le consommateur

a customer un client
the end-user le consommateur final
the purchasing behaviour le comportement d’achat
the purchasing power le pouvoir d’achat
a profile un profil
the perceived value la valeur perçue
a need un besoin
a want un désir
consumer wants and needs les désirs et les besoins des consommateurs
to satisfy a need satisfaire un besoin
the taste le goût
the tasting, the sampling la dégustation
to taste goûter à
to sample (food or wine) goûter (de la nourriture, du vin)
the status le statut

the product le produit

the packaging [U] l’emballage

a label une étiquette
a tag une étiquette
a brand une marque
a brand name une marque

a brand image une image de marque

a make une marque (plutôt pour des produits coûteux
et durables, comme une voiture , ou un
ordinateur)
a registered trademark une marque déposée
brand loyalty [U] la fidélité à la marque
brand awareness [U] la notoriété de la marque
a product range une gamme de produits
the assortment l’assortiment
the sample l’échantillon
differentiation la différentiation
a display un étalage
to display, to exhibit exposer, étaler
the novelty la nouveauté

97
the price le prix

to fix a price fixer un prix

profitability la rentabilité
profitable rentable
a budget un budget
to buy on hire purchase acheter à crédit
a (reduction) voucher un bon de réduction
a discount une réduction
to make a profit faire un bénéfice
the cost price le prix de revient
the retail price le prix de détail
the wholesale price le prix de gros
the introductory price le prix de lancement
the sale (selling) price le prix de vente
a recommended sale price un prix de vente recommandé

the distribution la distribution

to distribute a product distribuer un produit

a distribution channel un circuit de distribution
the wholesaler le grossiste
the retailer le détaillant
the shopkeeper le commerçant
the shelf space le linéaire
the shelf le rayon
the retail outlet le point de vente
the gondola la tête de banc
the turnover la rotation des produits
to supply approvisionner

98
Communication la communication

the event l’événement

the communication strategy la stratégie de communication
to promote promouvoir
the communication medium le support de communication
the message le message
the press release le communiqué de presse
the relevance between the message and the target la cohérence entre le message et la cible
the insertion l’insertion

Miscellaneous divers

the stand le stand

to exhibit exposer
the exhibitor l’exposant
the trade fair la foire commerciale
to market commercialiser
to work on commission travailler à la commission
the features les caractéristiques (d’un produit)
the benefits les avantages (d’un produit)
the USP (unique selling point/proposition) l’avantage différentiel
an advertising campaign une campagne promotionnelle
the quotation l’offre de prix, le devis
to get a good deal faire une bonne affaire
the after-sales service [U] le service après vente
the delivery time/period le délai de livraison
the customs la douane
to achieve accomplir
the customs duties les droits de douane
the regulations les règlements
the business card la carte de visite

99
 2. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONS
 
2.1. Listening exercise 5.2 (p. 47, New Language Leader)
 
Listen to 3 people talking about different adverts and answer the following
questions.

Ad 1

1. What product is advertised?

2. Describe the ad (4 elements)

3. It has a ______________________ slogan: ‘Feel the _______________________,

we have ____________________________.’

4. You can also see the ____________________

____________________________ _______________________________
_________________________ logo.

5. It is an effective ad as the speaker

_____________________________________________________________________
_______.

6. According to the speaker this ad was also persuasive because he

_____________________________________________________________________
_______.

100
Ad 2 Complete the blanks

I normally like ___________________________ ads. But the ad that

__________________________________________ was really inspirational. The music
was really _____________________________ and it was ________________ in different
exotic __________________________________. Everyone was drinking this soft
drink, but I can’t remember which one it was, and the
___________________________________ was really creative. It made you want to be
there, drinking that soft drink, having fun.

Ad 3

1. Speaker 3 talks about an ad for __________________________________.

2. Speaker 3 loved this ad as it was so inspirational. True / False? Why?

3. Speaker 3 doesn’t remember anything about the jingle used. True / False?
Why?

4. The ad gave a lot of details concerning the product and speaker 3 clearly
remembers what the brand was. True / False?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

101
2.2. Listening exercise 5.3 (p. 49, New Language Leader)
 
Listen to a conversation between a web designer and two photographers and
answer the following questions in English.

1. What kind of photographs do they take? Provide a precise answer.

2. Name 5 different places where these pictures are taken.

o
o
o
o
o

3. Why do the photographers resort to a web designer?

4. Why is it important for them to have a website?

102
2.3 Listening exercise 5.4 (p. 52, New Language Leader)

Listen to the following brief and summarise the information provided.

Point 1: Name of the drink

Point 2: Slogan

Point 3: Packaging

Point 4: Advertising media to be used during the campaign

Point 5: Promotions

103
2.4 Listening exercise 5.8 (p. 54, New Language Leader)

Listen to an expert talking about critical thinking. Make notes under these
headings.

1. What is critical thinking?

2. What do critical thinkers do?

3. Why is critical thinking important for academic studies?

4. Why is it an important skill for anyone?

104
 3. MEET THE EXPERT
 
3.1. The UK Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) (p. 51, New Language
Leader)

Listen to Vena Raffle, Head of Investigations at the

Advertising Standards Authority (ASA). Answer the
following questions in English.

1. What is the main mission of the ASA?

2. The expert talks about 2 misleading ads.

Ad #1
What product is featured in the first ad?

What did the advertiser promise in the ad?

How did the advertiser react when contacted by the ASA?

What action did the ASA take in the end?

Ad #2
What product is featured in the second ad?

What complaint did the customer make?

What action did the ASA take?

How did the advertiser react?

What happened to the ad in the end?

 

105
 4. READING COMPREHENSIONS

4.1. Reading exercise Manipulating Images (p.

48/ p.158 New Language Leader)

Read the text on p. 48 and answer the following

questions.

1. What is photoshopping according to the

article?

2. Who is Amanda Fortini?

3. What is her opinion about photoshopping? Why?

Read the text on p. 158 and answer the following questions.

1. Explain why photoshopping is harmful to society.

2. Explain the decision made by the ASA in the UK

3. How did these celebrities react when their pictures were touched up?

Name Reaction
Kate Winslet

Brad Pitt

Britney Spears

106
4.2. Reading exercise Advertisers targeting young people (p. 50, New
Language Leader)

Statement T/F? Justification Line

1. Programmes for children
are made a little louder than
the TV commercials.

2. Children do not make a

distinction between
commercials and TV
programmes.
3. Children are not aware that
the objective of commercials
is to make people spend
money.
4. TV commercials for
children often promote
unhealthy food.

5. Most commercials for

children are for food.

6. In Sweden TV advertising
for young children is
prohibited.

7. In Greece you can never

broadcast adverts for
children.

8. In France they say it is

important that children
learn to think in a critical
way about advertising by
watching commercials.
9. In the UK there are no rules
for junk food adverts.

10. There will soon be

European regulations for
advertising to children.

107
4.3. Reading exercise Should TV advertisements for unhealthy products be
banned? (p. 54, New Language Leader)

Statement T/F? Justification

1. In many countries advertising

for tobacco products is already
banned.

2. The benefits of banning TV

advertising for unhealthy
products are bigger than the
disadvantages
3. In the United States obesity is
the most important cause of
death.

4. If children see fewer

commercials for alcohol on TV
there is a lower chance that they
will start drinking.
5. The freedom of choice is an
argument against the banning of
advertising for unhealthy
products.
6. The cost of healthcare for people
with unhealthy habits is paid by
these individuals.

7. The government should forbid

TV ads for unhealthy products
because these products are too
expensive.
8. Manufacturing unhealthy
products is good for the
economy.

9. It is unethical if governments
make money from activities
which create health problems.

10. Health prevention is not the

responsibility of governments.

108
4.4. Reading exercise Can companies make us better citizens?

Read the article on the next page and answer the questions.

1. What was the main

objective of Starbucks’
campaign in the /1
Philippines?

2. Explain the action

taken to reach that /1,5
objective. Be precise.

3. True or False? The

main purpose of these
company campaigns is to /1
be profitable.
Explain.

4. How are Unilever and

/1
Dove related?

5. In what way did the

Dove Campaign for Real
/1
Beauty revolutionize the
advertising industry?

6. A business has to fulfil /2

2 conditions before
embarking on a
campaign. What are
they?

7. What element makes /1

the immigration campaign
discussed in the last
paragraph inadequate?

8. What is the difference /1,5

between a capitalist
approach and a
responsible capitalist
approach?

109
Can companies make us better citizens?

By Daniel Thomas, 25 August 2016

http://www.bbc.com/news/business-37057981  

If you want to know what coffee and elections have in common, ask Starbucks.

In May, the US giant ran a campaign in the Philippines called "care to vote", which rewarded
customers with a free drink if they turned out to vote in the country's general election. Having visited a
polling station, all customers had to do was show an ink-stained voting finger to a barista in order to
get their complimentary coffee or other beverage. "Our intent was simple," says Keith Cole, head of
marketing for Starbucks Philippines. "By helping to increase voter participation we believe more
people will have an opportunity to make their votes count."

From campaigning on voting rights, to sustainability, healthy eating, and gender equality, businesses
are increasingly speaking out about societal issues, in the hope of influencing - and improving - our
behaviour. The aim, they say, is to use their power and influence for good, and not just for profit. But
with corporate scandals never far from the news, can we seriously take their word for it?

Real beauty?

The idea that brands might encourage us to be better citizens is not new. UK chocolate manufacturer
Cadbury and US carmaker Ford invested heavily in the towns where their employees lived in the 19th
and 20th Centuries, and in return expected workers to uphold certain values - both in and outside
work.

But today such efforts tend to be more consumer-facing, the aim being to promote social good while
encouraging brand loyalty. Take the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty, which has been calling for a
wider definition of female beauty since 2004. Run by Anglo-Dutch consumer goods giant Unilever, the
owner of toiletries brand Dove, it aims to celebrate women of all shapes and sizes. Unilever says the
scheme has "pioneered the use of attainable images of beauty" in advertising, using women "with real
curves". At the same time, Unilever saw annual sales of Dove products reportedly increase from
$2.5bn (£1.9bn) to $4bn in 2014.

Responsible drinking

Another example is Dutch brewer Heineken, which has promoted moderate drinking in its advertising
since 2011. Heineken PR manager Milly Hutchinson says that the firm believes it has "a role to play in
society", and the "perfect platform to spread the message of moderate consumption". However, she
adds that the firm is also reflecting a "discernible shift in consumer behaviour", as its own research
shows that a majority of young adults now limit the amount of alcohol they drink.

'Needs authenticity'

Vicki Loomes, an analyst at consultancy Trendwatching, says: "If companies are going to campaign on
an issue, it needs to be something they are invested in long-term and aligned with what they do." She
adds: "It cannot be a three-month marketing campaign, talking about something like immigration,
simply because it is the most newsworthy topic going around." Ms West of Business in the Community
agrees. "People can see through rubbish, so it has to be authentic and honest and relevant to your
brand."Clearly companies must strike a delicate balance when weighing in on social issues, but it
seems that we would rather they tried than did nothing at all. "Businesses have realised they can't just
grow and take away from people," says Ms West. "They have to grow while giving back, which I think
is a really responsible capitalist approach."

110
 5. VOCABULARY EXERCISES

5.1. Fill in exercise

forces – faiblesses- spirituel – percutant – terne – trompeur

trouble du comportement alimentaire – esprit critique – être destiné à – offenser
représenter un produit dans le but de le promouvoir

1. If you want your advert to be attention grabbing, you have to use a strong
image and a ___________________ slogan.
2. Brands often resort to celebrities to _______________________________ their
products; Lancôme with Julia Roberts and Nespresso with Georges Clooney
are concrete examples of this advertising technique.
3. What are the main ______________________________ and
_________________________________ of their latest marketing strategy?
4. This is a very _________________________ commercial, it’s funny and clever
at the same time.
5. Consumers want to forget how _____________________ life can be and want
to escape from their everyday life.
6. Last January, the UK ASA (Advertising Standards Authority) decided to ban
this hamburger ad as it was ________________________________________ and
harmful to society.
7. This well-known doctor criticized these diet products as they could lead to
_________________________________________.
8. Make sure you use your ___________________________________________
when you look at the pictures in that fashion magazine! Don’t forget that
most of them – if not all- are touched up and digitally-enhanced.
9. Our new product range is _____________________________ women between
20 and 65 who want to stay fit and healthy and who have a high income.
10. Would you be ______________________________ if your picture was
airbrushed to hide your skin flaws?

111
5.2. Translate the following sentences into English
 

 
a) Le mois dernier notre agence de publicité a dépensé € 150.000 pour réaliser
cette campagne.

b) Combien ce fabricant nous a-t-il facturé en 2017 ?

c) Tu ne devrais pas acheter ce produit : d’une part il est malsain et cher ;

d’autre part, il nuit à l’environnement.

d) Les enfants sont une cible attrayante pour les annonceurs car ils influencent
les habitudes d’achat de leurs parents.

   

112
 6. ORAL EXPRESSION

6.1. Free role play

 
Par groupe de deux, vous débattez oralement des points ci-dessous.

Personnellement, prenez 5’ d’abord pour bien vous préparer.

1. C’est tout à fait normal de retravailler les images dans la

publicité ;
2. Les publicitaires ont raison de cibler les jeunes
enfants ;
3. Les publicités télévisées pour des produits qui sont mauvais pour la santé
devraient être interdites ;
4. Selon vous, la publicité n’influence pas les gens ;
5. Les entreprises ne devraient pas être autorisées à faire de la publicité sur les
réseaux sociaux ;
6. La publicité aide les gens à s’évader du quotidien ;
7. Vous ne seriez pas vexé(e) si quelqu’un vous photoshoppait ;
8. Si vous pouviez améliorer une publicité pour Fanta ou Nespresso, que
changeriez-vous ?
9. L’UE devrait imposer les mêmes règles pour la publicité à tous les pays ;
10. Les publicités sur FB sont plus efficaces qu’à la télévision.

113
6.2. Directed role play
 
Etudiant A
 
Vous êtes étudiant en commerce. Lors d’un concours organisé dans votre Haute Ecole, vous
avez créé le business plan d’un tout nouveau produit (> choisissez le produit avec
B). Les étudiants en comptabilité vous ont aidé pour les aspects financiers, votre ami inscrit
en droit vous a bien conseillé pour les parties juridiques et votre projet a été sélectionné pour
être présenté à un jury de professionnels. Il est à présent temps de discuter de la manière de
faire la promotion de votre produit. Vous discutez de cela avec votre ami
inscrit en marketing. Vous commencez.

1. Vous suggérez de faire un brainstorming des idées possibles pour faire la

promotion de votre produit. La première idée qui vous vient en tête est de
demander à une personne célèbre (choisissez) d’endosser (représenter) la
marque. Vous pouvez aussi faire une chouette publicité à la TV ou
promouvoir un programme TV qui correspond à la cible du produit.

2. Vous êtes d’accord avec son point de vue. Vous avez juste envie que votre
promotion soit persuasive et avec un jingle attrayant mais certainement pas
quelque chose d’ennuyant. Vous voulez que les gens se souviennent du
produit et aient envie de l’acheter. B réagit.

3. Effectivement, le modèle AIDA (A=Attention, I=Interest, D=Desire ,

A=Action) va bien vous aider. Votre publicité doit faire + que juste attirer
l’attention, elle doit aussi intéresser les consommateurs et les motiver à
aller acheter le produit. Vous expliquez qu’il faut pour cela un bon slogan
et un logo très reconnaissable. B vous pose une question.

4. Vous êtes bien d’accord avec B qu’une agence de pub serait la solution
idéale mais ça coûterait fort cher. Vous répondez à votre ami qu’avec vos
connaissances en marketing, si vous respectez votre plan de communication,
tout ira bien et cela sera très cohérent. Il faut faire simple. Vous décrivez
votre cible, les avantages de votre nouveau produit par rapport aux
concurrents et vous concluez que ce que vous avez choisi comme moyens de
promotion convient bien.

Vous terminez en disant à votre ami que cette expérience a été très intéressante.
Vous avez beaucoup appris sur la publicité en faisant ce projet, vous n’oublierez
jamais qu’il faut faire des liens avec la cible du produit et que cela demande du
temps et de l’énergie. Vous allez gagner, vous en êtes certain.

114
Etudiant B
 
Vous êtes étudiant en marketing. Lors d’un concours organisé dans votre Haute Ecole,
vous avez créé le business plan d’un tout nouveau produit (> choisissez le produit
avec A). Les étudiants en comptabilité vous ont aidé pour les aspects financiers, votre ami
inscrit en droit vous a bien conseillé pour les parties juridiques et votre projet a été
sélectionné pour être présenté à un jury de professionnels. Il est à présent temps de discuter
de la manière de faire la promotion de votre produit. Vous discutez de cela avec
votre ami inscrit en commerce. Votre ami commence.

1. Vous réagissez à l’idée de votre ami : les deux idées proposées sont fort
coûteuses et donc c’est hors de question. Vous expliquez que vous avez déjà
vu de très chouettes spots publicitaires à la télé qui étaient attractifs et
magnifiques mais ils n’étaient pas efficaces parce que les gens ne se
souvenaient pas du produit. Vous proposez de faire de la promotion sur
Internet parce que le budget le permet. A réagit.

2. Vous êtes d’accord avec A. Les publicités ont changé avec les années.
Aujourd’hui, les gens veulent voir des histoires courtes mais qui inspirent
et qui sont originales. Ils ne veulent pas une pub qui leur rappelle une vie
sombre. Vous allez développer quelque chose de bien grâce au modèle
AIDA. Votre ami intervient…

3. Vous précisez à votre ami que si ce n’était pas pour un travail dans le cadre
de vos études, ce serait mieux de travailler avec une agence spécialisée qui
mènerait/organiserait toute la campagne publicitaire. Qu’en pense-t-il ?

4. Vous ajoutez que vous pourriez aussi faire de la publicité sur les réseaux
sociaux (choisissez), c’est rapide et cela toucherait directement votre cible.
Vous pouvez aussi participer à des salons spécifiques pour promouvoir le
produit ou essayer d’obtenir un article dans un magazine. Vous terminez en
disant à A qu’il ne faut pas stresser : vous êtes prêts. Vous ajoutez que vous
avez bien aimé faire ce projet et que vous avez beaucoup appris sur les
manières de faire de la publicité, sur ce qui fait une bonne publicité et que
vous avez envie de gagner.

115
6. 3. Open questions
 
1. Describe an ad you like (scenario, characters, place, atmosphere, message).
Why do you like it? Develop.

2. Describe an ad you dislike (scenario, characters, place, atmosphere,

message). Why don’t you like it? Develop.

3. What makes a good ad? Give 5 features and explain them clearly.

4. What is photoshopping? Why is it used? Give 3 arguments for and 3

arguments against this technique. Give your personal opinion.

5. Describe 3 ways in which advertisers can reach children. Mention 2 major

dangers of advertising to children. Do you agree that advertising shouldn’t
be aimed at children? Why / why not? Develop.

116
6. 4. Presentations
 
1. In groups of 3 students, prepare a business presentation about an innovative
product which has just been launched. Cover and develop the following aspects:

Introduction:
Why have you selected this specific brand and this specific product?

Main presentation:
Provide clear and convincing information concerning the brand and the product.

Cover all the following aspects:

o Brand name? Logo + slogan

o Product features + USP’s (Unique Selling Points)
o Packaging? (Design, colors, information provided,
languages, etc.)
o Product price?
o Places where the product can be purchased?
o Competitors? Names + main features
o How is the product promoted? Describe one interesting
commercial / radio spot: scenario?
o Characters (celebrities, cartoon characters?)
o Place where the commercial takes place?
o Atmosphere? (Music, etc.)
o Message the customer is supposed to understand?

Conclusion: repeat why you think this product is interesting and relevant and say
what you have learned and invite questions.

General instructions:
o Prepare an attractive PPT
o Don’t read anything; use the key words on your screen.
o Time: 15 minutes for the presentation and 5 minutes for the questions

117
 7. WRITTEN EXPRESSION
7.1. Free writing
 
Instructions :
o Write a structured essay: use paragraphs and linking words.  
o Use as much vocabulary coming from this chapter as you can.  
o Write 200 words.

§ Vous postulez comme stagiaire dans une célèbre agence de communication

à Londres. La personne en charge du recrutement vous demande de rédiger
un texte de 200 mots sur le thème suivant: « My favourite ad ».
§ Le candidat retenu sera celui/celle qui aura séduit par un style grammatical
précis, du vocabulaire adéquat et un contenu clair et bien développé.
§ Décrivez ci-dessous une publicité que vous appréciez particulièrement.
Précisez les éléments suivants : nom du produit, descriptif du support
communicationnel, message, cible(s) communicationnelle(s), différences avec
les concurrents, raisons pour lesquelles vous aimez cette publicité et ce que
vous amélioreriez et/ou changeriez dans la publicité.

   

118
7.2. Semi-directed writing
 
Choose a TV commercial that you like and remember well. Preferably a famous one.
(Attach the link of a video of your commercial to your text). Start describing your
commercial without saying right away for which product and which brand it is: the
reader will try to guess which commercial it is while reading.

o Start your description with the following elements:

o Describe the setting and the character(s);
o Sum up the scenario or storyline;
o Describe the soundtrack: live recordings (what people say), the voice-
over (off-screen narration), the music and the sound effects if any;
o What is the slogan (tag line)?

o Explain the following points:

o Who is the ad aimed at? (Marketing target)
o Is it persuasive? (Does it really get the people buy the product?)
o How would you qualify this TV commercial? Unusual, original, funny,
clever, imaginative, humorous, stylish, eye-catching, attractive ….
Why?

o Only say now which product or brand is advertised in your commercial. (The
reader will be able to check if his/her guess was right, if he/she recognized
your description)

o Technical aspect: Which famous advertising method(s) is/are used in the

commercial? And why?
o Celebrity endorsement (famous interesting characters in the ad to identify with)
o Repetition
o Bandwagon argument (you should buy it because everybody does)
o Cartoon
o Promotions
o Claims (explains the superiority of a product, what a product or service can do for the potential customers by
providing successful results, by informing, educating = promise of benefits)
o Demographic positioning (clearly targeting a specific group of consumers, a certain audience)
o Dramatic conflict (that must be resolved by a hero)
o Clear appeal to emotions (family memories, weddings, funerals, natural disasters…)
o Big exaggeration (attention-grabbing comedic element).

o According to you, is this commercial effective, successful? Why?

o What do YOU especially like in it?

Turn it into an oral activity! Present your work orally to the rest of the
class.

119
 8. Scenario
8.1. WatchMojo.com: Top 10 misleading marketing tactics

WatchMojo.com is a Canadian website

founded in 2005. Each day it produces videos
covering different topics such as education,
business, lifestyle, health, politics, sports,
technology, etc.

In this video, you are about to watch a selection of 10 misleading ads.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-­‐HrTC8QCbM

Here is a vocabulary list to help you understand the video.

A dating site Un site de rencontres

To set up fake profiles Créer de faux profils
To entrap = to fool = to swindle = to cheat = to Tromper, escroquer un consommateur
deceive = to scam a consumer
A scam = a swindle Une arnaque, une escroquerie
A deceptive = deceiving = misleading practice Une pratique trompeuse, mensongère
To file a suit, a lawsuit Introduire un procès
To prompt a lawsuit Donner lieu à un procès
A culprit Un coupable
To be convincing Être convaincant
Car mileage = fuel efficiency La consommation en essence d’une voiture
To be great on gas Être économe en essence
To have horsepower Avoir de la puissance
To heal = to cure guérir
To refund = to pay money back to the customer Rembourser le client
To be eligible for a refund Avoir droit à un remboursement
To back up claims Soutenir des revendications
To have scientific evidence = proof Avoir des preuves scientifiques
To boast health benefits Mettre en avant les bienfaits sur la santé
To remove wrinkles Eliminer des rides
To smooth out eyelashes, skin Lisser les paupières, la peau
To drop pounds Perdre du poids
To tone up Tonifier, muscler
To make a mint Ramasser le pactole
The claims are unsubstantiated Les revendications sont non-fondées

Complete the following table with the information you hear in the video

120
10. Our website will help you find love

What service is advertised?

What is promised to the customer?

Which element(s) make(s) the ad misleading?

9. Our food tastes as good as it looks

Which product is advertised?

Which element(s) make(s) the ad misleading?

Subway and Taco Bell were sued for their deceptive practices. Explain why.

8. Our car performs well on the road

Which brands / models are advertised?

What is promised to the customer?

What element(s) make(s) the ad misleading?

Which compensation is offered to the customer?

121
7. Our miracle bracelet will heal you

Which product is advertised?

What is promised to the customer?

Which element(s) make(s) the ad misleading?

Which compensation is offered to the customer?

6. Our system will get you rich quick

What is advertised?

What is promised to the customer?

Which element(s) make(s) the ad misleading?

3. Our food is all natural

Which products are advertised?

What is promised to the customer?

Which element(s) make(s) the ad misleading?

Which compensation is offered to the customer?

122
2. Our beauty product will turn back time
 
Which products are advertised?

Which element(s) make(s) the ad misleading?

What happened to these ads?

1. Our product will help you lose weight fast

 
Which products are advertised?

What is promised to the customer?

Which element(s) make(s) the ad misleading?

Which compensation is offered to the customer?

123
8.2. Task

Following the Reebok EasyTone scandal, Reebok was fined $350,000 and ordered to issue
refunds after having misled consumers.

à You work for the marketing department of Reebok in their headquarters

in the USA. To find a solution and restore Reebok’s image and reputation
among customers, you decide to go back to Reebok’s roots and core original
product: Reebok Leather Classic.

Together with the marketing team (3 students), you develop a marketing campaign
aiming at boosting sales and restoring the brand reputation.

You will then have to present your ideas (formal presentation, see p. 53
NLL) to 3 other Reebok’s marketing teams around the world: the UK, Japan and France.
The goal is to convince them that your advertising ideas for the American market can
become global and turned into an international advertising campaign for the brand.

Last year, Gigi Hadid, the internationally known style icon and trend influencer,
endorsed the product. It helped Reebok boost sales in the USA and all over the world. The
pressure is on your team: you should repeat such a successful performance
with Reebok’s new 2018 campaign…

124
The presentation of your marketing campaign must contain the following
elements:

o A concept that can work as a global, international campaign, and focusing on

Reebok’s roots and core original product: Reebok Leather Classic. à You must
give reasons to your choice

o A catchy slogan for the campaign

o 3 advertising techniques:
- An original and catchy billboard à You must create it and bring it for
the presentation or include it in your PPT presentation.
- A TV commercial (a 30-second spot, in which you are the actors) à You must
shoot it with your mobile phone (the actors = you) and include it in
your presentation
- Another technique of your choice. à Justify this choice

à These 3 advertising techniques must be in line with the main concept

of your advertising campaign. Your choices regarding the techniques
used must be justified in your presentation in order to convince the other
marketing teams.

à Don’t forget to use key expressions and the typical structure of a

presentation as explained on p. 53 in NLL.

8.3 Written task

You work for the Advertising

Standards Authority (ASA) and
have watched the “Top 10
Misleading Ads” video. You write
an article that will be published on
the ASA website. In this article,
you explain what you think is the
most misleading ad and explain
why you have chosen it with
convincing arguments. Write a
maximum of 150 words.

Use the expressions provided in your textbook on p.55.

125
TOPIC 7 : ‘DESIGN’

201320122012

202013220-14

126
 VOCABULARY

General vocabulary

1 à 2c. Reading, p.66

well-designed bien conçu

an extract un extrait
a statement une déclaration, une affirmation
below en dessous de, ci-dessous
to be the same as être le même que, être identique à
a scientist un scientifique
an engineer un ingénieur
rarely rarement
to make (made-made) a mistake faire une erreur
appearance (uncount.) l’apparence
freedom (uncount.) la liberté

1 à 2c. Reading - text, p.66

to mean (meant-meant) signifier, vouloir dire

to invent inventer
a technology une technologie

127
a manufacturer un fabricant
to manufacture fabriquer
to make (made-made) a product fabriquer un produit
to make (made-made) sth work faire fonctionner, marcher qch
a salesperson (pl: salespeople) un vendeur, une vendeuse (= shop assistant)
to sell to sale (sold-sold) vendre
to combine combiner
to turn into transformer en
desirable désirable, attirant
successful (>< unsuccessful) couronné de succès, à succès (>< qui est un
échec)
to be commercially successful connaître un succès commercial
to add value to sth ajouter de la valeur à qch, valoriser
a need un besoin
a user un utilisateur
to fulfil a need (to fulfill) combler un besoin
impressive impressionnant, frappant
to lead (led-led) (up) to mener à
innovative innovant, novateur
a product un produit
to produce produire
a misconception une idée fausse
a fashion (countable); fashion (uncount.) une mode, une tendance ; la mode (en
général)
a bottle-opener un décapsuleur, un tire-bouchon
a product development process un processus de développement d’un
produit
unlike contrairement à
simply simplement
to follow suivre
a creative feeling un sentiment créatif
to consider envisager, prendre en considération
to ask oneself a question se poser une question
such as tel que
safe sûr

5a. Pronunciation, p.67

a factory une usine

without sans
in the next ten years dans les dix prochaines années

6a. Pronunciation, p.67

elegant élégant
functional fonctionnel

128
 futuristic futuriste
handmade fait main
mass-produced fabriqué en série
retro rétro, vintage
simple simple
streamlined profilé, fuselé
stylish élégant, classe
traditional traditionnel
up-to-date moderne, à la page

6c. Pronunciation, p.67

attractive joli, attrayant

fashionable à la mode
smooth lisse, doux, régulier
graceful gracieux

1a à 1c. Reading and vocabulary, p.68

the following ce qui suit

a texture une texture
steel (uncount.) l’acier
curved incurvé, courbe, galbé
leather (uncount.) le cuir
rough rugueux, rêche, irrégulier
angular angulaire, anguleux
aluminum (uncount.) l’aluminium
canvas (uncount.) la toile (la matière)
wooden en bois
polished poli, brillant, lustré
square à angle droit
plastic (uncount.) le plastique
soft doux
circular circulaire
paper en papier
straw de paille, en paille
hard dur, ferme
a chair une chaise
practicality (uncount.) le côté pratique

2. Reading and vocabulary, p.68

a decade une décennie

the 20th century le 20e siècle
the 1930s, 1940s, etc. les années 30, 40
an advance in un progrès en matière de

129
 young jeune
a consumer un consommateur
to consume consommer
ergonomic ergonomique
recycling (uncount.) le recyclage
short-lived de courte durée, éphémère
to share partager
a chart un tableau, un graphique
to summarise résumer
a summary un résumé
exciting passionnant, super

3a-3b. 1960-1969 - text, p.69

optimism (uncount.) l’optimisme

self-belief (uncount.) la confiance en soi
at this time à cette époque-là
a human un humain
to travel faster than sound voyager plus rapidement que le son
the Moon la Lune
a moon une lune
particularly surtout, particulièrement
mass-consumerism (uncount.) la consommation de masse
huge énorme, immense
an increase une augmentation
to increase augmenter
buying power (uncount.) (= the purchasing le pouvoir d’achat
power)
to be aimed at être destiné à
a throwaway society une société du ‘jetable’
to appear apparaître
an area un domaine
unusual étrange, bizarre, insolite
furniture (uncount.) les meubles, le mobilier
bright vif, brillant
to create créer
extraordinary extraordinaire
silver foil (uncount.) le papier aluminium

3a-3b. 1930-1939 - text, p.160

efficiency (uncount.) l’efficacité, le rendement

an aircraft un avion
to launch lancer
a use une utilisation, un usage
aerodynamics (uncount.) l’aérodynamique

130
 streamlining (uncount.) le profilage de carrosserie
speed (uncount.) la vitesse
to be attracted to être attiré par, passionné de
a wide range une large gamme
domestic ménager, domestique
an appliance un appareil
ergonomics (uncount.) l’ergonomie
to be adapted to être adapté à
to be based on être basé sur

3a-3b. 1990-1999 - text, p.163

to worry about s’inquiéter pour, se faire du souci pour

damage (uncount.) les dégâts
the environment l’environnement
industrialization (uncount.) l’industrialisation
to industrialise industrialiser
especially particulièrement, surtout
an energy source une source d’énergie
a raw material une matière première
a way une façon, un moyen
to slow down ralentir
solar-powered qui fonctionne à l’énergie solaire
an electric car une voiture électrique
the recycling of paper (uncount.) le recyclage du papier
a plastic shelving unit une étagère en plastique
a washing-up liquid bottle une bouteille de liquide vaisselle
energy-saving économique (qui économise de l’énergie)
to repair réparer
durability (uncount.) la résistance, durabilité
the Internet Internet
a concern un souci, un intérêt
wind-up à manivelle
a handle un manche, une poignée
to generate power (uncount.) produire de l’énergie

5a-5b. Vocabulary, p.69

to advertise faire de la publicité

to recycle recycler
to communicate communiquer
to streamline profiler
harmful nocif, nuisible
selfish égoïste
to damage endommager, nuire à
to recover récupérer, se remettre

131
6. Listening (fragment 7.2) - transcript, p.69

to brainstorm ideas lancer des idées, faire un brainstorming

a folding chair une chaise pliante
a target consumer une cible
to reach atteindre
to go (went-gone) camping (uncount.) faire du camping
to go (went-gone) fishing (uncount.) aller à la pêche
outdoor extérieur
suitable for qui convient à, est adapté à
outside dehors, à l’extérieur
light (>< heavy) léger (>< lourd)
to carry porter, transporter
to gain market shares gagner des parts de marché
a frame un cadre
to keep costs down garder les coûts bas
competitive compétitif, concurrentiel
to compete concurrencer
a competitor un concurrent
to rush se précipiter, se dépêcher
to miss an opportunity manquer, rater une opportunité
market research (uncount.) l’étude de marché
to do (did-did)/carry out market research faire une étude de marché
(uncount.)

7-8. Grammar, p.69

a regulation une règle

to meet (met-met) regulations être conforme aux règles
to break (broke-broken) regulations transgresser les règles
advisable recommandé, conseillé
to harm nuire à
to hire embaucher, recruter ; (aussi) louer

9. Speaking, p.69

a kettle une bouilloire

a toothbrush une brosse à dents
to aim at = to target viser
to aim viser à

to sketch faire un croquis, une esquisse, une ébauche

132
1. à 4. M eet the expert - questions, p.152

hush (uncount.) le silence, le calme

a pod une gousse, une cosse, une capsule, une
nacelle
sustainable durable
renewable renouvelable
careful prudent
carefully attentivement, soigneusement
disposable jetable
a light-bulb une ampoule
wool felt (uncount.) le feutre de laine
starch (uncount.) l’amidon
starch-bound wool (uncount.) la laine liée par de l’amidon
to whistle siffler

1. à 4. M eet the expert - transcript, p.152

to be fit for purpose adapté à l’usage prévu

energy-efficient à basse consommation
breathable respirable
insulating isolant
thrifty économe
a chemical un produit chimique
a showcase une vitrine
to biodegrade se décomposer

1 à 2c. Reading, p.70

1
a way forward une marche à suivre
to develop (developed-developed) développer
a design company une entreprise de design
to rate classer, considérer
highly hautement, en haut
above au-dessus de
profitability (uncount.) la rentabilité
profitable rentable
a failure un échec
to fail échouer
to hold (held-held) a meeting se réunir, organiser une réunion
to contain contenir
a flop un fiasco, un échec
to remind so about sth rappeler qch à qun
to take (took-taken) a risk prendre un risque
a borderline une limite

133
2
to found fonder, créer
the company was founded in… la société a été fondée en…
however cependant, néanmoins
to transform sth into sth else transformer qch en qch d’autre
world-wide mondial, dans le monde entier
freelance indépendant, à son compte, à la pige
a freelancer un indépendant, un pigiste
to enhance améliorer
core (= main) essentiel, principal
stainless steel (uncount.) l’acier inoxydable
primarily essentiellement, principalement
to mould mouler, modeler, façonner
3
to work for/at + name of the company travailler pour/chez + nom de la société
to commission so passer commande auprès de
a piece of art une œuvre d’art, un objet d’art
available disponible
the general public le grand public
a pioneering project un projet novateur, innovant
after a while après un moment
a purpose un but, une raison d’être
a formula une formule
whether (= if) si
to emphasise insister sur, mettre l’accent sur
a practical function une fonction pratique
to please the senses satisfaire les sens
to fit with s’accorder avec
a current trend une tendance actuelle
to confer status conférer un statut
an owner un propriétaire
a reasonable price un prix raisonnable
4
a citrus squeezer un presse-citron
a stockpot une marmite, une grande casserole
5
tableware (uncount.) la vaisselle (articles utilisés à table)
a cordless telephone un téléphone sans fil
a bulb une ampoule
a light une lampe, un luminaire
to pair with collaborer avec
to feature être caractérisé par, se distinguer par
a wheel une roue
to expect s’attendre à qch
to promote promouvoir
whilst (= while) pendant que

134
3a-3b. Listening (fragment 7.3) - transcript, p.71

a drawing un dessin, un croquis

a flying machine une machine volante
in good condition en bon état
I was born in … je suis né en …
amazing incroyable, extraordinaire
to be fascinated by être fasciné par
a range une gamme
in the early 1990s au début des années 90
a spaceship un vaisseau spatial
a toy un jouet
the best-known design le design le plus célèbre
the best-selling design le design le plus vendu
a painting un tableau, une peinture, une toile

5. Grammar, p.71

influential influent
to attend a meeting/an exhibition assister à une réunion, aller à une exposition
to look dangerous sembler dangereux
to work hard travailler dur

1. Situation, p.72

a competition un concours
a competitor ici : un compétiteur (aussi : un concurrent)
an entry form un formulaire d’inscription
to graduate être diplômé
the last five years les cinq dernières années
shortly bientôt, sous peu
to send (sent-sent) envoyer
all over the world dans le monde entier
an aim un but, un objectif
to recognise reconnaitre
to reward récompenser
outstanding exceptionnel, extraordinaire
a prize money (>< a price) un prix en argent (>< un prix (pour un
objet))
to win first prize gagner le premier prix
for further information (uncount.) pour plus d’informations

135
2a. Key language, p.72

a judge un juge
to comment on commenter
a feature une caractéristique
to suggest suggérer

2a à 2c. Key language (fragment 7.4) - transcript, p.72

an entry un participant
lightweight léger (pour un objet)
a jacket une veste
to appeal to so plaire à qun
to be on the move avoir la bougeotte, être un vrai globe-trotter
to make (made-made) a trip abroad faire un voyage à l’étranger
an event un événement
a music festival un festival de musique
to commute (to work) faire la navette (entre son domicile et son
travail)
to zip up boucler (une fermeture éclair)
a zip une fermeture éclair
a lifetime guarantee une garantie à vie
sturdy robuste, solide
waterproof imperméable, résistant à l’eau
heat (uncount.) la chaleur
to be heat resistant être résistant à la chaleur
a lock un verrou, une fermeture à clé
valuables (pl.) les objets de valeur
safely prudemment, sans problème
not even pas même
a sleeve une manche
a one-off design un design unique
to get (got-got) one’s vote obtenir un vote
durable résistant, solide
easy-to-use facile d’utilisation
above all surtout

3a à 3c. Task, p.72

a winning design un design gagnant

to add extra information (uncount.) ajouter des informations supplémentaires
to wish souhaiter, désirer
to cover couvrir
an evaluation form un formulaire d’évaluation
a mark une note
out of ten sur dix

136
 to evaluate évaluer
own propre, mien, à moi
value for money (uncount.) le rapport qualité-prix
this product is good value for money ce produit a un bon rapport qualité-prix
to add up additionner

3a à 3c. A wheelchair - text, p.73

user-friendly facile d’utilisation

a wheelchair un fauteuil roulant
several plusieurs
a component une pièce, un composant, un élément
side latéral, de côté
a seat un siège
a seat back un dossier de siège

a foot rest un repose pieds

to take (took-taken) apart démonter
to assemble monter
to allow permettre
to access sth accéder à
to push pousser
at night la nuit
powerful puissant
a coating une couche
luminous lumineux, brillant
a paint une peinture
to be adapted to être adapté à
a weight un poids
to weigh peser
a suggested price un prix suggéré

3a à 3c. A study area - text, p.73

a study area une zone d’étude

to prepare for préparer
a desk and bed unit un ensemble bureau lit
an examination un examen
to consist of consister en
a drawer un tiroir
to store garder, entreposer
to be adjusted to être ajusté, adapté à
a height une hauteur
a staircase un escalier
a wood staircase un escalier en bois

wide (>< narrow) large (>< étroit)

137
 a step une marche
a shelf (pl. shelves) une tablette, une étagère
a headboard une tête de lit
to hold (held-held) tenir
space-saving compact

3a à 3c. A carry-on airline bag - text, p.73

a carry-on bag bagage à main, bagage cabine

a budget airline une compagnie aérienne à bas prix
a passenger un passager
a piece of luggage (plu: luggage) un bagage
fashion-conscious qui suit la mode
a traveller un voyageur
a tag une étiquette
to measure mesurer
bulky volumineux, encombrant
well-constructed bien construit
a flight un vol
an item un objet, un article
a laptop un ordinateur portable

3a à 3c. A sports watch - text, p.73

a sports watch une montre de sport

an athlete un athlète
to provide fournir
information (uncount.) les informations, les renseignements
to improve améliorer, s’améliorer
a tap screen un écran tactile
to tap taper, pianoter
a display un affichage
a running time un temps de course
a runner un coureur
a long-distance runner un coureur de fond
long-lasting durable
to last durer
at least au moins
water resistant étanche
a water sport un sport aquatique
sporty sportif
a face ici : un cadran
a case un étui, un boîtier, une boîte
rubber (uncount.) le caoutchouc
a strap un bracelet

138
1. Study skills, p.74

to proofread relire, corriger

to discuss sth discuter de qch
formal (>< informal) formel (>< informel)
an essay une rédaction, une dissertation, un essai
a report un rapport
to write (wrote-written) onto écrire sur
a screen un écran
to edit réviser, éditer, modifier, corriger
a tool un outil
an online dictionary un dictionnaire en ligne
a spell check(er) un correcteur orthographique
a grammar check un correcteur grammatical
a word count un compteur de mots

2a. Study skills, p.74

accurate précis, exact, juste

a meaning un sens, une signification

2a. Study skills (fragment 7.5) - transcript, p.74

a piece of advice (pl: advice [uncountable]) un conseil

a tip un conseil, une astuce
helpful utile
to look for chercher
spelling (uncount.) l’orthographe
punctuation (uncount.) la ponctuation
accommodation (uncount.) le logement
to receive recevoir
to punctuate ponctuer
a full stop un point
a capital (letter) une majuscule
a verb tense un temps verbal
a verb form une forme verbale
wrong faux
to depend on dépendre de
a word order un ordre des mots
to put (put-put) into practice mettre en pratique

4. Study skills, p.74

a bicycle (= a bike) un vélo

missing manquant, absent
a phrase un groupe de mots

139
5. Study skills - text, p.74-75

at the request of à la demande de

eastern de l’est
to purchase acheter
significant significatif, important
cheap bon marché
to cost (cost-cost) coûter
a length une longueur
both les deux
both bicycles les deux vélos
a rider un cycliste
rear arrière
a rear wheel une roue arrière
to be 175 cm tall mesurer 175 cm
fast rapide
a flat ground un sol plat
bumpy bosselé
slow lent
a smoother ride une conduite plus souple, plus confortable
to corner braquer, virer
slippery glissant
to climb grimper, monter
steep raide, abrupt
a hill une colline
a gear une vitesse
nevertheless néanmoins
a gear change un changement de vitesse
strength (uncount.) ici : la solidité
to ride (rode-ridden) a bicycle faire du vélo

6b-7. W riting skills, p.75

although bien que

as a result par conséquent, donc
consequently par conséquent, alors, donc
furthermore de plus, en outre
in addition de plus
whereas tandis que, alors que
appropriate adéquat, adapté
a track un chemin, un sentier
tight serré
medium-sized de taille moyenne
tall grand

140
8. KristalClear Headphones - text, p.75

headphones (pl.) un casque (à écouteurs)

over-the-ear headphones un casque englobant complètement l’oreille
un casque reposant sur l’oreille
on-the-ear headphones
a 5-star rating une note, une cote 5 étoiles
thin fin
a headband un bandeau, un serre-tête
to wear (wore-worn) out s’user, s’abîmer
bass tones les tonalités graves
a tone une tonalité, un ton
high-end tones les tonalités aigues
to leak out filtrer, fuiter
to annoy ennuyer, embêter
well made bien fait, de bonne fabrique
weak faible
greatly grandement, considérablement
overall global, d’ensemble
affordable abordable

8. Sonar Headhones 3001 - text, p.75

whole entier, tout le

to wrap emballer, envelopper
deep profond
to turn the sound up and down augmenter et baisser le son
a pad un rembourrage

141
 2. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONS
 
2.1. Listening exercise 7.2. (p. 69, New Language Leader)
 
Listen to 2 designers discussing ideas for a new
product and answer the following questions.

1. What product are they talking about?

2. When can the product be used?

3. Fill in the table below.

Features of the product

In terms of
materials (3
elements)

In terms of
colors

In terms of
price

In terms of
solidity

4. When do they want to launch the product and why?

142
2.2. Listening exercise 7.4. (p. 72, New Language Leader)

Listen to a judge commenting on a product presented during a design

competition. Answer the following questions in English.

1. What product is the judge discussing?

2. Who will use the product?

3. When can the product be used?

4. What special features does the product have?

5. The product also has 2 unique features according to the judge. What are
they?

6. What adjectives does the judge use to suggest the product should win the
first prize?

143
 3. MEET THE EXPERT
 
3.1. A furniture and product designer (p. 69, New Language Leader)

Watch the video on p. 69 (New Language Leader) and answer the questions
below.

Freyja Sewell is a product and furniture designer working in London. In the first
part of the video, she talks about the hush pod chair, a special chair that she
designed.

1. Where was she when she developed the hush pod chair?

2. Why did she develop this idea?

3. How should the hush pod chair be used?

4. What material did she use to create this chair?

5. What are the main features of that material?

144
In the second part of the video, she talks about a new sustainable material that she
created, starch-bound wool (SBW).

1. Match each material to its description in the video

Wool Something used because it was hard

Starch Something used because it was natural

SBW Something connected to a particular country

2. What texture does SBW have?

3. What did she do with this material?

4. What does she hope for the future?

145
  
4. READING COMPREHENSIONS

4.1. Reading exercise: Design through ages (p. 68-69), New Language Leader)

You are going to read about design during three different decades of the 20 th
century: the 1930s, the 1960s and the 1990s.

Student A reads the text about the 1930s.

Student B reads the text about the 1960s.
Student C reads the text about the 1990s.

Then, summarize orally the most striking points to your partner so that you
can fill in the table together.

1930s 1960s 1990s

Ideas 1.

2.

3.

Designs & designers 1.

2.

3.

Materials

 
 

146
4.2. Reading exercise: Alessi’s inventions (p. 70-71), New Language Leader)

Read the text on Alessi’s inventions and answer the questions below.

Are the statements true or false? Justify.

Alessi’s main concern is profitability.

Alessi’s founder avoids taking risks because this has led to some unsuccessful products in the
past.

Designers always need to create designs bearing in mind what is not possible.

All designers work as permanent employees in the company.

Alessi mainly uses expensive materials for their designs since it is an upmarket brand.

Alessi places design above practicality.

Alessi doesn’t wish to widen its range in the future.

147
 5. VOCABULARY EXERCISE

5.1. Fill in exercise

Study your vocabulary (up to the text about Alessi) and fill in the gaps with
the correct words

Bien conçu - Combler un besoin - Fabriqué en série - Garder les coûts bas - Moderne, à la page
Nocif, nuisible - Nuire à, endommager - S’inquiéter de
Un fabriquant - Une matière première - Vendre

As an e-commerce entrepreneur, you need a ………………………….. website. It

means that it needs to look attractive and to serve its purpose well.

Before marketing a product, a company needs to make sure it will

………………………….. . If consumers don’t need the product, they won’t buy it.

The Model T was Ford first ever ………………………….. car.

If a design company wants to be profitable, it needs to …………………………...

Otherwise, they might go bankrupt.

In order to compete with your competitors, you need …………………………..

equipment.

Nowadays people ………………………….. the environment. It means that it is an

important concern for them.

Cotton and oil are examples of ………………………….. .

Michelin is a famous tyre ………………………….. .

The real estate market is booming in this area. For example, this small house over
the bridge ………………………….. for more than $400,000.

Chemicals used by industries are ………………………….. to the environment. It

means that it can ………………………….. the environment.

 
 

148
 6. ORAL EXPRESSION

6.1. Free role play

The Sparks Awards

Student A

You are a jury member of the Spark Awards, one of the biggest
design competitions. The jury has just elected the winners of each
category, but still has to elect the overall winner. With your
partner, you have to elect this overall winner.

You prefer the following items: Check Room and Multi

Mascara Pen.

Argue in favour of the items you prefer and come to an agreement with your
partner concerning the winner.

You will find the information you need on each product below.

Student B

You are a jury member of the Spark Awards, one of the biggest design competitions. The
jury has just elected the winners of each category, but still has to elect the overall winner.
With your partner, you have to elect this overall winner.

You prefer the following items: Float Straw and Printer Case.

Argue in favour of the items you prefer and come to an agreement with your
partner concerning the winner.

You will find here below the information you need on each product.

149
Check Room

150
Multi Mascara Pen

151
Float Straw

152
Printer Case

153
6.2. Directed role play

Design

Since you are passionate about design, you have a discussion about it with your
partner.

Student A : Que penses-tu du design ? Est-ce un élément important quand tu

achètes quelque chose ?

Student B : Le design, ce n’est pas quelque chose d’important pour moi. Un objet
doit avant tout être fonctionnel, facile d’utilisation, résistant et surtout d’un bon
rapport qualité prix, et pas spécialement attrayant.

Student A : Pour ma part, j’accorde beaucoup d’importance au design d’un

produit. Un objet doit être innovant, inventif, et élégant.

Student B : Je ne suis pas d’accord. Pense par exemple aux voitures. Les voitures
électriques deviennent de plus en plus populaires. C’est génial ! Les designers
devraient essentiellement voire uniquement se concentrer sur des produits qui
économisent de l’énergie. Ce sont des projets novateurs tellement importants pour
la planète.

Student A : C’est en effet une tendance actuelle. Chacun doit maintenant

s’inquiéter des dégâts faits à l’environnement. Cependant, il est nécessaire de
combiner les deux : le design doit aussi être réussi. Personne n’achète une voiture
qui n’est pas bien conçue. Si le fabricant de voitures veut que la voiture soit un
succès commercial, il faut qu’elle plaise au grand public et qu’elle soit compétitive
sur le marché grâce à son design. En combinant les deux aspects, le constructeur a
plus de chance de gagner des parts de marché.

Student B : C’est vrai…

154
6. 3. Open questions

1. What is your opinion about design? Is it an important element when you buy
something? Does it depend on the type of product? Give examples.

2. Think about 3 inventions of the past 10 years that you would not be able to
live without. Why are they so important in your life?

3. In your opinion, what is the best invention ever?

4. How do you see the evolution of cars/mobile phones in the next 20 years?

5. Talk about an object that does not exist and that you would definitely buy if
it existed.

6. Ikea has made design less expensive. What do you think about this
company? What are the positive and negative aspects mentioned about the
company?

7. Consider the objects below (iWatch; Kartell Masters Chair, Lamborghini

Aventador, Renault Twizy, Ikea PS 2014 Lamp, Nike Roshe)

o Describe them (materials, shapes, textures, design adjectives, etc.)

o Give your opinion/feeling about each of them.
o Say which one(s) you would/would not buy and explain why.
o Talk about another object that you bought for its design and explain why
you particularly like it.

155
6. 4. Presentation

1. Deliver a short presentation about an item which is famous for its design.

o Possible categories:
o Cars (for example: VW Beetle, 2CV)
o Fashion (for example: Nike Air Max)
o Furniture and decoration (think about brands
like Kartell or Vitra whose items have become
famous)
o Household utensils (Alessi, etc.)
o Technology (iPhone, drones, etc.)

2. Deliver a short presentation on a winning design at the Spark Awards.

Check out http://www.sparkawards.com/galleries/.

Imagine you are the designer of this item and you have to deliver a convincing
presentation to the jury in order to win the first prize.

156
 7. WRITTEN EXPRESSION
7.1. Free writing
   
Instructions :
o Write a structured essay: use paragraphs and linking words.  
o Use as much vocabulary coming from this chapter as you can.  
o Write 200 words.
 
• You describe a famous design object that you would like to own (car, phone,
etc.) Explain why you like this object.  
• What do you think about design? Is the design of an item something you take
into account when buying a product? If so/not, why? Explain if your opinion
differs depending on the type of product.  
 
 

157
7.2. Semi-directed writing
 
You have always been a creative person and you have just created a design object
that you are very proud of. You take part in the design contest ‘Innate Talent’ because
you want your talent to be recognised publicly.

You write an e-mail to the jury in which you describe the main features of your
product and why it should win.

Here are some ideas to inspire you:

An electric bike, a solar-powered car, multi-coloured modular shelves, a 3D printed house

(printed in 24 hours).

 
In a structured e-mail:

1. You describe your product in a technical and detailed way. Make sure
you give its features and use at least 10 technical words (from the
vocabulary list) to describe it.

2. You explain why your design should win, and include the following
words:

Bien conçu – Combler un besoin – Être destiné à – Fabriqué en série – Gagner le premier prix –
Garder les coûts bas – Innovant – Plaire à – Produire – Rater une opportunité –
Un design unique – Un succès commercial – Une cible

158
 8. Scenario

8.1. The Apprentice Episode Series 12, episode 9: a new virtual reality game

‘The Apprentice’ is a famous TV programme

aired on BBC2 in which young entrepreneurs
compete to become the business partner of a
famous British businessman called Alan Sugar.
Each week, candidates compete in 2 teams
and are assigned a task. In the losing team,
one candidate is fired at the end of the episode.

Watch the following video online (until

34:20) in which the candidates of ‘The
Apprentice’ are given the following task:
creating a new virtual reality and pitching it to an audience of gaming and
technology experts.

http://www.watchfree.to/tv-2947d9-The-Apprentice-UK-tv-show-online-free-putlocker.html/season-12-episode-9#close-modal

8.2. How to make a good pitch

Watch the 2 pitches one more time (28.50 à 34.20) and decide on the DO’S
and DON’TS when doing a business pitch.

DO’S DON’TS
 

8.3. Oral task

You are a young entrepreneur. Together with your business partner, you
have just developed a new and revolutionary mobile phone application.

In order to get downloads and find financial support, you decide to take part in the
world’s most famous gaming trade fair ICE, taking place in London each year.

To impress experts and potential investors, you make a short pitch in which you
present your new app.

159
You must include the following elements:

o A brief introduction of yourself & your business partner

o A thorough description of the app (main features)
o Its USP’s
o Its core target
o The main reasons why this app is going to be successful & why it fills a
gap on the market
o The current trends that inspired you when creating the app
o The advertising and promotion techniques you will use to promote your
app

You will be pitching your ideas to an audience of experts among which:

o An influential technology website in order to become ‘App of the Day’
o A famous technology blogger
o Software experts
o Journalists

When you are not presenting, you represent the audience of experts and your role is
as follows:

- You listen carefully to the pitches

- You ask questions at the end
- You decide which product you would choose as ‘App of the Day’
- You give relevant reasons to your choice

160
TOPIC 10 : ‘TRENDS’

201320122012

202013220-14

161
 1. VOCABULARY

General vocabulary

a trend = a new development in une tendance

fashion, music, etc.

current actuel, en cours

à a current trend à une tendance actuelle

!! an actual trend

future futur, prochain

à a future trend à une tendance future

former ancien

à a former trend à une ancienne tendance

How to describe trends?

+ -

fashionable, popular, hip, stylish, trendy, all the unfashionable, old-fashioned, unpopular
rage unstylish, outdated

1a. Speaking, p. 96

to return to revenir à
to recycle recycler
to look after s’occuper de, prendre soin de
to be concerned about sth être soucieux de qch, être inquiet de qch,
s’inquiéter de qch
a diet une alimentation
health (uncount.) la santé
cosmetic surgery (uncount.) la chirurgie esthétique
to have cosmetic surgery faire de la chirurgie esthétique
to undergo (underwent-undergone) surgery subir une intervention chirurgicale
to undergo (underwent-undergone) an operation subir une opération
to retire prendre sa retraite
a reality TV show une émission de TV réalité

162
 cash (uncount.) des espèces, l’argent liquide
a purchase un achat
to sunbathe prendre un bain de soleil, se faire bronzer
to get (got-got) married se marier
a coffee shop un café (l’endroit où on peut boire un café)
to wear (wore-worn) (clothes) porter (des vêtements)
sportswear (uncount.) les vêtements de sport
a training shoe une chaussure d’entraînement
to play sport (= to do sport) faire du sport
a beauty competition (= a beauty contest) un concours de beauté

1b. Speaking, p. 96

an area une zone, une région ; ici : un domaine

likely probable
a personal appearance une apparence personnelle
family life la vie de famille
education (uncount.) l’éducation, les études (relatif à la formation
scolaire), l’enseignement
leisure (uncount.) le loisir, le temps libre

2a. Reading, p. 96

to skim parcourir rapidement, lire en diagonale

a purpose un but
to entertain divertir, amuser
an audience un public
a scientist un/une scientifique
to persuade to +inf. persuader de +inf.
to inform so about sth informer qn sur qch
common courant, fréquent

2b. Reading, p. 96

to match sth with/to sth associer qch à qch

below en dessous de, sous ; ici : ci-dessous
an illness (= a disease) une maladie
a little at a time petit à petit
global mondial, planétaire
easily facilement
easy facile
to develop (developing-developed) développer
a tipping point un point charnière, un tournant
to make (made-made) so aware of sth rendre qn conscient de qch

163
3. Reading, p. 96

to be influenced by être influencé par

to follow a trend suivre une tendance
a trendsetter une personne qui lance la mode
to admire admirer

2a à 3. Reading - text, p. 97

these days de nos jours

to keep (kept-kept) up with se tenir au courant de, suivre
an overnight sensation un succès instantané
a viral marketing campaign une campagne de marketing viral
on the internet sur internet
suddenly soudainement
to become (became-become) popular devenir populaire
to tend to +inf. avoir tendance à +inf.
gradually graduellement
steadily régulièrement, sans interruption
over time au fil du temps
however, cependant
especially particulièrement
to seem sembler
to catch (caught-caught) on devenir à la mode
originally initialement, à l’origine
physics (uncount.) la physique
a field of study ( = a study area) un domaine d’étude, une option
economics (uncount.) l’économie
ecology (uncount.) l’écologie
a process un processus
sociology (uncount.) la sociologie
a neighbourhood un quartier, un voisinage
although bien que
a scholar un spécialiste, un universitaire
an academic un professeur d’université
widely largement
relating to ayant trait à, ayant un rapport avec
best-selling à succès
a behaviour un comportement
an outbreak of disease une apparition de maladie
a disease une maladie
to take (took-taken) over prendre contrôle, aussi : reprendre, racheter
l’entreprise
to slow down ralentir
to die out disparaître, s’éteindre
to reappear réapparaitre

164
even même
a decade une décennie
to claim affirmer, prétendre
an epidemic une épidémie
through à travers
to buy (bought-bought) into adhérer à
to agree with être d’accord avec
word of mouth (uncount.) le bouche à oreille
to pick up on revenir sur, relever
influential influent
wide large
a range of contacts un éventail, une série de contacts
a maven (= an expert) un expert
knowledge (uncount.) la connaissance
a salesman / a saleswoman un vendeur / une vendeuse
social networking (uncount.) le réseautage social
to allow (so) to +inf. permettre, autoriser (à qn) de +inf.
to find (found-found) out about trouver des informations sur, se renseigner
sur
whereas tandis que, alors que

4a. Vocabulary, p. 97

a phrasal verb un verbe à particule

to highlight Surligner, mettre en évidence
a meaning un sens, une signification
to gain control of prendre le contrôle de
to maintain maintenir, conserver, entretenir
a level un niveau
to notice remarquer
fashionable (>< unfashionable) à la mode (>< démodé)
to disappear disparaître
completely complètement
to believe in croire en

4b. Vocabulary, p. 97

in italics en italique
a lifestyle un style de vie, un mode de vie
a possession un bien, une chose que l’on possède
a neighbour un voisin
a revival un retour, un renouveau
to discover découvrir
to become (became-become) dominant s’imposer, devenir prédominant
recently récemment

165
M eet the expert, p. 97

1. M eet the expert - video activities, p. 153

an owner un propriétaire, un patron

to find (found-found) out sth découvrir, apprendre qch
youth (uncount.) la jeunesse
young people (pl.) les jeunes
a clothing company une entreprise de vêtements
a business plan un plan de développement, un business
plan
to make (made-made) clothes faire, fabriquer des vêtements
a pensioner un retraité

2. M eet the expert - video activities and transcript, p. 153

a founder un fondateur, une fondatrice

a Head of Trends un directeur en charge des tendances
a trend-spotting consultancy une société de conseil à la recherche des
tendances
a trend-spotter un chasseur de tendances
a cultural trend une tendance culturelle
to evolve évoluer
a trends tour un parcours sur les tendances
a retail trend une tendance du commerce de détail
to experience éprouver, ressentir
to make (made-made) sense avoir du sens, être sensé
sustainability (uncount.) la durabilité
to affect affecter, toucher
to run (ran-run) a business gérer, exploiter une entreprise
to tap into puiser dans, exploiter
to source (= to purchase, to buy) acheter, se procurer
to light (lit-lit) allumer
to heat chauffer
to gather regrouper, collecter, rassembler
to fit (fit-fit) together s’emboiter
the ageing population le vieillissement de la population - la
population vieillissante
to be about to être sur le point de
the data (pl.) les données
spending power (uncount.) (= purchasing power le pouvoir d’achat
(uncount.)) (= buying power (uncount.))
to stay one step ahead avoir une longueur d’avance
a competitor un concurrent
to grab headlines faire les gros titres
to gain sales gagner des ventes
a trend setting city une ville précurseur de nouvelles tendances

166
 throughout à travers, d’un bout à l’autre

3. M eet the expert - video activities, p. 153

a point of view un point de vue

an advantage over un avantage sur

1 à 4a. Reading and speaking, p. 98

luxury de luxe
a fashion house une maison de mode, maison de couture
a cartoon un dessin animé
a visual art un art visuel
the fashion industry l’industrie de la mode
a blogger un blogueur

4b. Reading and speaking, p. 98

a sports star une star du sport

due to en raison de
to endorse promouvoir
a major brand une grande marque, une marque importante
leading principal
fashion design (uncount.) le stylisme
to hope for sth espérer qch

5. Reading and speaking, p. 98

to own (≠ to owe) posséder (≠ devoir)

an item un article, un objet
to spend (spent-spent) money on sth dépenser de l’argent pour qch
(>< to save money) épargner de l’argent

Reading and speaking - text, p. 99

to be aware of sth être conscient de qch

to have an influence on sth avoir une influence sur qch
a retailer un détaillant
a buyer (>< a seller) un acheteur (>< un vendeur)
to predict prédire
they are likely to be … Il y a de fortes chances qu’ils soient, ils sont
susceptibles de
successful couronné de succès
classified as classé, catégorisé comme
high culture (uncount.) la haute culture
popular culture (uncount.) la culture populaire

167
a subculture une sous-culture
painting (uncount.) la peinture (l’art)
photography (uncount.) la photographie
for instance (= for example) par exemple
ceramics (usually pl.) les céramiques
to be inspired by sth être inspiré par qch
to crash avoir un accident
contemporary contemporain
greatly beaucoup, grandement
famous célèbre
an athlete un athlète, un sportif
a film star une star de cinéma
a television personality une personnalité télévisuelle
stylish élégant, chic
a television show une émission de TV
to dress s’habiller
to look like ressembler à
an actor un acteur
an actress (pl.actresses) une actrice
a role model un modèle, un exemple
increasingly de plus en plus
to appear apparaître
fashion advertising (uncount.) la publicité de mode
the mainstream le courant dominant, le grand public
lasting durable
particularly particulièrement
a clothing label/brand une marque de vêtement
a design house une maison de mode
according to selon, d’après
to merge sth with sth associer, combiner qch à qch
a line une ligne, une gamme
to sell (sold-sold) vendre ici : se vendre
to be proud to +inf. être fier de +inf.
an artwork (ici: count.) une œuvre d’art
a tattoo un tatouage
to work on sth travailler sur qch
a cartoon character un personnage de dessin animé/bande
dessinée
an accessory (pl.: accessories) un accessoire
to name sth after so donner le nom de qn à qch
to exemplify illustrer, être l’exemple de

6a. Vocabulary, p. 98

a fashion victim une victime de la mode

to be fashion conscious soucieux de la mode, qui suit la mode

168
 designer fashion (uncount.) la mode des créateurs
high street fashion (uncount.) la mode grand public
a fashion show un défilé de mode
expensive cher
to be interested in être intéressé par
the latest fashion la dernière mode
silly loufoque, absurde, décalé
affordable abordable
average moyen
a model un top modèle, un mannequin
to attract attention (= to draw attention) attirer l’attention

6b. Vocabulary, p. 98

a high street fashion shop un magasin de mode grand public

to make (made-made) a fashion statement se démarquer
an outfit une tenue (vêtements)

7. Listening, p. 98

exciting passionnant
glamorous chic, glamour

8. Listening, p. 98

a major store un magasin important

upmarket (= top of the range) haut de gamme
downmarket (= bottom of the range) bas de gamme
a salesperson (= a shop assistant) un/une vendeur, vendeuse (dans un
magasin)
a piece of advice un conseil
a trainee (= an intern) un stagiaire
a uniform un uniforme
to pressurize so mettre la pression sur qn

8. Listening - transcript, p. 98

a meeting une réunion

to talk to so parler à qn
a couple of deux
a tip un conseil, un tuyau
sales staff (uncount.) le personnel de vente
to look for chercher
a section une section, une partie (du magasin)
cosmetics (pl.) les produits cosmétiques
jewellery (uncount.) les bijoux

169
 a designer label une marque de créateur
a policy une politique, une habitude
a rule une règle
a fashion une mode, une tendance
a colleague un collègue
an adviser un conseiller
to pick up an idea reprendre une idée, s’inspirer de
to learn from so apprendre de qn
to travel abroad voyager à l’étranger
on my own (= by myself) tout seul
to take (took-taken) along emmener
training (uncount.) la formation, aussi : un stage en entreprise
no wonder pas étonnant que
to treat traiter
plenty of (+pl.) beaucoup de, plein de
to approach a customer aborder un client
to make (made-made) up one’s mind se décider, prendre une décision
to oversell (oversold-oversold) survendre
to put (put-put) pressure on so mettre la pression sur qn
to do (did-done) the job effectuer, faire le travail
properly correctement
helpful utile, aimable
to be off to (sth) s’en aller à, partir à
to chat bavarder, papoter
to enjoy +ing aimer, apprécier qch
I’ve enjoyed chatting to you j’ai aimé bavarder avec toi

1. Speaking and reading, p. 100

the music industry l’industrie musicale

2. Speaking and reading - transcript, p. 100

a habit une habitude

a record ici : un disque
a sound un son
in ages (= for ages) depuis une éternité
a streaming service un service de diffusion en ligne
to download télécharger
to make (made-made) one’s own playlist of songs faire sa propre liste de lecture de chansons
to carry porter, transporter
to get (got-got) one’s music free from the internet télécharger de la musique gratuitement sur
internet
over one’s life au cours de sa vie
hardly ever quasiment jamais
artwork (uncount.) ici : l’illustration, la pochette du CD

170
 the lyrics (pl.) les paroles
a booklet un livret

3a-3b. Speaking and reading, p. 100

to imply insinuer, aussi : impliquer

a downloader une personne qui télécharge
an executive un cadre (dans une entreprise)
overall dans l’ensemble, en général
music sales (pl.) les ventes de musique
to be up (>< to be down) augmenter (>< diminuer)
the sales results les résultats des ventes
to improve (s’)améliorer
previous précédent
a music group (= a music band) un groupe de musique
to make (made-made) money gagner de l’argent
to make (made-made) profits (= to make (made- faire des bénéfices
made) a profit)

3c. Speaking and reading, p. 100

till (= until) jusqu’à

compared to comparé à
digital sales les ventes digitales, en ligne (= online sales)
to become (became-become) famous (= to get devenir célèbre
(got-got) famous)
to reward récompenser
fairly honnêtement, assez

4a. Speaking and reading, p. 100

to stop so from +ing sth empêcher qn de +inf. qch

3a à 4b. Speaking and reading - texts p. 100-101

1
to support so by doing sth soutenir qn en faisant qch
a concert ticket une place de concert
to pay (paid-paid) for sth payer qch
a song une chanson
a record company une maison de disque
to expect so to do sth s’attendre à ce que qn fasse qch
they might as well +inf. ils feraient mieux de +inf.
to look at regarder
the figures les chiffres
2

171
a report un rapport
piracy (uncount.) le piratage
illegal downloading (uncount.) le téléchargement illégal
to move ici : vendre
to fall (fell-fallen) by X% chuter de X %
a digital download un téléchargement digital (en ligne)
to rise (rose-risen) to atteindre, augmenter jusqu’à
so-called pseudo, prétendu, soi-disant
the social media les réseaux sociaux
illegally illégalement
to keep (kept-kept) on +ing continuer à +inf.
3
to collapse s’écrouler
to decrease (>< to increase) diminuer, baisser (>< augmenter)
to listen to music (uncount.) écouter de la musique
mainly surtout
a co-writer un co-auteur
a stream (= a view) une vue, un visionnage
a quarter un trimestre (à l’école, dans la finance),
aussi : 15’
fair juste, équitable
a songwriter un parolier
a record label un label, une maison de disque (p.ex :
Universal Music)
an income (= a revenue) les revenus
it is up to il appartient à, il incombe à, il revient à
to behave se comporter
morally moralement
to deserve mériter

6a. Grammar, p. 101

to expect to +inf. s’attendre à ce que + subj

to decide to +inf. décider de +inf.
to continue to +inf., to continue +ing continuer à +inf.
to suggest +ing suggérer de +inf.

6b. Grammar, p. 101

to advise to +inf conseiller

to deny +ing nier, démentir
to hate to +inf. or +ing détester, haïr
to hope to +inf espérer
to manage to +inf parvenir à
to promise to +inf promettre
to teach (taught-taught) enseigner, éduquer

172
7-8. Grammar, p. 101

to go (went-gone) to a concert aller à un concert

to succeed in +ing réussir à +inf.
to avoid +ing éviter de +inf.
to finish +ing finir de +inf.

1. Situation, p. 102

the coast (the East coast) la côte (est)

well known bien connu
quiet (≠ quite) calme (≠ assez)
peaceful tranquille, paisible
an atmosphere une ambiance
tired of life fatigué de la vie
sunny ensoleillé
a climate un climat
healthy sain
relaxing relaxant
to rise (rose-risen) from … to … monter, passer (en augmentant) de … à …
over 100 (schools) plus de 100 (écoles)
the last ten years les dix dernières années
a resident un résident, un habitant
noisy bruyant
an exciting city une ville animée, palpitante
an overseas student (= a foreign student) un étudiant étranger
a café un café, un bar
a night club une boite de nuit
a character un caractère, une nature ; aussi : un
personnage
to bring (brought-brought) problems amener des problèmes
dirty sale
low-cost accommodation (uncount.) les logements à bas prix
at weekends pendant le week-end
air pollution (uncount.) la pollution de l’air
a proposal une proposition
to upset (upset-upset) contrarier, fâcher

2a-2b. Key language, p. 102-103

to raise an issue soulever un problème

to respond to an issue réagir à un problème
a mayor un bourgmestre, un maire
to answer questions répondre à des questions
the caller l’appelant, celui qui appelle

173
 to speak (spoke-spoken) one’s mind dire le fond de sa pensée
a presenter un présentateur, une présentatrice
a phone-in (program) une tribune téléphonique, un forum
téléphonique
to deal (dealt-dealt) with s’occuper de, se charger de
to take (took-taken) action agir, passer aux actes

2a-2b. Key language - transcript, p. 102

to be on the line être en ligne (au téléphone)

to go (went-gone) ahead y aller, se lancer
to take (took-taken) ages prendre un temps fou
a (parking) space une place de stationnement
to go (went-gone) round and round tourner en rond
a nightmare un cauchemar
to rush up accourir, se précipiter
to stick (stuck-stuck) coller, planter
huge énorme
a fine une amende
a parking attendant un gardien de stationnement
awful horrible, affreux
rude impoli
a motorist un automobiliste
the parking facilities (pl.) des espaces/infrastructures de
stationnement
late at night tard dans la nuit
the centre of town (= downtown) le centre-ville
to get (got-got) back home rentrer chez soi
a youngster un jeune
midnight minuit
tremendous énorme, immense
to shout crier
to scream hurler
to get (got-got) into a fight se battre
a police officer un policier
a council meeting une réunion du conseil de ville
a news report un reportage d’actualité
to move away déménager
pretty soon rapidement, très bientôt
polluted pollué
fumes (pl.) émanations, fumées
a pollution level un niveau de pollution
an environment officer un responsable environnement
a town hall un hôtel de ville, une maison communale
to bother ennuyer, embêter

174
3a. Key language - transcript, p. 103

to clean up nettoyer
to keep (kept-kept) sth clean garder qch propre
loads of énormément, beaucoup de
rubbish (uncount.) les déchets, les ordures
empty vide
disgusting dégoutant
to let (let-let) so do sth laisser qn faire qch
to have a picnic pique-niquer
to clear away ranger, débarrasser
I’ll look into it je vais me pencher là-dessus, je vais
examiner cela
that’s putting it mildly c’est peu dire
at lunchtime (uncount.) à l’heure du déjeuner, le midi
to have a swim se baigner
a paper (= a newspaper) un journal
two-storey à deux étages
an amusement arcade une salle de jeux
to ruin ruiner, détruire
to move out déménager
to keep (kept-kept) rents low maintenir des loyers peu élevés
I’m not holding my breath je ne me fais pas d’illusion

4a à 4c. Task, p. 103

at midnight (uncount.) à minuit

an underground car park un parking sous-terrain
to build (built-built) construire
a town centre un centre-ville
to cancel annuler
to lead (led-led) mener, diriger
to respond to répondre à
a heavy fine une lourde amende, une amende importante
to go (went-gone) forward avancer, progresser
to provide fournir
student accommodation (uncount.) les logements pour étudiants
to solve a problem résoudre un problème
a low rent un loyer bas
to destroy détruire
understanding compréhensif
to stay out late at night sortir jusque tard la nuit
to have fun s’amuser
severe grave, sévère
a penalty pénalité, sanction
to behave badly mal se comporter

175
 to attract visitors attirer des visiteurs
to bring (brought-brought) income générer des revenus
a business un commerce, un magasin, une entreprise
a crime rate un taux de criminalité
to steal (stole-stolen) voler
a bus route un itinéraire, un trajet de bus
the fare le prix du ticket
to be banned from être banni de
a dirty beach une plage sale, souillée

1. Study skills, p. 104

a learner un apprenant
at the time sur le coup

2. Study skills, p. 104

to record lister, noter

3. Study skills, p. 104

a translation une traduction

an explanation une explication
opposite to l’opposé de, contrairement à
a collocation une association courante de mots
a grammatical pattern une structure grammaticale
to make (made-made) connections créer des liens
useful utile

4a. Study skills, p. 104

a prototype un prototype
to do (did-done) safety tests faire des tests de sécurité
to follow fashion (uncount.) suivre la mode
to launch a product lancer un produit
to go (went-gone) out of fashion ne plus être à la mode, se démoder
to value staff (uncount.) valoriser, mettre en valeur le personnel
to go (went-gone) into partnership s’associer
to start a trend démarrer une tendance

4b. Study skills, p. 104

trainers (= sneakers) des chaussures de sport

boots des bottes
a blouse un chemisier
a scarf une écharpe

176
 a hat un chapeau
a belt une ceinture
a dress une robe
a bag un sac

4c. Study skills, p. 104

a chart un graphique, un diagramme, un tableau

a line graph un graphique linéaire
a table un tableau
a bar chart un histogramme (graphique à bâtonnets)
a flow chart un logigramme
a pie chart un graphique circulaire (camembert)

5a. Study skills, p. 104

to display afficher, exposer

to fill a gap remplir un trou
a key word un mot clé
to remind so of sth rappeler qch à qn
to remember se souvenir

5a. Study skills - transcript, p. 104

to test oneself se tester

onto sur
a topic / theme un sujet, un thème
to sound sembler
to make (made-made) a link with faire un lien avec
an app une application
random aléatoire, au hasard
a post-it note un Post-it
a board un panneau, tableau

7a. W riting skills, p.105

to drop by (a drop) chuter, baisser de

to decline (a decline) décliner, baisser
to level off (= to stagnate) se stabiliser
to rise (rose-risen) by 5% augmenter de 5%
to peak (= to reach a peak) atteindre un sommet
a peak un sommet
to grow (grew-grown) augmenter, croître
a growth une augmentation
to go (went-gone) up by augmenter de
a decrease une diminution

177
 to stabilise se stabiliser
to remain stable rester stable

7b. W riting skills, p.105

dramatic spectaculaire ( !! pas négatif)

significant significatif, important
steady stable, constant, régulier
sharp Brusque, fort
slow lent
gradual progressif, graduel
slight léger, minime
sudden soudain

10. W riting skills, p.105

to conduct a survey (= to carry out) faire une enquête

findings (pl.) (= results) les résultats, les conclusions
the largest decrease la baisse la plus importante
a marked fall une chute marquée
relatively stable relativement stable
a sudden decrease une baisse/diminution soudaine
twice as much as deux fois plus que

10. W riting skills - text, p.105

to carry out a study / survey faire une étude, une enquête

a study into une étude portant sur
per person par personne
across à travers
an 8-track tape une cartouche, une ‘cart machine’
a vinyl un vinyle
the spendings on (music) les dépenses en (musique)
per capita par personne, par habitant
revenue les recettes, les revenus
the mid 1980s le milieu des années quatre-vingts
to go (went-gone) down chuter, baisser
while tandis que, pendant que
interestingly de façon intéressante
in summary en résumé

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2. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONS
 
2.1. Listening exercise 10.1. (p. 99, New Language Leader)
 
Listen to a conversation between the manager of the fashion department of a
major upmarket store and a new salesperson, Chloe, and answer the
questions below.

1. Which tip does the manager give to Chloe in order to be a good salesperson?

2. Do employees wear uniforms in the store? Explain why. Where did they get
the idea?

3. Which tips does the manager give on the way salespeople have to approach
customers?

Would you like to work as a salesperson in the fashion industry?

How would you deal with difficult/angry customers?

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2.2. Listening exercise 10.2. (p. 100, New Language Leader)

Listen to 6 people talking about their music habits. Fill in the table below.

How do they get their music? Why do they like that form of music?

Speaker 1

Speaker 2

Speaker 3

Speaker 4

Speaker 5

Speaker 6

How do you personally get your music? Why do you like this
form of music? Do you pay for your music? How do you
listen to music?

Do young people in Belgium pay for their music?

Do you think we should pay for our music? What do you

think about illegal downloading? Is it a crime? Should it be
punished?
 

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3. MEET THE EXPERT

 
3.1. A trend-spotting consultancy (p. 97, New Language Leader)

Watch the video on p. 97 (New Language Leader) and answer the

questions below.

1. Decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F). If the

statements are false, justify your answers. /2,5

The history of a trend is important to

Cate’s work.

Cate gives presentations and reports

to her clients.

Sustainability affects the food

business more than other types of
business.
Understanding trends gives
companies an advantage over others.

Global trends usually appear in

different countries at different times.

2. What kind of trends does Cate follow? /2

3. What is the basic process of trend spotting? /3

4. What is a ‘trend tour’? /2

5. Explain one example of the ‘sustainability trend’ /2

6. Why does she talk about Tokyo? /2

   

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4. READING COMPREHENSIONS

4.1. Reading exercise Tipping Points (p. 97, New Language Leader)

Read the text. Answer the questions below.

1. Trends take time to develop. True or false + justify.

2. How does Gladwell describe the development of new trends?

3. Why can we say that trends are like epidemics?

4. What is ‘word of mouth’? Why is ‘word of mouth’ important in the

development of trends?

5. Which three kinds of people are important in the development of trends?

Which trendsetters do you admire?

What do you think the next global trend will be?

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6. Read the article below and explain the influence of celebrity endorsement on
the sales of a company.

In the Age of Influencers, Rihanna's Fenty x Puma Success Proves Musicians

Still Reign Supreme

In late 2014, German sportswear company Puma turned heads when they
announced an unexpected appointment: they were naming Rihanna creative director
of their women’s collections. While trading on a popular musician’s
cultural capital to move product is nothing new—The Beatles were
schilling headphones for Koss decades before Beats By Dre—
forging this sort of hands-on creative partnership represents a new
approach.

On an earnings call in late April, Puma’s CEO Björn Gulden

revealed that the brand is surging, reporting a net income increase
of 92% for the quarter. These results marked the continuation of an
upwards trend that began soon after Rihanna came aboard;
Puma’s share price has climbed nearly €200 since her role was
announced, and she appeared to drive sales almost immediately.
The Fenty x Puma creeper was voted best shoe of the year by
industry bible Footwear News, and the singer's newest addition to
her exceptionally popular line, a $90 jelly sandal released on May
25, has gone through several restocks across its global stockists.

So, why hasn’t every fashion and apparel brand gone out and hired a Rihanna of
their own? Beyond the fact that there are very few artists who command the public’s
attention in the way Rihanna does, industry experts aren’t sure that celebrity
endorsements have as big an effect on results as Puma’s good fortunes might
suggest. Matt Powell, a sportswear analyst at market researcher The NPD Group, is
skeptical. “I see little correlation between artists signing and sales results,” he says.
“Celebrity collaborations are very limited in scope, and therefore not commercial.”

In other words, the brand-celebrity relationship can seem more impactful than it
actually is—a sell-out sneaker or clothing collection doesn’t mean much to a
company’s bottom line if it is produced in limited quantities. This is certainly the case
with Kanye West’s involvement with Adidas, who produce his coveted Yeezy
sneakers and have an ongoing relationship with the rapper-designer similar to
Puma’s arrangement with Rihanna. One might argue that Kanye’s endorsement has
had a halo effect on Adidas’ sales, but they would have a hard time backing it up
empirically—especially when other sales data tells a different story. “Most of the juice
in Adidas’s turnaround can be attributed to models like the Stan Smith and
Superstar,” says Cam Wolf, menswear editor at fashion and culture site Racked.
“The Superstar just wrapped two years in a row as the best-selling shoe on the
market, and it’s hard to attribute that in any way to Kanye.”

That isn’t to say that a pop star’s co-sign can’t have an impact on sales, though—it’s
just that brands need to be well-positioned to capitalize on it. In most cases, that
means room to grow. On the high end, French luxury label Balmain saw explosive
growth under young, Instagram-friendly creative director Olivier Rousteing,

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culminating in the €485 million sale of the brand in 2016 to Qatari investment firm
Mayhoola. Rousteing amplified the brand’s perception by cultivating a network of
famous friends, even walking the 2015 Met Gala’s red carpet with Justin Bieber. But
at the same time, Balmain’s retail network was expanding aggressively. Bieber’s
endorsement couldn’t have hurt the brand, but it’s unclear how much it ultimately
helped it grow.

On the other end of the spectrum, a celebrity endorsement can have a massive
impact for an emerging brand. “When I worked at Complex,” says Wood, “we would
talk to a lot of smaller brands without name recognition that were worn by Jay Z, or
Kanye, or Beyoncé. They all reported a lift on sales or awareness immediately after
someone wore their stuff. I don’t think [Harry] Styles wearing Gucci can have the
same effect because Gucci is never going to be lacking for stockists.”

The key to these endorsements is their perceived authenticity—the idea that these
artists are wearing the brands not for any sort of compensation, but because they
genuinely want to. “People are obviously more likely to be interested in something if
a celebrity they like vouches for something without getting paid for it,” says Wolf. “I’m
sure there are marketing decks out there that talk about how much Gen Z values
authenticity.” Powell agrees. While influencer marketing may have worked for a time
in the fashion world, it has lost its potency as consumers have become aware that it
is fundamentally identical to traditional advertising. Says Powell, “Peer influencers
are the most important influencers in sneakers. The compensated ‘influencers’ have
had little impact. Everyone knows they are paid to say what they say.”

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4.2. Reading exercise Cultural influences on fashion trends (p. 98-99, New
Language Leader)

What inspires fashion designers when they design clothes? What is their
source of inspiration?

Read the text and answer the questions below.

1. What do fashion designers need to do in order to be successful in their

work?

2. What are the three main influences on fashion trends?

3. Why does Marc Jacobs exemplify the 3 main influences on fashion trends?

What are your sources of inspiration as to fashion trends? What influences

you?
Do you consider yourself as a fashion victim/trend setter? Develop your
ideas.

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4.3. Reading exercise Should we pay for our music (p. 100-101, New Language
Leader)

Read the text and summarize each person’s opinion on music.

The downloader The executive The artist

Should
we pay
for
music?

Answer the questions below (in French).

1. According to the downloader, what do record companies expect from the

public?

2. True or false: music sales have been decreasing for years. Justify.

3. Why are social media important in the music industry? Explain.

4. Speaking exercise: should we download for free?

Student A thinks that people should pay for their music (for films, etc.) It
should be totally illegal to download for free.

Student B thinks that music, films, etc. should be free and that everybody
should be allowed to download for free.

à Try to convince the other student with your arguments.

186
  

Which arguments can you use if you are student A?

Which arguments can you use if you are student B?

 
   

187
  

5. VOCABULARY EXERCISES

5.1. Fill in exercise

Study your vocabulary [first part] and fill in the gaps with the correct
words.

Abordable - Autoriser, permettre - Être intéressé par – Être influencé par - La chirurgie esthétique
Ralentir - Un achat - Un propriétaire - Un style de vie - Une maladie

A lot of people decide to undergo ………………………….. to correct their nose or

to have bigger lips. It was made popular by celebrities in the USA. Some of them
look 20 while they are 50!

Do you know if she suffers from a ………………………….. ? She is so pale.

Another way to say ‘to buy something’ is ‘to make a …………………………..’.

This car is going too fast. The driver should …………………………...

Sara has a strange …………………………..: she sleeps during the day and lives
during the night!

If you follow trends and want to be fashionable, it means that you are
………………………….. trends.

Johanna is …………………………... marketing. That is why she is going to study

marketing next year.

H&M is …………………………..: it means that it’s not too expensive.

I personally know the …………………………..of this Ferrari. He is a very rich man

who has a successful business.

My parents …………………………..me to go to the night club until 2 a.m.

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5.2. Fill in exercise

Study your vocabulary (the whole unit) and fill in the gaps with the correct
words

La durabilité - (La mode) grand public - Le piratage - Récompenser - S’amuser - Sain

Se tenir au courant de - Une amende - Une habitude - Un style de vie, un mode de vie

………………………….. is a serious crime. It should be strongly punished.

It’s funny to see how people sometimes have different ………………………….: some
people never drink alcohol, some people smoke a lot, while others pay attention to
their health.

At the moment, a lot of people want to eat ………………………….. food.

I often receive ………………………….. because I drive too fast.

I think we should ………………………….. musicians for their creativity. It’s a job to

create songs!

H&M, Zara, Mango are all examples of …………………………. fashion.

………………………….. is affecting and impacting everything at the moment, from

food to energy. For example, food businesses decide to supply local food to
consumers. Hotels decide to reduce their energy costs by choosing eco-friendly
lighting and heating systems.

When you run a business, you need to ………………………….. new trends in order
to be competitive on the market. If you run a footwear store, you should know that
white sneakers are very popular at the moment.

Young people just want to …………………………. and enjoy life.

I always download for free. This is a …………………………. that I have and I’m not
going to change it.

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6. ORAL EXPRESSION

6.1. Free role play

Brussels / LLN

Together with your partner, talk about the city where you are studying: Brussels / LLN.
Give your opinion about each of the following categories. Explain the positive and
negative aspects of each category and suggest elements that could improve the situation.

o (Student) accommodation o Pollution

o Public transport o Noise
o Parking o (Student) parties, bars
o Shopping o Security

Make sure you use the technical vocabulary discussed in class.

Current trends

Together with your partner, talk about the trends below. Give your opinion on each of
them.

Further questions for the discussion:

Which of the following trends do(n’t) you follow? Why? Have you already done so
previously? Which negative consequences could each trend lead to? What are their
positive aspects? Why is each of these trends popular? Why were they popular not
so long ago but not anymore?

o Going abroad for a year to learn a o Apps such as Tinder and Snapchat
foreign language / to travel o Taking selfies
o Writing a blog (about fashion, o Tatoos
cooking, etc.) o Plastic surgery
o Reality TV shows o Organic food
o Being vegetarian / vegan o Eco-tourism

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6.2. Directed role play

Trends

Together with your partner, talk about the way trends appear and eventually die
out.

Student A: Je suis souvent influencé par les tendances actuelles. Souvent, il y a

une personne qui lance la mode dans l’école et les autres étudiants vont suivre
cette tendance. À l’inverse, les anciennes tendances sont vite considérées comme
démodées.

Student B: C’est sûr. Parfois, c’est difficile d’expliquer pourquoi certaines

tendances deviennent soudainement populaires. Parfois les acteurs, les actrices ou
les personnalités télévisuelles ont une influence sur les tendances populaires. Ces
personnes ont le rôle d’exemple pour les jeunes qui les admirent.

Student A: Par exemple, des célébrités faisant régulièrement les gros titres ont
posté des selfies sur Internet via les réseaux sociaux. En conséquence, cette
tendance est devenue célèbre dans le monde entier.

Student B: En effet. Ensuite, la plupart des tendances ralentissent puis

disparaissent/s’éteignent complètement et réapparaissent ensuite une décennie
plus tard parce qu’elles sont à nouveau relevées par des personnes qui lancent la
mode.

Student A: Ce qui était démodé devient alors la dernière tendance…

191
  
6.3. Introductory oral activity on current trends

AREA EXAMPLES OF TRENDS WHY HAS THE TREND EMERGED?

1. Food trends: Organic – salads – exotic –ready-

made – energy drinks
2. Sport trends: Squat – running – Basic Fit

3. Leisure trends: Shopping – Netflix – spa – do-it-

yourself
4. Holiday trends: Remote destinations – city trips – low
cost airlines
5. Housing trends: Flat/house share – rising prices –
longer mortgages
6. Fashion trends: Puma sneakers – ripped jeans -
rompers – high-waist jeans -
customization
7. Shopping trends: Online – shopping malls

8. Car trends: Europe: smaller – hybrid – green –

electric – customized
9. Business trends: e-business – mergers + globalization
– relocate – automation - uberization
10. Payment trends: Phone payments – card payment

11. Education trends: e-learning – Erasmus

12. Technological trends: Smartphone – self-driving cars –

drones
13. Going out trends: Festivals – theme bars

14. Decoration trends: Vintage – art-deco

15. Lifestyle trends: Connected – healthier – doing sport

– back to nature
16. Family trends: Blended – divorce – one-parent
family
17. Political trends: Extreme right – separatism

18. Ecological trends: Solar panels – wind mills

19. Marketing trends: e-marketing – customized advertising

– pop up stores
20. Sociological trends: Social networks

21. Games trends: Online games –– Hand spinner

22. Beauty trends: Cosmetic surgery – Contouring

23. TV shows trends: Reality TV – forensic series – science

fiction series
24. Transport: Über – Villo – more and more public
transport
25. Student jobs: Temping - Deliveroo

192
  
6.4. Open questions

1. Which trends do you currently follow?

2. Which trends did you use to follow but do not follow anymore? Why?

3. Which trend would you never follow? Why?

4. Are you a ‘trend setter’ or a ‘trend follower’? Explain and give examples.

5. How do you listen to music? How do you get your music? What about films?

6. Are you for or against free downloading? Do you think it is normal to pay for
music / films?

7. Can you explain the term ‘tipping point’? What is the role of word-of-mouth
in this context? What is the role of social networks?

8. What are the three main influences on fashion trends? Explain.

9. What are your influences as to fashion? Is the way you dress important for
you? What does it say about you and your personality?

10. What do you think about crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter and
MyMajorCompany? Have you ever funded a project? Can you think of artists
who became famous thanks to these websites?

193
  
6.5. Presentation

a. Make a 5-minute presentation (with a PPT) about an interesting current

trend that started on social media like Instagram, Facebook, or Snapshat.

o Do some research online to find a trend that appeals to you.

o Or focus on a famous online personality that you follow on social media.
o Develop why you like / follow this trend / personality.
o What does it bring to your life?

b. Make a 5-minute presentation (with a PPT) about a global society trend

(sustainability, healthy habits, e-commerce, automation, uberization, etc. )

o Where does this trend come from?

o Why is this trend so popular?
o What helped this trend become popular?
o Is this trend going to last or slow down rapidly?
o Explain how this trend impacts your daily life.

   

194
  
7. WRITTEN EXPRESSION
7.1. Free writing
 
Instructions:
o Write a structured essay: use paragraphs and linking words.  
o Use as much vocabulary coming from this chapter as you can.  
o Write 200 words.

§ Do you pay attention to trends? Why? Mention a trend that you like and follow,
and explain why this trend appeals to you.

§ Mention some trends that you used to follow. Why did you follow them and why
did you stop following them?

• Do you think it is normal to pay in order to download music? Give at least three
arguments.

• Describe a place / a trendy city to spend your holiday (shopping, parties,

culture, landscapes, landmarks, etc.) and explain why this place is ideal.

• As to fashion, are you rather influenced by high culture, pop culture or

subculture? Explain in detail and mention the people / elements which inspire
you (your role models) regarding how you dress.

195
  
7.2. Semi-directed writing

You are taking part in a survey about popular trends among young
Europeans. You are asked to write a short text (150 words) on the trends you are
following, regarding the three following domains:

- Music
- Fashion
- Holidays

Don’t forget to structure your text (paragraphs, linking words) as follows:

o Music:

Indicate your habits as to how you download music and give your opinion
concerning free downloading. Are you in favour of or against illegal downloading?
Give two arguments. Make sure you use the following words in your text:

Faire sa propre liste de lecture de chansons – Gagner de l’argent – L’industrie

musicale – Quasi jamais – Récompenser – Télécharger gratuitement sur Internet

o Fashion:

Indicate your fashion habits and your influences in this matter (person / element
that inspires you in the way you dress). Make sure you use the following words in
your text:

Abordable – Attirer l’attention – Intéressé par – La mode des créateurs

Les magasins de mode grand public – Se démarquer – Soucieux de la mode

o Holidays:

Explain what you (don’t) expect from a holiday resort. Make sure you use the
following words in your text:

Beaucoup de, plein de – Des logements à bas prix – La côte – Se baigner

Un centre ville – Un jeune – Une boite de nuit – Une ville animée –
Voyager à l’étranger

 
   

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8. SCENARIO

8.1. Belleview

Read the situation in order to be able to summarize the problems that

Belleview is facing.

1. Listening exercise

Listen (fragment 10.4 on p. 102) to the Mayor or Belleview, Michael Harvey,

answering questions from callers on a radio phone-in programme called
‘Speak Your Mind’. Its presenter is Claire Maxwell. Answer the questions.

Problem: be precise and What actions will the

give details Mayor take to deal with
the problem?
Speaker 1: Brenda Fisher

Speaker 2: Patrick Riley

Speaker 3: David Jenkins

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2. Listening exercise n°2

Listen (fragment 10.5 on p. 103) to two residents of Belleview talking about

three issues they want to raise at Thursday’s meeting. Take notes on the
issues.

Issue
1

Issue
2

Issue
3

198
  
3. Role-play: a meeting (Exercise 4 a, b and c, p.103 New Language Leader)

The Mayor of Belleview has arranged a meeting in the town hall so that
people can raise issues that concern them. Work in groups of four or five.
Choose a role:

Mayor = chairperson à He leads and Resident 1

structures the debate, makes sure
everybody speaks and then respond
to people’s suggestions and opinions.

Resident 2

Environment Officer

Student

199
  

Step 1: Make groups of 4 and choose a role.

Step 2: On your own, read your role carefully and think about the ideas you will
develop. Have them in mind BEFORE the meeting! (10 minutes)
Step 3: Start the meeting.

à Structure of the meeting:

- Parking
- Young people’s behaviour at weekends
- Increased crime
- Pollution
- Dirty beaches
- Proposed development at Sandy Cove
- Student accommodation

à The Mayor leads the debate, following the structure: he introduces each topic
and asks the opinion of each participant.
à For each topic, everybody must say his/her opinion.
à The mayor responds to them and a solution must be found for each topic
(disagree a little bit and then finally agree).

200
  

8. Scenario

8.1. BBC Panorama: Amazon, the truth behind the click

E-commerce is a current trend moving at

lightning pace. However, working
conditions in warehouses (where
customers’ orders are prepared and
processed) are often harsh.

Panorama is an investigative current

affairs TV programme aired on BBC.
It is one of Britain’s most popular and
watched TV series.

Watch the following episode in which journalists go undercover to reveal the poor
working conditions at Britain’s e-commerce giant Amazon.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQATFbLvIHk

8.2. How to hold and take part in a meeting?

What is the name of the person leading a meeting?

What is the role of the chairperson? What does he have to do during a meeting?

How are the other participants supposed to behave? What should they avoid doing?

Participants should… Participants should avoid…

201
  

8.3. Oral task

This episode of Panorama has been watched by millions of people all over the world and
Amazon is now facing a huge image scandal that could spell disaster for its image and
sales results.

In order to find solutions to the different problems and save Amazon’s reputation, the CEO
decided to organise a crisis meeting.

You are all working for Amazon:

Student A: CEO (= the chairperson)

Student B: Shareholders’ representative
Student C: Marketing manager
Student D: HR assistant

Objectives: conclude the meeting with solutions to the different problems. A

decision must be made regarding each item on the agenda.

Roles: the CEO leads the meeting and makes sure everybody speaks and gives
his/her opinion on each agenda item. A decision must be made for each item.

Sequence of discussion items (see details on the next page):

1. Hiring a new manager
2. Advertising
3. Change of name / logo

202
  

1. Hire a new HR manager

The CEO fired the HR manager immediately after the scandal. As a result, the
company must hire a new HR manager.

à Compare the 2 CVs below and make a decision as to which candidate you will
hire.

Candidate n°1

Kate Middlegate

- 40 years old, 1 toddler

- Master’s degree in Human Resources (Oxford University)
- 10 years of experience as an HR assistant and manager in a bank
- English (mother tongue)
- Risk-taker, result-oriented, not a great listener, lacks organization
- Hobbies: Japanese literature

Candidate n°2

Lilly Chalk

- 22 years old, no child

- Bachelor’s degree in communication and environmental protection
- English, French, Spanish and Italian
- 3-month internship at Asos (Amazon’s main competitor)
- Wrote her bachelor’s paper on how to improve workers’ satisfaction at Ikea
- Dynamic, ambitious, assertive, not always organized.
- Hobbies: created her own animal shelter; scout leader

203
  

2. Advertising

Sales have collapsed since the TV report. In order to solve the problem, the CEO
would like to invest in a marketing campaign.

à Consider the possible marketing campaigns below and make a decision as to

the most efficient one for the company. Other ideas are also welcome.

- A campaign focusing on improved working conditions at Amazon’s

warehouses
- Using a famous fashion blogger as brand ambassador in order to boost sales
of Amazon’s new fashion department

- Comparative advertising: focusing on (1) the efficiency of Amazon’s 1-day

delivery service and (2) customer satisfaction compared to competitors

3. Consider a possible change of name and/or logo

Amazon is now facing an image scandal and will be associated with poor working
conditions for a long time. The CEO is considering a possible new name and logo
for the business. Moreover, Amazon’s logo is considered outdated by some people
and it is too similar to the logo of another main competitor: Zalando.

à Consider the possible advantages / disadvantages of a change of name and/or

logo. A decision must be made.

204
 End of year scenario

8.1. Situation

You all know the sports centre La Woluwe

located close to Ephec University College.

This famous sports centre among students offers

sports facilities among which: tennis courts, multi
sports pitches (hockey basketball, volleyball, etc.) a
fitness club, etc. as well as a restaurant.

However, La Woluwe is currently facing fierce competition from companies such as Basic
Fit or Kineo.

à In order to boost sales, increase the turnover, enhance the company’s

image and stay top of mind, you need to fulfil different tasks.

205
8.2. Sequence of tasks

o Hiring a new intern (UNIT 3 WORK)

You work in the HR department of La Woluwe and your boss has asked you to hire a new intern
for a period of 5 months. This intern will help in different areas: working at the reception;
managing and updating the customer database (new memberships); helping fitness instructors on
Saturdays and Sundays in the fitness club.

1. With your colleague, you create the vacancy for the job. Detail the tasks the
intern will have to fulfil, the general profile (education & experience) as well
as the hard & soft skills required for the job.

Company:

Position:

Job description (main tasks):

General profile (education & experience required):

Hard skills required:

Soft skills required:

 
2. Now that you have created the vacancy for the job, you think about possible
questions that will be asked to the applicants during the interview. Keep in
mind that the goal of the job interview is to find an intern that matches the
vacancy. Ask relevant questions!  
 
-­‐  
-­‐  
-­‐  
-­‐  
-­‐  
-­‐  
 
3. Job interviews are organized. Group 1 = HR assistants; Group 2 =
applicants. Each HR assistant interviews 4 applicants and then chooses the
best for the job.

206
 o Taking advantage of current trends (UNIT 10 TRENDS)

You work for a trend-spotting consultancy: a company helping other businesses to identify
current / future trends so that they can take advantage of these trends in their business. You have
been asked to focus on 2 current trends that could be used and adapted by the sports
centre La W oluwe in order to increase membership and be considered as ‘hype’
among students and other target consumers.For example, Zumba classes were launched a
few years ago when this trend took over in Belgium.

1. Think about current trends in the fitness / sports world. Make a 2-slide PPT
presentation in which you develop 2 current trends that could be used by
La Woluwe in order to appeal to potential new customers / their target.
Make sure you use visual examples in your slides.

2. The sports centre also has a restaurant: you have been asked to find a new
concept for it because its profit has decreased by 25% in 2 years. Here is the
current menu:

Weekly menu

Monday: hamburger with fries

Tuesday: steak with fries
Wednesday: fish and chips
Thursday: Pasta with tomato and
basil sauce
Friday: Pizza
Saturday: cheeseburger with fries

Each menu is served with a

Write an e-mail to Albert Deux, the general manager of La Woluwe in which you
mention the following elements:

E-mail
o Opening salutations
o Objective of the e-mail: develop a new concept for the
restaurant
o §1: Present the concept
o §2: Explain why it will be a success (refer to current
trends in the food industry)
o Closing salutations

207
 o Redesigning La Woluwe (UNIT 7 DESIGN)

You work for an interior design company and the general

manager of La Woluwe has asked you to come up with a new
concept and design for its lobby. Indeed, its design is old-
fashioned and not welcoming.

Come up with a 1-slide PPT presentation in which you develop a new concept for
the lobby. This slide must contain pictures to help people visualize your ideas. This
slide will indeed help you when pitching your ideas orally to the general manager
and the financial investor of La Woluwe.

When presenting orally, include the following elements:

Describe the new lobby in terms of:

- Main concept for the lobby: based on a current trend? Based on a former
trend in design that is currently coming back?
- Furniture, seats & chairs used (shape, material, texture)
- Other decoration items used
à Justify your choices & be convincing

Some ideas:

208
 o Negotiating with a potential supplier (UNIT 8 BUSINESS)

Student A:
The equipment used in the fitness centre is old-fashioned. You work as the
purchasing manager at La Woluwe. You contact a potential supplier of treadmills
that could equip the fitness club. You negotiate the best deal for you.

Quantity: you want to place an order of 20 treadmills.

Price: you want to pay 1500 euros for each treadmill.
Delivery: you want to be delivered within a month (so that the treadmills
are available before September, a peak period for new memberships &
renewals).
Payment: you want to pay 60 days after delivery.
Colour: you want half of the treadmills in black; the other half in pink.
Discount: minimum 10%.

à When you ‘give away’ something, get something in return.

à Use ‘if-clauses’ (e.g. “If I pay on delivery, will you offer me a bigger
discount?”)
à The goal = a win-win situation

Student B:
You work for IRunY, the market leader in the treadmills sector. You supply a lot of
centres in France but you would like to gain even more market shares in Belgium.
You negotiate with a famous sports centre in Brussels: la Woluwe. Make sure you
negotiate the best deal for you. However, don’t forget that this first deal in Belgium
is of great importance for the future roll out of the business.

Quantity: you want to negotiate an order of 50 treadmills.

Price: your B-to-B price is 2200 euros for each treadmill.
Delivery: you can’t deliver before October.
Payment: you want to be paid on delivery.
Colour: you produce white and black treadmills. Pink treadmills cost too
much (production costs).
Discount: you never offer any discount because your prices are already
lower than competitors’ prices.

à When you ‘give away’ something, get something in return.

à Use ‘if-clauses’ (e.g. “if I pay on delivery, will you offer me a bigger
discount?”)
à The goal = a win-win situation

à What are the results of your negotiation?

- Quantity
- Price
- Delivery?
- Payment?
- Colour
- Discount?

209
 o Creating a promotional campaign (UNIT 5 ADVERTISING)

September is coming! This is the most important period of the year for sports
centres because a lot of people start a new activity at that period of the year. You
work in the marketing department of La Woluwe.

Together with a colleague, you create a flyer in which you develop a promotional
campaign for 1 specific area of La Woluwe.

1. Tennis club
2. Fitness centre
3. Zumba lessons

+ You record a 20-second radio spot with a jingle to inform people about this
special promotion

210
 Revision exercises

A. Fill in the table

Noun Verb
A success
To fail
To meet
An order
A founder
To explain
A behavior
To injure
To complain about
A summary
A competition
A supplier
To manufacture
A delivery
A product
To compete

B. What is the opposite of the following words?

A weakness A strength
An opportunity A threat
A buyer A seller
To spend money To save money
An upmarket product A downmarket product
To lend money To borrow money
To make a loss To make a profit
Lazy Hard-working

211
Talkative Quiet
Introvert Extrovert
Durable Short-lived

C. Translate the following sentences into English

J’ai terminé mes études secondaires en juin 2015 et j’étudie le marketing

dans une école de commerce depuis un an.

Cet été je vais faire un stage pendant trois semaines dans une agence de
publicité

Ce cadre est stressé, il travaille 50 heures par semaine, il a beaucoup de

responsabilités, il travaille sous pression mais il est très motivé par son job.

Tom est vendeur. Il a un CDI depuis deux mois et gagne 1700 euros par
mois. Il a quelques avantages extra-légaux comme des chèques repas et une
voiture de société.

Cet avocat doit souvent faire des heures supplémentaires.

Ton fournisseur n’est pas fiable, il ne respecte jamais les délais.

Quelle est ta langue maternelle et quelles langues étrangères parles-tu

couramment ?

212
Quelles sont les possibilités d’avancement dans cette entreprise ?

Cet étudiant a beaucoup d’atouts : il a le sens du contact, il est compétent en

informatique, il est ouvert d’esprit et sûr de lui.

Avant de lancer un nouveau produit sur le marché, tu dois faire des études
de marché pour bien connaître tes acheteurs potentiels.

Ce comptable a mal géré son affaire et a fait faillite.

Cette affaire n’est pas rentable.

Quel est ton marché cible ?

Je prendrai ma pension quand j’aurai 65 ans.

C’est une tendance actuelle.

Je ne télécharge quasiment jamais de musique sur internet.

Combien de tatouages as-tu sur le corps ?

En 2010 les ventes de CD ont diminué de 12% et le téléchargement illégal a

augmenté de 8%.

213
Les fabricants essaient toujours de concevoir des produits qui comblent un
besoin afin de connaître un succès commercial. Cet aspect est très important
dans le processus de développement d’un produit.

Les produits chimiques vendus en Europe doivent être conformes aux règles
de l’Union européenne.

Cette entreprise fabrique des produits à basse consommation qui

fonctionnent à l’énergie solaire.

214
 D. Roleplays

Jeu de rôles : Un concours de design

Étudiant A

L’étudiant B participe également. Il s’agit de créer un nouveau produit

révolutionnaire.

Vous avez une idée en tête, l’étudiant B a une autre idée.

o Présentez votre idée : une voiture qui marche à l’énergie solaire. Décrivez le
concept de manière complète (design, forme, texture, matériaux,
caractéristiques techniques, etc.)

o Lors de la conversation, parlez de :

- Les deux tendances actuelles qui vous ont inspiré(e) pour ce concept de
voiture.

- Les moyens de promotion de votre voiture: comment allez-vous en faire la

publicité une fois celui-ci commercialisé ? Développez 2 techniques
publicitaires adéquates.

Le but : être convaincant et persuader votre partenaire que votre idée est meilleure
que la sienne.

215
Jeu de rôles : Un concours de design

Étudiant B

Vous participez à un concours de design avec l’étudiant B. Il s’agit de créer un

nouveau produit révolutionnaire.

Vous avez une idée en tête, l’étudiant A a une autre idée.

o Présentez votre idée : des tables fabriquées avec du papier recyclé. Décrivez
celui-ci de manière complète (design, forme, texture, matériaux,
caractéristiques techniques, etc.)

o Lors de la conversation, parlez de :

- Les deux tendances actuelles qui vous ont inspiré(e) pour ce concept de
tables.
- Les moyens de promotion de vos tables : comment allez-vous en faire la
publicité une fois celles-ci commercialisées ? Développez 2 techniques
publicitaires adéquates.

Le but : être convaincant et persuader votre partenaire que votre idée est meilleure
que la sienne.

216
Jeu de rôles : Un concours de design

Étudiant A

L’étudiant B participe également. Il s’agit de créer un nouveau produit

révolutionnaire.

Vous avez une idée en tête, l’étudiant B a une autre idée.

o Présentez votre idée : un gsm qui marche à l’énergie solaire. Décrivez le

concept de manière complète (design, forme, texture, matériaux,
caractéristiques techniques, etc.)

o Lors de la conversation, parlez de :

- Les deux tendances actuelles qui vous ont inspiré(e) pour ce concept de
gsm.

- Les moyens de promotion de votre produit : comment allez-vous en faire la

publicité une fois celui-ci commercialisé ? Développez 2 techniques
publicitaires adéquates.

Le but : être convaincant et persuader votre partenaire que votre idée est meilleure
que la sienne.

217
Jeu de rôles : Un concours de design

Étudiant B

Vous participez à un concours de design avec l’étudiant B. Il s’agit de créer un

nouveau produit révolutionnaire.

Vous avez une idée en tête, l’étudiant A a une autre idée.

o Présentez votre idée : des chaussures fabriquées avec des matériaux

recyclés. Décrivez celui-ci de manière complète (design, forme, texture,
matériaux, caractéristiques techniques, etc.)

o Lors de la conversation, parlez de :

- Les deux tendances actuelles qui vous ont inspiré(e) pour ce concept de
chaussures.

- Les moyens de promotion de votre produit : comment allez-vous en faire la

publicité une fois celles-ci commercialisées ? Développez 2 techniques
publicitaires adéquates.

Le but : être convaincant et persuader votre partenaire que votre idée est meilleure
que la sienne.

218
Jeu de rôles : Tendances

Étudiant A

Vous discutez avec votre partenaire, l’étudiant B, des tendances en général.

1. Vous entamez la conversation en demandant à votre partenaire quelles sont les

tendances qui semblent être les plus populaires actuellement en matière
d’alimentation et de technologies.

4. Votre partenaire va exprimer son opinion et vous pose ensuite une question.
Répondez-y en donnant votre propre avis.

5. Vous habitez Bruxelles depuis 3 ans et vous trouvez qu’il y a quelques problèmes
à résoudre en termes de pollution et de nuisances sonores la nuit dans votre
quartier. Exprimez votre opinion à l’étudiant B en développant 2 problèmes.

7. Répondez à la question de votre partenaire de manière complète en illustrant par

un exemple.

219
Jeu de rôles : Tendances

Étudiant B

Vous discutez avec votre partenaire, l’étudiant A, des tendances en général.

2. Votre partenaire va vous poser une question concernant les tendances.

Répondez-y de manière complète et dites si vous suivez ces tendances ou pas et
expliquez pourquoi. Demandez-lui ensuite quelles tendances il ne suivra jamais.

3. Expliquez à votre partenaire que vous êtes contre le téléchargement illégal.

Donnez votre avis. Demandez ensuite à votre partenaire son avis sur le
téléchargement.

4. Votre partenaire va développer certains problèmes auxquels il fait face dans la

vie quotidienne. Essayez de trouver une solution plausible à chaque problème
relevé.

6. Vous terminez la discussion en demandant à votre partenaire s’il sait pourquoi

les tendances apparaissent de nulle part, deviennent très populaires et ensuite
disparaissent aussi vite qu’elles sont apparues…

220
Jeu de rôles : Tendances 2

Étudiant A

Vous discutez avec votre partenaire, l’étudiant B, des tendances en général.

1. Vous entamez la conversation en demandant à votre partenaire quels sont les 3

éléments qui influencent les ‘fashion designers’ quand ils créent une collection.

4. Votre partenaire va exprimer son opinion et vous pose ensuite une question.
Répondez-y en donnant un avis contraire.

5. Vous habitez Bruxelles depuis 3 ans et vous trouvez qu’il y a quelques problèmes
à résoudre en termes de transport dans votre quartier. Exprimez votre opinion à
l’étudiant B en développant 2 problèmes.

7. Répondez à la question de votre partenaire de manière complète en illustrant par

un exemple.

221
Jeu de rôles : Tendances 2

Étudiant B

Vous discutez avec votre partenaire, l’étudiant A, des tendances en général.

2. Votre partenaire va vous poser une question concernant les tendances.

Répondez-y de manière complète en donnant des exemples.

3. Expliquez à votre partenaire que vous êtes pour le téléchargement illégal.

Donnez votre avis. Demandez ensuite à votre partenaire son avis sur le
téléchargement.

4. Votre partenaire va développer certains problèmes auxquels il fait face dans la

vie quotidienne. Essayez de trouver une solution plausible à chaque problème
relevé.

6. Vous terminez la discussion en demandant à votre partenaire s’il sait pourquoi

les tendances apparaissent de nulle part, deviennent très populaires et ensuite
disparaissent aussi vite qu’elles sont apparues…

222
Jeu de rôles : Discussion sur la publicité

Étudiant A

Vous rencontrez un professionnel de la publicité et vous échangez/réagissez sur

les sujets ci-dessous.

1. Demandez-lui ce qui est nécessaire pour faire une publicité à succès.

4. Répondez à la question de votre partenaire de manière complète.

5. Demandez ensuite à votre partenaire s’il peut vous expliquer les techniques
utilisées par les publicitaires lorsqu’ils créent des publicités destinées aux
enfants.

8. Répondez à la question de votre partenaire en illustrant avec des exemples.

9. Demandez à votre partenaire s’il pense que Photoshop devrait être interdit dans
la publicité. Donnez ensuite votre avis.

223
Jeu de rôles : Discussion sur la publicité

Etudiant B

Vous rencontrez un étudiant en communication et vous échangez/réagissez sur les

sujets ci-dessous.

2. Vous réagissez à ce que demande A pour ce qui est selon vous « une bonne
pub ».

3. Vous demandez à votre partenaire s’il connaît le concept de l’incarnation d’une

marque / d’un produit par une célébrité. Demandez-lui son avis sur la question et
son exemple préféré.

6. Répondez à la question de votre partenaire en développant deux éléments.

7. Demandez à votre partenaire s’il pense que les publicités pour des aliments et
produits malsains pour la santé devraient être interdites.

10. Répondez à la question de votre partenaire de manière complète.

224
GRAMMAR NOTES

2020 – 21

225
Introduction:

As you will see in the table of contents, these grammar notes will help you to
cover the basics in English grammar.

However, it is highly recommended to study the grammar chapters on

Wooflash in self-study as well: you will find thorough explanations and varied
exercises and to help you gain more extensive knowledge. Please register and
join your e-class!

Only the blended learning of both (these notes and the platform) will help you
reach the required level. Your teacher will inform you about the best use of
these two learning methods.

226
Contents: Wooflash (write Page
the deadline given
by your teacher
below)

SEMESTER 1

IRREGULAR VERBS 5
List of English irregular verbs 6
Exercises on the use of irregular verbs 9

ARTICLES
Exercises 12

PRONOUNS & POSSESSIVES

Theory 14
Exercises 15

QUANTIFIERS
Theory 16
Exercises 18

COUNTABLES & UNCOUNTABLES

Theory 20
Exercises 21

COMPARATIVES
Theory 23

SUPERLATIVES
Theory 24
Exercises: comparatives and superlatives 25

SIMPLE PRESENT & PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Theory and examples 28
Exercises: present simple and continuous 31

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS

Theory and examples 33
Exercises: present + present perfect (simple and 35
continuous)
Exercise: For or Since 36

SIMPLE PAST & PAST CONTINUOUS

Theory and examples 37
Exercise: past simple and continuous 39

227
Exercise: present perfect & simple past 40
Revision exercise: present, present perfect, simple past 40

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS

Theory and examples 42
Exercise: past perfect simple and continuous 44
Exercise: past perfect & simple past 44
Revision exercise: simple past, present perfect, past 45
perfect

SUMMARY: PRESENT & PAST TENSES 46

SEMESTER 2

FUTURE
Theory 48
Exercises: the future 49

REVISION EXERCISE: MIXED TENSES 50

MODALS
Theory 51
Exercises 52

CONDITIONAL
Theory 56
Exercise: the conditional 57

REVISION EXERCISE: ALL TENSES 58

WORD ORDER
Theory 60
Exercises: the word order 62

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Theory 64
Exercises: the relative pronouns 66

TENSE FORMATION: ACTIVE & PASSIVE 67

Exercises: active and passive voice 70

228
 IRREGULAR VERBS

Verbal forms
When you study English verbs, you need various forms of the verb to be able to use it properly in
all tenses.

the form of the infinitive the form presented as the dictionary entry

the form of the past infinitive + -ed for regular verbs

second column for irregular verbs

the form of the past participle infinitive + -ed for regular verbs
third column for irregular verbs

the form of the gerund infinitive + -ing

Studying irregular verbs is essential to be able to form tenses properly

infinitive past past participle

to go went gone

229
List of English irregular verbs

to be was/were been être

to beat beat beaten battre, vaincre
to become became become devenir
to begin began begun commencer
to bend bent bent courber, plier
to bet bet bet parier
to bite bit bitten mordre
to blow blew blown souffler
to break broke broken casser
to bring brought brought apporter
to broadcast broadcast broadcast diffuser, émettre
to build built built construire
to burn burnt/burned burnt/burned brûler
to burst burst burst éclater
to buy bought bought acheter
to catch caught caught attraper
to choose chose chosen choisir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost coûter
to creep crept crept ramper, se glisser
to cut cut cut couper
to deal dealt dealt traiter
to dig dug dug creuser
to do did done faire
to draw drew drawn dessiner
to dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed rêver
to drink drank drunk boire
to drive drove driven conduire
to eat ate eaten manger
to fall fell fallen tomber
to feed fed fed nourrir
to feel felt felt sentir, ressentir
to fight fought fought se battre, combattre
to find found found trouver
to flee fled fled fuir, s’enfuir
to fly flew flown voler, s’envoler
to forbid forbade forbidden interdire
to forget forgot forgotten oublier
to forgive forgave forgiven pardonner
to freeze froze frozen geler
to get got got obtenir
to give gave given donner
to go went gone aller
to grow grew grown croître, faire pousser

230
to hang hung hung pendre
to have had had avoir
to hear heard heard entendre
to hide hid hidden cacher, se cacher
to hit hit hit frapper, atteindre
to hold held held tenir
to hurt hurt hurt blesser, faire mal
to keep kept kept garder
to kneel knelt knelt s’agenouiller
to know knew known savoir, connaître
to lay laid laid poser, coucher
to lead led led conduire, mener
to lean leant/leaned leant/leaned (s’)appuyer, (se) pencher
to learn learnt/learned learnt/learned apprendre
to leave left left quitter
to lend lent lent prêter
to let let let laisser, permettre, louer
to lie lay lain être couché
to light lit lit allumer, éclairer
to lose lost lost perdre
to make made made faire
to mean meant meant signifier, avoir l’intention
to meet met met rencontrer
to pay paid paid payer
to put put put mettre, placer
to read read read lire
to ride rode ridden aller à cheval, à moto, …
to ring rang rung sonner
to rise rose risen se lever, s’élever
to run ran run courir
to say said said dire
to see saw seen voir
to seek sought sought chercher, rechercher
to sell sold sold vendre
to send sent sent envoyer
to set set set poser
to sew sewed sewn/sewed coudre
to shake shook shaken secouer
to shine shone shone briller
to shoot shot shot tirer, décocher
to show showed shown/showed montrer
to shrink shrank shrunk rétrécir
to shut shut shut fermer
to sing sang sung chanter
to sink sank sunk couler
to sit sat sat s’asseoir
to sleep slept slept dormir

231
to slide slid slidden glisser
to smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled sentir
to speak spoke spoken parler
to spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled épeler
to spend spent spent dépenser, passer le temps
to spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled renverser, répandre
to spit spat spat cracher
to split split split se fendre, fendre
to spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled gâcher, gâter
to spread spread spread étendre, se répandre
to spring sprang sprung sauter
to stand stood stood se tenir debout
to steal stole stolen voler, dérober
to stick stuck stuck coller, s’attacher
to sting stung stung piquer
to stink stank stunk puer
to strike struck struck frapper
to swear swore sworn jurer
to sweep swept swept balayer
to swim swam swum nager
to swing swung swung se balancer
to take took Taken prendre
to teach taught taught enseigner
to tear tore torn déchirer
to tell told told raconter
to think thought thought penser
to throw threw thrown jeter
to understand understood understood comprendre
to wake woke woken se réveiller
to wear wore worn porter des vêtements
to weep wept wept pleurer
to win won won gagner
to write wrote written écrire

232
Exercises on the use of irregular verbs

Fill in with the right form of the verb

savoir: to ____________________ , _________________ , _____________________

When you have a question about wine, you can always ask Harry, he always
_________________ what to advise. When I organized a party last year, he ____________________
which wine I should offer. Indeed, he is well _________________ for his wine tasting skills.

rencontrer: to __________________ , ___________________ , _________________

During his holiday in Germany, he _______________________ a very nice girl and fell in love.
Now he is a bit sad, because they don’t often ___________________ , he should have stayed in
Belgium, he might have ________________________ a girl who didn’t live so far away.

parler: to ___________________ , ______________________ , _________________

- Did you _______________________ to your boss?
- Yes, I ______________________________ to him yesterday and asked for a rise in salary. He
accepted straight away, I wish I had ____________________________ to him earlier.

écrire: to ___________________ , ______________________ , _________________

When I was in England, I _____________________ to my boyfriend everyday but he didn’t
_______________________ back even once. He could at least have ___________________ one or
two letters!

oublier: to ___________________ , _____________________ , _________________

- Didn’t you _______________________ to tell your students that there was a test?
- Oh, I saw them yesterday and I completely ____________________ to tell them! What shall I
do? I can’t organize this test, I shouldn’t have ______________________ to tell them.

porter (vêtements): to ______________ , _______________ , _________________

- What are you going to ________________________ at tonight’s party?
- I don’t know yet. Last time I ___________________ a woollen dress, but it was not
comfortable, I should have ___________________ something lighter.

devenir: to ___________________ , _____________________ , _________________

When did he __________________ president? He ___________________ president two years ago.
He could have ______________________ president much sooner if he had wanted to.

mordre: to ______________________ , __________________ , _________________

I was ____________________ by their stupid dog. It seems that it always _______________ people
with beards. Last month it even ________________ the doctor who had come for their daughter.

233
casser: to ____________________ , ___________________ , ___________________
He is very clumsy, he always _________________ things. During the weekend he _____________
two cups and a plate, and the previous weekend he had already _____________ a beautiful
vase.

amener, apporter: to ________________ , ________________ , ________________

I didn’t ________________ them flowers, I _______________________ them chocolates instead, I
could have ________________ them a book as well.

construire: to _____________________ , __________________ , _______________

The Romans ___________________ an empire. It wasn’t ______________ in a year though. It took
centuries to _______________________ it.

vaincre : to ___________________ , ____________________ , _________________

Their team was easily ______________ by ours. We usually _______________ them, but last year
they _________________ us twice.

commencer: to ___________________ , _________________ , _________________

Yesterday, when we went out, it _______________ to rain again. If it had ________________
earlier, we would have changed our plans. It’s always the same, it always ___________________
to rain when we decide to go out.

courber, plier: to ___________________ , ________________ , ________________

To do that exercise, you must _______________ your arms and your knees. If you had
____________________ them more often, you would find it easier right now. Yesterday we only
______________ our fingers.

souffler: to ___________________ , ____________________ , _________________

I wonder who _________________________ those candles. I certainly didn’t _________________
them, I couldn’t have ___________________ them, I was in the kitchen.

diffuser, émettre: to _______________ , ________________ , _________________

In the past the news was __________________ only in the evening on TV. Now they also
_____________________ it in the morning and at noon. Did you watch TV yesterday? They
________________________ a very nice programme on the evolution of news coverage on TV.

éclater: to _____________________, ____________________ , _________________

Why did she so suddenly ___________________ into tears? She _______________ into tears
when he told her he was leaving her. In such a situation, I would also have ______________ into
tears.

acheter: to ________________, _______________________ , __________________.

I ______________________ a nice umbrella when I was in England last year. I didn’t ____________
anything else though. I would have _________________ more if the value of the pound had not
been so high.

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attraper: to ________________, _______________________ , _________________.
The police didn’t _______________________ the thief on the scene of the crime, they
_________________ him while he was trying to sell the stolen goods. They are very pleased of
having _____________ him.

choisir: to ________________ , _______________________, __________________.

Students don’t always ____________________ their studies for the best of reasons. I
_____________ my studies because my friend had _______________ them too!

venir: to ________________, _______________________ , ____________________.

Why didn’t you _________________ to the party yesterday? I ________________ especially to see
you! You should have _______________________, you missed something!

coûter: to ________________, _______________________ , ___________________.

How much does this service _________________ now? I remember that last year, it
___________________ 125 Euro and that it should already have __________ much more.

ramper, se glisser: to ________________, ________________ , _______________.

A mistake can always easily __________________________ in a text. Two mistakes
_________________________ in the last test I prepared for my students. I know they shouldn’t
have __________________ in it.

couper: to ________________, ________________________, __________________.

This shopkeeper offers very good prices during the sales, he literally _________________ them.
Last time he _____________ the prices by more than half. None of his competitors could have
_________________ them like that.

traiter: to __________________, _______________________, __________________.

This difficult subject was _________________________ with by the speaker in a very interesting
way. He always ____________________ with his subjects in an original way, last year he
__________________ with the subject of democracy in a fascinating way.

creuser: to __________________, ______________________ , __________________.

I am really fed up with this dog; he ______________________ holes everywhere in my garden.
Yesterday he _____________________ one in my new flowerbed, and the day before, he had
___________________ two in the middle of the lawn!

cacher: to ___________________ , ____________________ , ___________________.

- When I was a little girl, my mother always _______________________ the sweets she had
bought.
- Why did she ____________________ them?
- She must have ________________________ them because we liked them too much.

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sonner: to ____________________ , ______________________ , ________________.
When the bell _______________________ , the students are always in a hurry to leave the
classroom. Yesterday, the bell ______________________ fifteen minutes after the beginning of
class and they all got up to leave. This bell should have ________________ sixty minutes later!

s’asseoir: to ______________ , ______________________ , _________________

Where did you _____________________ when you went to that restaurant? I
______________________ next to the door, and I didn’t like it, I should have ____________________
somewhere else.

enseigner: to ______________ , ______________________ , ___________________.

When she was a teenager she ____________________ the flute to a group of kids. She didn’t
_________________ every week because she was still being ________________ herself by a very
well known flute-teacher.

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 ARTICLES : EXERCISES

from : ‘Essential Grammar in Use’, C.U.P., 1997.

‘English Grammar in Use, Intermediate’, C.U.P., 1994.

1. Complete the sentences. Use ‘the’ if necessary.

1. …….. sun is shining.

2. She’s playing …….. guitar.
3. They’re having ….…. breakfast.
4. He’s listening to …….. radio.
5. They are watching …….. television.
6. They are swimming in …….. sea.
7. In England there is an old story about a man called Robin Hood. It is said that he
robbed ……….. rich and gave the money to …………….. poor.

2. Complete these sentences. Choose from the list. Use ‘the’ if necessary.

capital - dinner - police - lunch - middle - name - sky - television

1. We had ……………………………………….. at a restaurant last night.

2. We stayed at a very nice hotel but I don’t remember …………………………………………
3. ………………………………………………… is very clear tonight. You can see all the stars.
4. Did you see all the film on ………………………………………………… last night ?
5. Somebody was trying to break into the shop so I called …………………………………………….
6. Tokyo is ………………………………………………………. of Japan.
7. ‘What did you have for ……………………………………………………?’ ‘A salad.’
8. I woke up in …………………………………………………………….. of the night.

3. Complete the sentences. Use ‘the’ if necessary.

1. I went shopping this morning. …………… shops were very busy.

2. I like this town. I like …………… people here.
3. …………….. money doesn’t always bring …………………… happiness.
4. ……………... English is used a lot in ………………… international business.
5. I don’t like …………………. cold weather, but ……………….. weather is very good today!
6. Can you tell me where ……………………. Museum of Modern Art is ?
7. We visited ………………….. Canada and ……………….. United States.
8. …………….. young have the future in their hands.

4. Put ‘the’ or ‘a’ where necessary.

1. When was …………………. telephone invented ?

2. Which of these inventions is ……………….. oldest ?
3. Can you pass …………….. salt, please ?
4. I often listen to ………………. music.
5. The film wasn’t very good but I liked ……………….. music.

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6. My favourite subject at school was …………………….. German.
7. She goes to …………… church every Sunday.
8. The workmen went to ……………….. church to repair the roof.
9. My sister is …………………… dentist.
10. She works eight hours ……………… day, six days ………………. week.

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 PRONOUNS

Pronoms Pronoms Pronoms Pronoms Adjectifs

personnels personnels réfléchis possessifs possessifs
SUJET OBJET
SG. 1 I me myself mine my
2 you you yourself yours your
3 he him himself his his
she her herself hers her
it it itself its (own) its

PL. 1 we us ourselves ours our

2 you you yourselves yours your
3 they them themselves theirs their

Equivalents je, tu, il… me, moi moi-même le mien mon, ma, …
en français te, toi… toi-même le tien ton, ta, tes, …
lui, elle… lui-même… le sien… son, sa, ses, …
Exemples I can see the The cop has I enjoy myself. It’s not your bike, it’s Here is my new boy-
car. arrested them. We see ourselves mine. friend.
You do this job. I don’t know him. in the mirror. He is a friend of yours. He has sold his house.

Pronoms démonstratifs Démonstratifs Pronoms réciproques

relatifs
SG. this that the one each other = one another
(= celui-ci) (= celui-là) (= celui que) (= l’un l’autre, se)
PL. these those the ones
(= ceux-ci) (= ceux-là) (= ceux que)

Exemples I want this car. These are the They know each other.
I met those people. ones I know. They often see one another.

Pronoms indéfinis
Phrases affirmatives Phrases négatives, interrogatives, dubitatives, conditionnelles

everybody (= tout le monde) anybody (= personne)

everyone (= tout le monde, chacun) any one (= aucun)
somebody (=quelqu’un)
someone (= quelqu’un)
nobody (= personne)
no one (= personne, aucun)
everything (= tout)
something (= quelque chose) anything (= rien), n’importe quoi
somewhere (= quelque part)
nothing (= rien) anywhere (= nulle part / n’importe où)
Examples : Examples :
I know nobody; No one is innocent. I don’t know anybody; He didn’t see anything interesting.

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 1. Pronoms possessifs. Complétez.
1. - What's your phone number, Tom? 5678987. And what's ………………… ?
2. - I think this book is Mary's. Are you sure it's …………………. ?
3. Their house is bigger than ……………………, but our garden is nicer than …………. .
4. She says her boss is terrible. I'm lucky : …………………….. is all right.
5. I think this is John's coat. He is quite tall, so it must be ……………………… .

2. Adjectifs et Pronoms possessifs. Traduisez.

1. C'est un cousin à eux.
2. Ce stylo doit être à lui.
3. Tout le monde doit fermer les yeux.
4. Quelqu'un a perdu son portefeuille.
5. C'est une de mes amies.

3. Pronoms réciproques et pronoms réfléchis. Complétez.

1. It's dangerous for a woman to travel by ……………………. in some areas.
2. Tom doesn't like Oliver and Oliver doesn't like Tom. So, Tom and Oliver don’t like…………………. .
3. The new pupils have to familiarize ……………………. with the school's rules.
4. We now find ……………………….. in a rather difficult position.
5. The company has given ………………………… a new name.
6. All of you, have a great time and enjoy ……………………………… !
7. This man and his wife often get on ……………………..’s nerves.
8. Polish and Russian families frequently cross the border to visit ……………………… .
9. While opening the can he cut ……………………………. .

4. Pronoms personnels et pronoms réfléchis. Complétez si nécessaire.

1. She spends a lot of time looking at ………………….. in the mirror.
2. We really enjoyed ………………………… at the party last night.
3. What's happened to ………………………… ? You look terrible !
4. Take care of ………………………….. while you are together on holiday.
5. I'm sure she could do it …………………………. without any help.
6. He didn't have any money on ………………… so he couldn't even pay for ……………… .
7. Hello, girls! Will you be able to manage by ………………………….. ?
8. During his conference he made ……………………………clearly understood.
9. I couldn't afford ………………………… to buy a new TV set.
10. Anybody could have helped you, couldn’t ……………………. ?

5. Pronoms réfléchis et réciproques. Traduisez.

1. Plus je pense à nous et plus je me dis que nous devrions nous voir moins souvent.
2. Les gens parlaient entre eux et je ne pouvais pas me faire entendre.

240
3. Votre livre se vend bien. Vous pouvez être fier de vous.
4. Détends-toi quelques minutes et quand tu te réveilleras, tu te sentiras mieux.
5. J'ai rencontré le président en personne et il s'est intéressé à ce que je faisais.

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 QUANTIFIERS

Based on R. Murphy, English Grammar in Use, CUP, 1994.

Les ‘Quantifiers’ ou en français les ‘Quantificateurs’, sont des déterminants qui

expriment une quantité comme : beaucoup, un peu, peu, quelques….Le choix du
quantifier est dicté par le sens que l’on veut donner mais aussi par le type de nom
utilisé dans l’expression (dénombrable et indénombrable) et du type de phrase
(interrogative, négative...).

1. Much - Many - Little - Few - A Lot – Plenty

On utilise ‘much’ et ‘little’ avec des noms indénombrables (uncountable nouns). 1

I don ’t have much time : Je n’ai pas beaucoup de temps.

I have little money : j’ai peu d’argent

On utilise ‘many’ et ‘few’ avec des noms au pluriel.

I know many people and I have many friends : Je connais beaucoup de gens et j’ai
beaucoup d’amis.
I have visited few countries : J’ai visité peu de pays.

On utilise ‘a lot of’ / ‘lots of’ / ‘plenty of’ (= plus qu’il n’en faut) avec les indénombrables
(uncountables) et les pluriels

a lot of luck : beaucoup de chance

plenty of time : plein de temps / beaucoup de temps
a lot of friends : beaucoup d’amis
plenty of ideas : plein d’idées

Remarque:

1. Dans les phrases négatives et les questions ‘much’ et ‘many’ sont préférés, même si
‘a lot of’ est possibe.

We didn’t spend much money : Nous n’avons pas dépensé beaucoup d’argent.
Do you know many people here?: Connaissez-vous beaucoup de monde ici ?

1
Vous devez connaître cette distinction qui fait partie de la matière. Pour plus d’informations, voir dans votre livre “English
Vocabulary in Use”, Unit 86, p.178

242
2. Dans les phrases affirmatives, ‘a lot of’ est plus courant.

He goes out a lot : Il sort beaucoup.

A lot of (many) people drive too fast. Beaucoup de gens roulent trop vite.

3. ‘Little’ et ‘Few’ ont des idées négatives et se traduisent par ‘peu de’ (not much, not
many).

We must hurry up. There is little time : Nous devons nous dépêcher. Il reste peu de
temps.
He feels lonely, he has few friends : Il se sent seul, il a peu d’amis.

4. ‘A Little’ et ‘A Few’ donne une idée plus positive et se traduisent par “un peu,
quelque(s)”, (some, a small amount / number)

We have a little time before the train leaves, let’s go and have a coffee.
Nous avons un peu de temps avant que le train ne parte, allons prendre un café.

I saw him a few days ago : Je l’ai vu il y a quelques jours.

5. D’autres quantificateurs :

They had much / a great deal of trouble : ils ont eu beaucoup d’ennuis.
She received only a few offers : Elle n’a reçu que quelques offres. (seulement)
They received quite a few requests: Ils ont reçu pas mal de demandes.
I know (a great) many people in Los Angeles : Je connais beaucoup de gens à L.A.
I see them too much : je les vois trop (idée négative !)
I’ve received too many bills this month: J’ai reçu trop de factures ce mois.
I love her so much : Je l’aime tant / tellement.
I’ve received so many bills this month : J’ai reçu tant / tellement de factures ce mois.
He left several days later : Il quitta plusieurs jours plus tard.

2. Some - Any - No

Some & Any

On utilise habituelement ‘Some’ dans les phrases affirmatives et ‘Any’ dans les phrases
négatives.

I ’ve got some work to do. J’ai du travail (à faire).

We didn’t find any travel agency. Nous n’avons trouvé aucune agence de voyage.

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Dans la plupart des questions, on utilise ‘Any’, sauf si l’on s’attend à la réponse « oui »
ou si l’on offre ou demande quelque chose.

Have you got any luggage? Avez-vous des bagages ?

Would you like something to eat? Voulez-vous manger quelque chose ?
Can I have some salt, please? Puis-je avoir du sel, s.v.p. ?

Remarque : ‘Any’ a aussi la signification « peu importe lequel » lorqu’il est dans une
phrase déclarative (pas une question) et affirmative (pas une négation).

You can catch any bus. They all go to the centre.

Tu peux prendre n’importe quel bus, ils vont tous au centre ville
What do you want to eat? Anything, I don’t mind!
Que veux-tu manger ? N’importe quoi / peu importe.

Comparons ‘No’ & ‘Any’ :

We’ve got no money. Nous n’avons pas d’argent.

I haven’t got any money. Idem.

I said nothing. Il n’a rien dit.

I didn’t say anything. Idem
(il y a déjà une négation dans le ‘No’, on ne rajoute donc pas de négation dans le
verbe)

I’ll eat nothing, I ’m not hungry. Je ne mangerai rien, je n’ai pas faim.
I could eat anything, I’m really hungry. Je pourrais manger n’importe quoi, j’ai vraiment
faim.

EXERCISES : QUANTIFIERS

Complete the sentences with much, many and a lot of . Sometimes there are
two possibilities.

1. We’ll have to hurry. We haven’t got _____________ time.

2. Tom drinks _____________ milk. One litre a day!

3. She is a very quiet person. She doesn’t say _____________.

4. I put _____________ salt in the soup. Perhaps too _____________.

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5. _____________ people do not like flying.

6. The man was badly injured in the accident. He lost _____________ blood.

7. It’s not a very lively town. There isn’t _____________ to do.

8. This car is expensive to run. It uses _____________ petrol.

9. Don’t disturb me. I’ve got _____________ work to do.

10. He’s got so _____________ money; he doesn’t know what to do with it.

11. He always puts _____________ salt on his food.

12. We didn’t take _____________ photographs when we were on holiday.

Complete the sentences with little, a little, few, a few .

1. We didn’t have any money but Tom had _____________.

2. He doesn’t speak much English. Only _____________ words.

3. Nora’s father died _____________ years ago.

4. ‘Would you like some more cake?’ ‘Yes, please, but only _____________.

5. This town isn’t very well-known and there isn’t much to see, so _____________ tourists come

here.

6. I don’t think Jill would be a good teacher. She’s got _____________ patience with children.

7. This is not the first time the car has broken down. It has happened _____________ times

before.

8. This cinema was almost empty. There were very _____________ people there.

9. There is a shortage of water because there has been very _____________ rain recently.

(Murphy, English Grammar in Use Intermediate. CUP.)

Complete what the radio disc jockey is saying. Put in some or any .

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‘That beautiful song was ‘I can’t find any love’ by Arlene Black. Now I’ve had _____________

letters asking for a record by Express. One listener says she hasn’t heard _____________ record

by Express on this programme for months. Well, I’m going to put that straight away. And it will

be our last record because there isn’t _____________ more time left. We’ve had _____________

great records tonight, and I’ll be here next week to play _____________ more. Now here’s

_____________ music from Express, with ‘I never have _____________ luck’. And this is Justin

Cooper saying goodbye and good night’.

(Eastwood, J. Oxford Practice Grammar. OUP.)

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 COUNTABLE [C] AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS [U]

Implications of the existence of Countable and Uncountable nouns in English

COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

A countable noun (e.g. ship) can An uncountable noun (e.g. water) is

be singular or plural. We can say a neither singular nor plural. We cannot
ship, one ship or two ships count water. We can say water or some
water, (NOT a water or two waters)

to express one Use the words “a(n)” or “one” Use expressions such as
unit a ship a piece of advice
an airplane an item of news
one friend a bottle of water
a carton of milk
a bar of chocolate

to express Use numbers: Do not use numbers

more than one three cars Do not use a plural form.
unit He told jokes. I need advice
You can also use “some” and You can use “some” or “any”:
“any”: (= a number of) I would like some sugar.
He told some jokes. I haven’t got any information.
Do you know any good jokes?

to translate Use “many” Use “much”

“beaucoup de” There were many bottles. There isn’t much sugar left.
Note: “a lot of” is also possible Note: “a lot of” is also possible

to translate Use “few” Use “little”

“peu de” I have got few friends left. He had little money left.

to translate Use “a few” Use “some” “a little” = (a small amount

“quelques” I have got a few friends. of)
She has made only a little progress.

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EXERCISES : C / U

1. Can you use a(n) to fill the gaps in these sentences?

1. He gave us _____ advice on what to take with us.

2. It’s very warm today. Why are you wearing _____ coat?

3. Do you take _____ sugar in your coffee?

4. The heart pumps _____ blood through the body.

5. I’m not ready yet. Can you wait _____ moment, please?

6. I’m sorry. I can’t come. I have _____ homework to do.

7. You’ll need _____ marmalade if you want to make a typical English breakfast.

8. We saw _____ beautiful flax and _____ cotton in Thailand.

9. I picked up _____ interesting knowledge on that course.

10. She’s made _____ progress in a very short time.

11. She’s done _____ interesting research on marine life.

12. It wasn’t your fault. It was _____ accident.

13. A vegetarian is a person who doesn’t eat _____ meat.

14. I’m going to buy _____ bread.

15. Enjoy your holiday! I hope you’ll have _____ good weather.

16. I’m looking for _____ job!

17. I’m looking for _____ work!

18. What _____ beautiful view!

19. What _____ beautiful scenery!

20. I’d like _____ coffee for breakfast.

2. Plural or no plural with correct articles or quantifiers - Correct the mistakes in

these sentences:

1. The weather was so terrible that we left the camp-site and got an

accommodation in town instead.

2. I love antique furnitures, but I would need an information from a specialist

before I bought any.

3. Her researches are definitely making great progresses these days. She has

248
 done a lot of original works recently.

4. Bad news don’t make people happy.

5. Your hairs are too long.

6. These trousers is too small.

7. The teacher gave us a lot of homeworks last night.

8. I never take many luggage when I go on holiday.

9. My hair are getting very long and untidy. I need to get it cut.

10. She gave me some good advices.

3. COMPLETE WITH « no, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, any, anything,

anybody, anywhere »

1. It was a public holiday, so there were ______________ shops open.

2. I don’t want ______________ to drink, I’m not thirsty.

3. She didn’t tell ______________ about her plans.

4. We had to walk home because there weren’t ______________ taxis.

5. We cancelled the party because ______________ of the people we invited were able to come.

6. I tried to phone Chris, but there was ______________ answer.

7. « Where did you go for your holidays ? » «______________, I stayed at home ».

8. I don’t know ______________ about economics.

9. My job is very easy. ______________ could do it.

10. « What did you buy ? » « ______________ , I couldn’t find ___________ I wanted.

11. The exam was extremely difficult. ______________ passed.

12. They haven’t got ______________ to live.

13. We didn’t spend ______________ money.

14. We spent ______________ money.

15. Gary is very busy with his job. He has ______________ time for other things.

16. Vicky doesn’t like living in London. She has ______________ friends there.

17. She’s lucky. She has ______________ problems.

18. I’m not very busy today. I haven’t got ______________ to do.

19. There was ______________ traffic, so the journey didn’t take very long.

20. Things are going so well for her, she has ______________ problems.

249
21. « Would you like milk in your coffee ? » « Yes, .»

22. Did it cost ______________ to repair the car ?

250
 COMPARATIVES

The comparative form is –er or more

We use –er for short words We use more…. for longer words
(one syllable) (2 syllables or more)

cheap cheaper (than) more modern (than)

fast faster (than) more serious (than)
large larger (than) more expensive (than)
thin thinner (than) more comfortable (than)

We use –ier for two-syllable adjectives We use more… for adverbs

that end in –y (y -> ier) that end in -ly

lucky luckier (than) more slowly (than)

easy easier (than) more quietly (than)
early earlier (than) more seriously (than)
pretty prettier (than) more carefully (than)

We use –er or more… with some two-syllable adjectives

quiet quieter or more quiet (than)

clever cleverer or more clever (than)
narrow narrower or more narrow (than)
shallow shallower or more shallow (than)
simple simpler or more simple (than)

Irregular forms

good/well  better (than)

bad/badly  worse (than)
far  further / farther (than)
much/many  more (than)
little/few less (than)


Comparison – Equality

251
AS … AS This car is AS expensive AS my house!

Something is changing continuously

Better and better, more and more Your English is better and better.

252
 SUPERLATIVES

The superlative form is the –est or the most

We use the –est for short words We use the most…. for longer words
(one syllable) (2 syllables or more)

cheap the cheapest the most modern

fast the fastest the most serious
large the largest the most expensive
thin the thinnest the most comfortable

We use the –est for two-syllable adjectives We use the most… for adverbs
that end in –y (y -> iest ) that end in -ly

lucky the luckiest the most slowly

easy the easiest the most quietly
early the earliest the most seriously
pretty the prettiest the most carefully

We use –est or the most… with some two-syllable adjectives

quiet the quietest or the most quiet

clever the cleverest or the most clever
narrow the narrowest or the most narrow
shallow the shallowest or the most shallow
simple the simplest or the most simple

Irregular forms

good/well the best

bad/badly the worst
far the furthest (or farthest)
much/many the most
little/few the least
The most beautiful IN the world (places)
The most beautiful OF the year (periods of time)

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COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES : EXERCISES

1. ‘AS’ or ‘THAN’ ?

a. Athens is older ___________ Rome.

b. I don’t watch TV ____________ much ______________ you do.
c. You eat more fruit _______________ I do.
d. I feel better now ______________ I felt yesterday.
e. Brazil isn’t __________ big __________ Canada.
f. Jim isn’t _____________ clever ________________ his teacher believes.

2. ‘AS’ … ‘AS’ …

1. My room is bigger than yours. Your room isn”t _________________________________

2. I have been here longer than you. You haven’t been here __________________________

3. We played better than them. They didn”t play ___________________________________.

4. I didn’t get up ______________________________________ . You got up earlier than me.

5. I don’t go out ____________________________________. You go out more than I do.

6. Football is more popular than tennis. Tennis isn’t ________________________________

3. Use a comparative

1. People today aren’t very polite. In the past they were __________________________
2. David doesn’t work very hard. I think I work ___________________________
3. My suitcase isn’t very heavy. I think yours is much ___________________________
4. These apples are very bad, but those look even ________________________________
5. I work far from where I live, but my boss lives even ______________________________
6. This student speaks very little, but her neighbor speaks even ________________________

4. Use a comparative

1. Sorry I’m late, but it took me (long) _________________________ to get here ___________ I
expected.
2. My toothache is (painful) _____________________________________ it was yesterday.
3. Health and love are (important) ____________________________________ money.
4. I like the countryside. It is (healthy) _________________________________ and (peaceful)
_______________________________ living in a town.
5. You are driving too fast. Could you drive (slowly) _________________________________ ?

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5. Express gradual increase (de + en +)

1. GOOD Your English is improving. It’s getting ___________________ and __________

2. EXPENSIVE Travelling is becoming ___________________________________ these days.

3. BAD As the day went on, the weather got __________________________________

4. LITTLE My grandmother’s health is decreasing, so she walks __________________

5. MANY These days ______________________________ people speak Spanish.

6. NERVOUS As I waited for my job interview, I got _________________________________

6. Express parallel increase

Complete each sentence using your own inspiration.

e.g. : The more you practise your English, the faster you’ll learn.
1. The earlier we leave, the _____________________________ we’ll arrive.
2. The more goods you sell, the _________________________________ you’ll make.
3. The _____________________________ he waited, the _____________________________ he
became.
4. What time shall we leave ? The ________________________, the better.
5. The _____________________________ the phone call, the _______________________ you’ll
pay.

7. Parallel increase : translate

Plus il gagne de l’argent, plus il en gaspille.

Moins c’est difficile, moins cela semble
intéressant.
Plus on est de fous, plus on rit (idiom)

8. Superlatives : in / of ?

1. It was very cold yesterday. It was _______________________________________ the year.

2. Adrian is a fascinating artist. He’s probably _______________________________________
artist I’ve ever met.
3. The Beatles were well-known in the 1960s. They were ________________________________
band __________________ the 60s.
4. Hugh Grant is a popular British actor. He’s ________________________________________
Britain.
5. My uncle is extremely generous and educated. He’s probably _________________________
the family.
6. I’ve never slept in such a terrible bed : it must have been ______________________________
the whole hotel !

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9. General revision

1. The weather is much (pleasant) ____________________________________ it usually is at

this time of the year.
2. Going by car took twice (long) _____________________________________ going by train.
3. The sparrow is one of (common) _______________________________________ birds I know.
4. I think French spelling is by far (difficult) ________________________________________.
5. The (intelligent) _____________________________________ all my pupils was also (modest)
_______________________________ the class, but probably not (mature) _________________
6. His plan is even (absurd) _________________________________________ ours !
7. The footsteps came (+near+) ________________________________________ and his
situation became (+difficult+) _______________________________________
8. Have you heard (late)__________________________________ news ?
9. For (far) ___________________________________ information, please contact your local
Tourist Office.
10. She is always dressed after (late) ________________________________ fashion.

10. Comparatives / superlatives : translate

1. Il fait moins chaud qu’hier.

2. Il y avait beaucoup de monde dans le café : c’était beaucoup plus bondé que d’habitude !
3. Tu conduis trop vite ! Ne pourrais-tu pas rouler un peu plus lentement ?
4. Je suis arrivé ici en même temps que toi.
5. C’est homme est très riche, c’est l’un des plus riches au monde.
6. Quelle est la chose la plus coûteuse que tu aies jamais achetée ?
7. Ceci est la montagne la plus élevée du monde.
8. Mon frère aîné est plus âgée qu’elle.

11. Choose one of the words below and put it in the right form

intelligent - difficult - fluently - happy - expensive

1. Your English has improved. You speak a bit ________________________ the last time we met.

2. What is the _________________________ thing you have ever bought ?

3. He is the __________________________ student in the class.

4. This exercise is not so ________________________________ the one we did yesterday.

5. He seems _____________________________ today ___________ a fortnight ago.

12. Translate :

1. Il est deux fois plus riche que moi.

256
2. C’est la plus haute montagne du monde.

3. Sa mère va de mieux en mieux.

4. Ce n’est pas aussi beau que je le pensais.

5. Il est de plus en plus important de connaître les langues étrangères.

257
 SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS
A. FORM A. FORM

ème
Excepté dans quelques cas (to be, verbes de modalité), seule la 3 Simple present de ‘to be’ + present participle (-ing)
personne du singulier a une forme différente de la base, c-à-d qu’elle
prend –s.

+ I work + I am
You work You are
He works He is working
We work We are
You work You are
They work They are

_ I do not (don’t) _ I am
You do not You are
He does not (doesn’t) work He is not working
We do not We are
You do not You are
They do not They are

? Do I ? Am I
Do you Are you
Does he work ? Is he working ?
Do we Are we
Do you Are you
Do they Are they

! ! ! Les verbes se terminant par –o, -ss, -x, -zz, -sh, -ch prennent –es à la
ème
3 sg.

258
e.g. goes, misses, mixes, buzzes, wishes, reaches.

! ! ! Les verbes se terminant par une consonne + y changent leur –y en

ème
–ie à la 3 sg.
e.g. marry marries
try tries

B. USE
B. USE

1. Une action se passant maintenant, au moment où on parle

1. Présent en général (situation permanente ou répétitive)
(l’action n’est pas finie)
e.g. ______________________________________________
e.g. ______________________________________________

2. Vérité générale
2. Une situation temporaire
e.g. ______________________________________________
e.g. _______________________________________________

3. Actions régulières ou habituelles

e.g. ______________________________________________ 3. Qqch. qui est en changement, qui se développe ou progresse
e.g. _______________________________________________

4. Référence au futur ( horaires, programmes)

e.g. ______________________________________________
4. Une action dans un futur proche (arrangement personnel)
e.g. ______________________________________________

!!! Le simple present est souvent utilisé avec les adverbes suivants :
!!! Certains verbes ne s’utilisent pas à la forme continue. Ces verbes
often, usually, sometimes, never, always, occasionally, on Mondays,
ne sont pas des verbes d’action : like, love, hate, want, need, prefer,
twice a year, every week,…
know, realise, suppose, mean, understand, believe, remember, belong,
contain, consist, depend, seem, see, hear, smell, taste, think (=believe),

259
e.g. _________________________________________________ have (=possess).
e.g. __________________________________________________

but _______________________________________________

C. PASSIVE
C. PASSIVE

Somebody is cleaning the room now.

Somebody cleans this room every day.

This room _______________________________ now.

This room ______________________________ every day.

To be (present continuous) + pp
To be (simple present) + pp

SUMMARY

SUMMARY
On utilise le PRESENT CONTINUOUS pour quelque chose qui se
passe au moment où on parle.
On utilise le SIMPLE PRESENT pour des choses en général ou pour
des choses qui se passent de façon répétitive.
I am doing
___________________________________
I do
past now future
_________________________________
past now future
e.g. The water is boiling. Can you turn it off
I’m going to bed now. Goodnight !
e.g. Water boils at 100°.

260
 I always go to bed before midnight.
On utilise le present continuous pour une action temporaire.

On utilise le simple present pour une situation permanente. e.g. I’m living with some friends until I find a flat.

e.g. My parents live in London. (=They have been living there all their
lives)

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TENSES : PRESENT SIMPLE/CONTINUOUS
Active / Passive

1. Put the verb in the correct form.

1. Where’s John ? He (to have) ------------------------------- a shower.

2. Kate wants to work in Italy, so she (to learn) ---------------------------- Italian.

3. The Olympic Games (to take) ---------------------------- place every four years.

4. Listen to these people… what language (they- to speak) ------------------------------ ?

5. I’ve lost my pen. I always (to lose) --------------------------- things.

6. What do you usually do after dinner ? I (to watch) ------------------------ television.

7. (you - to understand) --------------------------------- what I mean ?

8. I can’t understand why he (to be) ----------------------- so selfish. He isn’t usually like that.

9. What (to think) -------------------------- about my plan ?

10. Hurry up ! It’s time to leave ! Ok, I (to come) -------------------------.

11. (they - to grow) ----------------------------- rice in cold climates ?

12. He never (to think) ----------------------------- about other people. He’s very selfish.

13. Nicky (to think) ------------------------- of giving up her job.

14. Hello ! (you - to look) -------------------------------- for someone ? Yes, I (to need) ----------------- to

speak to Neil.

2. Complete the sentence with a passive

1. Two hundred people -------------------------------------- (to employ) by the company.

2. This room ------------------------------------ (to clean) everyday.

3. A lot of money --------------------------- (to spend) everyday.

4. A mystery is something that can’t ----------------------------------------- (to solve).

5. The situation is serious. Something ------------------------------------ (to do) before it’s too late.

262
3. Put in the passive

1. Somebody is using the computer at the moment.

2. Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.

263
EXERCISE : PRESENT SIMPLE – PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Active / Passive

1. TO REDECORATE Ann can’t use her office at the moment. It …

2. TO FOLLOW There’s somebody behind us. I think we …

3. TO WANT Are you hungry? … something to eat?

4. TO USE Don’t put the dictionary away. I … it.

5. TO TRY Be quiet, will you? I … to concentrate.

6. TO MEAN I understand exactly what you ….

7. TO BOIL You can make the tea. The water ….

8. TO MEET – Where you … your friends?

GENERALLY

9. TO WATCH – The football match … by a large audience.

NOW

10. TO PLAY How often (your sister) … tennis each

week?

11. TO WANT Who is that man? What (he) …?

12. TO USE The computer … at the moment.

13. TO MAKE Cheese … from milk.

14. TO CANCEL When there’s fog, all the flights …

15. TO LEAVE My plane … at 8 p.m.

264
 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (-ing)

A. FORM A. FORM

+ To have + p.p. + To have + been + -ing

- Have not (haven’t) + p.p. - Have not + been + -ing
? Have + Sujet + p.p. ? Have + Sujet + been + -ing

B. USE B. USE

- action qui a commencé dans le PASSE et qui CONTINUE dans le - Idem + notion de durée dans le temps
PRESENT : lien avec le présent Mr Jones has been working here FOR 20 years.
I have worked here FOR 3 months. durée
durée
Mr Jones has been working here SINCE 1991.
I have worked here SINCE September. point de départ
point de départ

- pour indiquer une conséquence dans le présent

I have lost my keys. I can’t open the door.

TIME INDICATORS

recently / ever/ never / up to now / already / just / yet / in the last few days /
for (a long time) / since (2 o’clock) / how long / all day / today / this week / this year

265
REGLE nr 1 :
- ne JAMAIS traduire par rapport au français
- question à se poser : ‘à quel moment l’action s’est-elle passée ?’

C. PASSIVE

The room looks nice.

Somebody has cleaned it.

The room looks nice.

It ___________________________________________________ .

To be (present perfect) + p.p.

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EXERCISE :

Fill in with the most suitable tense (simple present or continuous, present perfect simple or continuous). Active / Passive
Make the necessary adaptations.

1. I’m afraid I _________________________________________________ (not to finish) typing those letters. I (to deal with) customers all morning.

2. That jacket really ___________________________ (to suit) you. How long ___________________________________ you (to make) your own clothes?

3. The meeting ___________________________________________ (to postpone – just).

4. Thank you, but I really ______________________________________________ (not want) any more juice.

5. I ____________________________________________ (to have - already) two large glasses.

6. I can’t find my watch. You __________________________________ (to see) it recently?

7. Paul _______________________________ (to suffer) from headache since last weekend.

He _______________________________________ (to be) to the doctor twice, but it’s still not better.

8. A new hospital _______________________________________ (to build – recently) near the airport.

9. Why _______________________________________ you (to stare) at me? I suppose you have never seen a woman on a motorbike before!

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EXERCISE : THE PRESENT TENSES
Active / Passive

1. Put the verb into the correct form :

present simple, present continuous, present perfect simple or continuous

1. _________________________ (you watch) television every day ? No, just once a week.

2. What ______________________ (you cook) for dinner ?

It _________________________ (smell) so good !

3. Paul _________________________________ (learn) Spanish for six months.

4. All flights ___________________________ (just – cancel) because of the fog.

5. Normally I ________________________ (finish) work at 5.00, but this week I ______________

__________________________ (work) until 6.00 to earn a bit more money.

6. Oh, John you look sick. __________________________ (you drink) too much wine?
7. Would you like something to eat? No thanks, I ____________________________ (just have)

lunch.

8. The room _______________________________________ (recently – clean).

9. The River Nile __________________________ (flow) into the Mediterranean.

10. My bus _________________________ (always leave) late. It’s so annoying!

11. What _____________________________ your mother (do)? She’s a pianist.

12. What _______________________ your mother (do)? She is training for her concert tonight.

13. What’s in the newspaper today? I don’t know, I _______________________ (not read) it yet.

14. Yes, I ________________________ (see) why you feel so embarrassed! You

_____________________________ (see) my boyfriend tonight !

2. FOR or SINCE?

1. He hasn't spoken to me the last committee meeting.

2. I have been very patient with you several years.

3. They have been on strike November.

4. The strike has lasted six months.

5. It has been very foggy early this morning.

6. They have been quarrelling ever they got married.

7. I have been awake a long time.

268
8. We have had no gas the strike began.

9. I've earned my own living I left school.

10. Nobody has seen him last week.

269
 PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS
A. FORM A. FORM

La forme du past simple est la même pour toutes les personnes. Simple past de ‘to be’ + present participle (-ing)
Verbes réguliers +ed
ème
Verbes irréguliers cfr. liste 2 colonne
+ I + I was
You You were
He worked He was working
We We were
You You were
They They were

_ I _ I was
You You were
He did not (didn’t) work He was not working
We We were
You You were
They They were

? Did I ? Was I
Did you Were you
Did he work ? Was he working?
Did we Were we
Did you Were you
Did they Were they

B. USE B. USE

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Le simple past exprime des actions qui se sont déroulées dans le Idem = notion de durée dans le passé
passé et qui sont complètement finies.

e.g. ____________________________________________ e.g. ____________________________________________

On utilise souvent le past continuous en combinaison avec une autre

!!! Le simple past est souvent utilisé avec les mots suivants : last … , …
action au simple past . C’est la combinaison d’une action longue
ago, yesterday, in 1990, when I was ...
interrompue par une action brève :

e.g. ____________________________________________
e.g. ____________________________________________

C. PASSIVE C. PASSIVE

A loud noise woke me up last night. Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived.

I ______________________________ by a loud noise last night. This room _______________________________ when I arrived.

To be (simple past) + pp To be (past continuous) + pp

271
EXERCISE : THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST CONTINUOUS

1. I lit the fire at 6.00 and it _____________________________ (burn) brightly when Tom came in

at 7.00.

2. I _____________________________ (make) a cake when the lights went out. I had to finish it

in the dark.

3. My dog _____________________________ (walk) along quietly when Mr Pitt's Pekinese

attacked him.

4. I _____________________________ (share) a flat with him when we were students. He

always _____________________________ (complain) about my untidiness.

5. He suddenly _____________________________ (realise) that he

_____________________________ (travel) in the wrong direction.

6. He _____________________________ (play) the guitar outside his house when someone

_____________________________ (open) the window and _____________________________

(throw) a bucket of water.

7. The boys _____________________________ (play) when they

_____________________________ (hear) their father's steps. They immediately

_____________________________ (hide) the cards and _____________________________

(take) out their lessons.

8. He _____________________________ (clean) his gun when it accidentally

_____________________________ (go) off and _____________________________ (kill) him.

9. He _____________________________ (not allow) us to go out yesterday as a strong wind

_____________________________ (blow) .

10. As I _____________________________ (cross) the road, I _____________________________

(step) on a banana skin and _____________________________ (fall) heavily.

11. I still _____________________________ (lie) on the road when I

_____________________________ (see) a lorry approaching.

12. Luckily the driver _____________________________ (see) me and

_____________________________ (stop) the lorry in time.

13. How you _____________________________ (damage) your car so badly? I

_____________________________ (run) into a lamp-post yesterday.

14. When I _____________________________ (hear) this knock I _____________________________

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 (go) to the door and _____________________________ (open) it, but I

_____________________________ (not recognize) him at first because I

_____________________________ (not wear) my glasses.

15. The next day, as they _____________________________ (know) that the police

_____________________________ (look) for them, they _____________________________

(hide) their coats in a wood and _____________________________ (go) off in different

directions.

EXERCISE : PRESENT PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST

1. - This is my house. - How long you (live) _______________________________ here? - I (live)

_______________________________ here since 1970.

2. Shakespeare (write) _______________________________ a lot of plays.

3. - I (fly) _______________________________ over Loch Ness last week. – (you - see)

_______________________________ the monster?

4. I (read) _______________________________ his books when I was at school. I (enjoy)

_______________________________ them very much.

5. - I (drink, never) _______________________________ whisky. - Well, have some now.

6. He (go, just) _______________________________ out

7. He (go) _______________________________ out ten minutes ago.

8. – (you – have) _______________________________ breakfast yet? Yes, I (have)

_______________________________ it at 8.00.

9. (the newspaper - come) _______________________________ ? Yes, Ann is reading it.

10. We (miss) _______________________________ the bus. Now we'll have to walk.

11. He (break) _______________________________ his leg in a skiing accident last year.

12. - (you – be) _______________________________ here before? - Yes, I (spend)

_______________________________ my holidays here last year. – (you – have)

_______________________________ a good time? - No, it (stop, never) ______________

_________________________ raining.

13. (you ever try) _______________________________ Indian food?

14. I (go, never) _______________________________ to Russia.

15. I (live) _______________________________ in London for eight years and I don't want to move.

16. I (live) _______________________________ in Oxford for two years and then, in 1989 I (move)

_______________________________ to London.

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REVISION EXERCISE
present simple – present continuous
present perfect simple – present perfect continuous
simple past – past continuous
active and passive

Supply the most suitable tense :

1. TO WAIT – Jenny __________________________________ for me when I

__________________________________
TO ARRIVE

2. TO WRITE Mozart ___________________ more than 600 pieces of music.

3. TO ENJOY / NOT The film was not very good. I ________________________________

it very much.

4. TO PLAY – NOT PLAY I _______________________________________ tennis with Jane at

7 pm tomorrow. We ____________ (since or for?) Christmas.

5. TO STEAL My car has disappeared. It ________________________ yesterday.

6. TO WORK – TO REPAIR The photocopier broke down yesterday, but now it’s ok. It

_________________________ again, it _______________________

this morning.

7. TO FOLLOW There’s somebody behind us. I think we ______________________

8. TO WAIT We _____________________________________ for the bus

___________ (since or for?) 2 hours and it hasn’t arrived yet.

9. TO WALK – TO HEAR – I ___________________________ along the street when suddenly I

__________________________ footsteps behind me. Somebody

TO FOLLOW – TO START

______________________________ me. I was scared and I

_____________________________ to run.

10. TO WANT / YOU Are you hungry? __________________________ something to eat?

274
11. TO STEAL My camera ____________________________ from my hotel room!

12. TO HAVE / YOU ________________________________ breakfast this morning?

13. TO GO / YOU _________________________________ to the cinema when I

_______________________________ you last night?

TO SEE

14. TO USE Don’t put the dictionary away. I ____________________________ it.

15. TO KNOW / YOU How long ______________________________ your best friend?

16. TO BE BORN / YOU When ___________________________________________ ? In 1982.

17. TO DIE – Richard’s parents __________________________________ when

he was very young. He and his sister _______________________

TO BRING UP

by their grandparents.

18. TO BUILD – A new road ________________________________ round the city

when the accident ___________________________________

TO HAPPEN

275
 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
A. FORM A. FORM

Had + past participle Had been + present participle (-ing)

+ I + I
You You
He had worked He had been working
We We
You You
They They

_ I _ I
You You
He had not (hadn’t) worked He had not been working
We We
You You
They They

? Had I ? Had I
Had you Had you
Had he worked ? Had he been working ?
Had we Had we
Had you Had you
Had they Had they

B. USE B. USE

276
Le past perfect décrit une activité dans le passé qui a eu lieu avant Le past perfect continuous s’utilise pour parler d’actions qui ont
une autre activité elle-même dans le passé. Il y a donc une antériorité commencé à un moment donné du passé, et qui ont duré un certain
par rapport à un fait passé qui s’exprime au simple past . temps jusqu’à un autre moment du passé lui aussi mentionné dans le
contexte.

e.g. When I got back home yesterday evening, I discovered that e.g. We had been driving for hours before we finally found
someone had stolen my hi-fi equipment. accommodation.

_________________________________________________ __________________________________________________

C. PASSIVE

When I got back home yesterday evening, I discovered that my hi-fi

equipment ______________________________ .

Had been+pp

a. When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn’t there. He _________________________________ (to go) home.

b. Karen didn’t want to go to the cinema because she __________________________________ (to see – already) the movie.

c. We _________________________________________ (to play) tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily.

d. Cathy was sitting in the sofa. She was tired because she ______________________________________ (to work) very hard.

277
EXERCISES : PAST PERFECT

Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets

1. You went to Jill’s house but she wasn’t there.

(she / go / out)

2. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn’t the same as before.
(it / change / a lot)

3. I invited Rachel to the party but she couldn’t come.

(she / arrange / to do something else)

4. You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late.
(the film / already / begin)

5. I was very pleased to see Tim again after such a long time.
(I / not / see / him for five years)

6. I offered Sue something to eat but she wasn’t hungry.

(she / just / have / breakfast)

Read the situations and write sentences ending with ‘before’. Use the verb given in
brackets.

1. The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight.
(fly) He …

2. A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me.
(see) I …

3. Simon played tennis yesterday. He was very good at it because it was his first game.
(play) He …

4. Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there.

(be) We …

Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect or simple past.

1. ‘Was Mum at home when you arrived ?’ ‘No, she ……………………………………………(already -

278
 leave).’

2. I felt very tired when I got home, so I …………………………………….. (go) straight away to bed.

3. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody …………………………………………. (go) to

bed.

4. Sorry I’m late. The car ………………………………………. (break) down on my way here.

5. We were driving along the road when we ………………………………………….(see) a car which ……..

………………………… (break) down, so we ……………………………………………. (stop) to see if we could

help.

EXERCISE : SIMPLE PAST, PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST

PERFECT
1. When I (arrive) …….………………………………………………. home last night, I discovered that a beautiful

candlelight dinner (prepare) …………………………………………………………… by Jane.

2. Since I began acting, I (perform) ……………………………………………………………. in two plays, a

television commercial and a TV drama. However, I (speak, never

even) ……………………………………………………………. publicly before I came to Hollywood in 1985.

3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already) …………………………………………………….

without me. My boss (be) ………………………………………… furious with me and I (be) …………………..

fired.

4. When I (turn) …………………………………………………….. the radio on yesterday, I

(hear) ………………………………. a song that was popular when I was in high school. I (hear,

not) ……………………………….……………………………….… the song for years, and it

(bring) …………………………………………………………… back some great memories.

5. ‘Have you heard the news, the president (shoot) ……………………………………………………!’

6. Last week, I (run) ……………………………………..……………. into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We (see,

not) …………………………………………………..………. each other for years, and both of us

(change) ……………………….………………………………………………… a great deal. I

(enjoy) ……………………………………………………………….. talking to her so much that I

(ask) ………………………………………………………… her out on a date. We are getting together tonight for

dinner.

7. Jack (enter) …………………………….………………………………………… the room, I (recognize,

not) …………………………………..………………… him because he (lose) ………………………………………….. so much

weight and (grow) ……………………………..……. a beard. He looked totally different!

279
8. I (visit) ………………………………………………………….. so many beautiful places since I

(come) ……………………………………………………….… to Utah. Before moving here, I (hear,

never) ……………………………………………………………. of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Arches, or Canyonlands.

280
 SUMMARY : PRESENT & PAST TENSES

REGLE nr 1 : - ne JAMAIS traduire par rapport au français

- question à se poser : ‘à quel moment l’action s’est-elle passée ?’

SIMPLE CONTINUOUS (-ing)

PRESENT 3rd pers. Sg. + -S to be (present simple) + -ing

- vérités générales - action en train de se dérouler au

Birds fly. moment où on parle
- habitudes I am studying English now.
I always eat cereals for breakfast. - situation temporaire
- référence au futur (horaire) I am living with my aunt for the
My plane leaves at 2 o’clock. moment. (I am moving house next
month.)
- futur proche
I am going to the zoo tomorrow.
- qqch qui agace
You’re always talking in class!

PAST Regular verbs : + -ed was/were + - ing

Irregular verbs : cfr. List

- action se déroulant dans le passé et - idem + notion de durée : on insiste

COMPLETEMENT finie sur le temps qu’a pris l’action
I went to the cinema yesterday night. I was walking with my dog yesterday
afternoon from 2 to 6 o’clock.

- combinaison d’une action longue

interrompue par une action brève
I was having a shower when the
phone rang.

yesterday / last week / ago / when (I

was young)

to have + p.p. to have + been + -ing

PRESENT

281
PERFECT - PAS de précision de temps
I have already been to Paris

- action qui a commencé dans le - idem + notion de durée

PASSE et qui CONTINUE dans le
PRESENT : lien avec le présent

Mr Jones has been working here FOR

I have worked here FOR 2 months.
20 years.
durée
durée

Mr Jones has been working here

I have worked here SINCE January.
SINCE 1991.
point de départ
point de départ

- pour indiquer une conséquence dans

le présent
I have lost my keys. I can’t open the
door.

recently/ ever/ never/ up to now/

already/ just

PAST
PERFECT had + p.p. had + been + -ing

- action qui a eu lieu dans le passé - idem + notion de durée

avant une autre action qui elle-même
se situait déjà dans le passé

When I got back home, yesterday We had been driving for hours before
evening, I discovered that someone had we found the hotel.
stolen my hi-fi equipment.

282
 THE FUTURE

Have a look at the following examples :

WILL BE GOING TO

Sue is talking to Helen : Later that day, Helen meets Dave :

S : “Let’s have a party.” H : “Sue and I have decided to have a party.

H : “That’s a great idea. We will (‘ll) invite We are going to invite lots of people.”
lots of people.”
We use be going to when we have already
We use will (‘ll) when we decide to do sth decided to do something.
at the time of speaking. The speaker has Helen has already decided to invite lots of
not decided before. The party is a new people before she spoke to Dave.
idea.
We also use be going to when something is
certainly going to happen:

“Look at the dark clouds. It is going to

rain.”
PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
My train leaves at 9.30. I am leaving tomorrow. I’ve got my plane ticket.

We use the present simple for timetables. We use the present continuous for
arrangements.
We also use the present simple in a
subclause of time :

“I’ll phone you when I get home.”

main verb subclause of time
The time in the sentence is future but we
use a present tense (I get) in the
subclause of time (introduced by “when/
while / before / after / as soon as / until /
till”).

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EXERCISES : THE FUTURE

1. What do you say to your friends in the following situations ?

1. Friend : Have you decided where to go for your holiday yet?

You : Yes, I __________________ (to go) to Jamaica.

2. Friend : Shall we meet on Friday morning?

You : I can’t on Friday. I ____________________ (to go) to the dentist.

3. You and some friends are planning a holiday in Britain but you haven’t decided about the

transport.

Friend : How do you plan to travel round Britain. By plane?

You : No, we __________________ (to take) the Eurostar.

4. Your friend has two young children. She wants to go out tomorrow evening. You offer to look

after the children.

Friend : I want to go out tomorrow evening but I haven’t got a baby-sitter.

You : That’s no problem. I ___________________ (to look after) them.

5. You have already arranged to have lunch with Sue tomorrow.

Friend : Are you free at lunchtime tomorrow?

You : No, I ____________________ (to have) lunch with Sue.

6. You and a friend are reading. It’s getting a bit dark and your friend is finding it difficult to read.

Friend : It’s getting a bit dark, isn’t it? It’s difficult to read.

You : I ______________________ (to turn on) the light.

7. You are in a restaurant. You and your friend are looking at the menu. You ask your friend if

he/she has decided what to have.

You : What ________________________ (you/to have)?

Friend: I don’t know, I can’t make up my mind.

2. Make one sentence from two :

1. It will stop raining soon. Then we’ll go out.

_________________________when _________________________

2. Can I borrow your book? Yes, sure but first I’d like to finish it.

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_________________________ when ______________________

3. Come and see me. But first, finish your homework.

____________________ as soon as _______________________

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REVISION EXERCISE : MIXED TENSES
Present Simple/Continuous, Present Perfect Simple/Continuous
Past Simple/Continuous, Past Perfect Simple/Continuous
Future
Active & Passive

1. LEAVE I _____________________ tomorrow. I’ve got my plane ticket.

2. STEAL My collection of stamps _______________________ recently.

3. PLAY She’s very tired. She __________________________tennis.

4. WRITE By next June, he _______________________ his second novel.

5. USUALLY / FINISH His work ___________________________ by 8 pm.

6. LEAVE My train ________________________ tomorrow at 9.30.

7. LOSE I ________________________ my keys a few days ago.

8. THE FILM / BEGIN What time _____________________________ tonight ?

9. LOSE I couldn’t get into the house because I _________________ my key.

10. LEAVE I have decided not to stay here any longer. I ________________

____________ tomorrow.

11. TRY I dropped my key when I ____________________ to open this door.

12. LEAVE I don’t think he’s happy in his job. I think he _______________ soon.

13. CLEAN/NOT The house was dirty because it ___________________________ for

weeks.

14. RAIN Look at those black clouds. It ____________________________

15. BE This time next week, I ____________________________ on holiday.

16. ALREADY / LEAVE I won’t be here this time tomorrow. I ______________________

17. HELP That bag looks heavy. I _______________________ you with it.

18. OFTEN / PLAY In this part of the country, football ________________________

19. PLAY That piece ______________________ yesterday by that famous

orchestra.

20. LEAVE When we arrived home, we noticed that the light _____________

________________ on all night.

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21. THEY / GET “When ________________________ married ?” “ Next month”.

22. YOU / ENJOY “Hello, ___________________________ the party ?”

23. READ I _________________________ a book when he came in.

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 MODALS

1. DEFINITION

 expriment la modalité (capacité, possibilité, obligation, ...)

 pas de forme infinitive
 pas de -s à la 3ième pers. sg (he must, she can, ....)
 suivis d’un infinitif sans TO (I must go)
 pas d’auxiliaire DO pour les questions ou les négations (Must I go?, ...)
 formes de substitution pour certains temps (be able to, be allowed to, ...)

2. USE

MEANING AUXILIARY PRESENT PAST FUTURE

ABILITY can Can could will be able to

was able to

PERMISSION may may was allowed to will be allowed to

can can could
be allowed to be allowed to

PROBABILITY may May may have +pp

might might might have+pp

OBLIGATION must Must had to will have to

have (got)to have (got)to

INTERDICTION must not must not was/were not will not be allowed to
cannot cannot allowed to
could not

ABSENCE OF don’t have to don’t have to didn’t have to won’t have to

OBLIGATION don’t need to don’t need to didn’t need to won’t need to
needn’t needn’t

STRONG PIECE should Should should have+pp should

OF ought to ought to ought to
ADVICE

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N.B.:

≠ /e/ absence d’obligation (tu n’es pas obligé) = don’t have to

interdiction (tu ne peux pas) = mustn’t
≠ /e/ permission (tu peux) = you may/you can
absence d’obligation (tu n’es pas obligé) = don’t have to

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EXERCISES : MODALS

1. Complete the sentences. Use mustn’t or needn’t (don’t have to) + one of
these verbs :

clean - forget - hurry - lose - wait - write

1. The windows aren’t very dirty. You ______________________________ them.

2. We have a lot of time. We ____________________________________
3. Keep these documents in a safe place. You ________________________________ them.
4. I’m not ready yet but you ___________________________________ for me. You can go now
and I’ll come later.
5. We __________________________________ to turn off the lights before we leave.
6. I _________________________________ the letter now. I can do it tomorrow.

2. Find the sentences with the same meaning.

1. We can leave the meeting early. A. We must stay until the end. 1. ………

2. We must leave the meeting B. We couldn’t stay until the end. 2. ………
early.
3. We mustn’t leave the meeting C. We can’t stay until the end. 3. ………
early.
4. We needn’t leave the meeting D. We needn’t stay until the end. 4. ………
early.
5. We had to leave the meeting E. We can stay until the end. 5. ………
early.

3. Put in must / have to / mustn’t / needn’t (don’t have to)

1. You ___________________________go. You can stay here if you want.

2. It’s a fantastic film. You _________________________ see it.
3. We’ve got enough food, so we __________________________ go shopping.
4. We didn’t have any food yesterday, so we _______________________________ go shopping.
5. I want to know what happened. You ________________________________ tell me.
6. You ____________________________ tell Sue what happened. I don’t want her to know.
7. I __________________________ hurry or I’ll be late.
8. ‘Why were you so late ?’ ‘I ________________________________ wait half an hour for a
bus’.
9. We ________________________________ decide now. We can decide later.

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 4. Complete the sentences with should(n’t) / should(n’t) have

1. Liz needs a change. She _______________________ (go) away for a few days.
2. She __________________________ (pass) the exam. She’s been studying very hard.
3. You missed a great party last night. You ______________________________ (come).
4. I’m feeling sick. I ate too much. I __________________________________ (eat) so much.
5. I posted the letter three days ago, so it ________________________________ (arrive) by now.
6. I’m playing tennis with Jill tomorrow. She ________________________________ (win) – she’s
much better than me.

5. Use a modal verb to express a modality. Make the necessary adaptations.

1. I wonder why Peter hasn’t arrived yet. Perhaps he has had an accident on the way.
 He ..............

2. She forbids me to go out when it is dark.

 I ....................

3. It’s not necessary to buy a ticket for your children.

 You ..................

4. He advised me to work harder if I wanted to succeed in my exams.

 He said I .............

5. This restaurant ............................................ be very good. It’s always empty.

6. The situation was bad but it .......................................................... worse. (past possibility)

7. We’ve got plenty of time. We ......................................................... hurry. (absence of obligation)

8. You’ve just had lunch. You ...................................................... be hungry already! (impossibility)

9. I can’t find my bag anywhere. I ........................................................ leave it in the shop. (deduction)

10. It’s essential that nobody hears us. We .......................................... make any noise. (prohibition)

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 6. Express the right modality using a modal verb.

1. You’ve been travelling all day, you be tired.

2. Sue hasn’t contacted me, she have got the message.

3. I was so tired, I have slept for a week.

4. The situation is bad, but it be worse !

5. Where are you going for your holidays ? I haven’t decided yet. I go to Ireland.

6. Liz not go out tonight, she isn’t feeling well.

7. Applications for the job be received by 18 May.

8. You to tell her but you can if you want to.

9. Don’t tell anybody what I said, you tell anyone.

10. We’ve got plenty of time, we hurry.

7. Modals

1. Peter and Cathy are planning to get married. I think it’s a bad idea, I think

they get married.

2. I wonder why they’re so late, they have arrived long ago.

3. Richard to wear a suit to work, but he usually does.

4. We had a really good holiday. It have been better.

5. Carol get very bored in her job. She does the same thing every day.

6. You’ve just had lunch you be hungry.

7. I was surprised that Kate wasn’t at the meeting yesterday. She not have known
about it.

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8. It’s essential that everyone be on time.

9. Why didn’t you take your time ? You have rushed, you could have taken
your time.

10. I have to work tomorrow, I dont’know yet

8. Translate the following sentences :

1. Il ne devrait pas dire des choses pareilles.

2. Pouvez-vous répondre à ma question?

3. Vous pouvez fumer ici si vous voulez.

4. Je dois envoyer un mail tout de suite.

5. Vous devriez suivre son exemple.

6. Ne savez-vous pas parler anglais?

7. Tu pourras sortir quand tu auras fini.

8. Je ne pourrai pas venir demain.

9. Puis-je vous demander votre nom.

10. Vous ne devriez pas fumer tant.

11. Tu dois faire ce que je te dis.

12. Je ne comprenais pas ce qu’il disait.

13. Il se peut qu’il pleuve la semaine prochaine.

14. Tu devrais venir plus tôt.

15. Puis-je quitter quelques minutes avant midi?

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16. Nous avons dû attendre le train de 5 heures.

17. Vous ne pouvez pas vous promener ici.

18. Tu devrais te comporter mieux.

19. Tu ne peux pas manger dans la bibliothèque.

20. Cela ne peut pas être ton frère, il joue au tennis en ce moment.

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 THE CONDITIONAL

• CONDITIONAL 1 :

if + present / future = PREDICTION

If you eat all this, you will be sick.

• CONDITIONAL 2 :

if + past / condit’ present = IMAGINING

If I won at the lottery, I would buy a Porsche.

! Special form : If I were (was) a princess, I would live in a castle.

If John were (was) here, he would know.

• CONDITIONAL 3 :

if + past perfect / condit’ past = REGRET

If I had known this, I would not have drunk so much.

! No conditional in the if-clause!

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EXERCISE : CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. If you (be) in, I would have given it to you.

2. If Johnny eats another cake, he (be) sick.

3. If men (be) only more reasonable, there would be no more war.

4. We (not dispatch) the goods if they hadn’t been in good condition.

5. I wouldn’t do that if I (be) you.

6. It will be impossible for me to finish my work if he (not cease) this chatter.

7. I would have come sooner if I (know) you were here.

8. My uncle (be able) to help us if he was here.

9. If it (rain), you will get wet.

10. Her mother (know) what to do if she had been alive.

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 EXERCISES : ALL TENSES

PUT THE VERBS IN THE CORRECT FORM.

Exercise 1.

1. - Look! It (to rain) ___________________________ again. - Oh no, not again. It (to rain)
__________________________ all day yesterday.
2. This time last year, I (to live) ___________________________ in Brazil.
3. Ann (to arrive probably) ___________________________ at 8 o 'clock.
4. I feel terrible. I think I (to be sick) ___________________________.
5. - Why (to fill) ___________________________ that bucket with water? - I (to wash) ___________________________
my car.
6. - (you to play) ___________________________ football tomorrow? - Yes, but Tom (not to play)
___________________________. He (to hurt) ____________________ his leg.
7. Ann’s clothing are covered with paint. She (to paint) __________________________ the ceiling.
8. The ceiling was white. Now it's blue. Ann (to paint) _________________________ the ceiling.
9. - (you to go out) ___________________________ last night? - Yes, I (to go) ___________________________ to the
cinema, but I (not to enjoy) _____________ _______________________ the film.
10. Ann (not to drink) ___________________________ beer.
11. How many cigarettes (you - to smoke) ___________________________ today?
12. What would you do if you (to bite) ___________________________ by a snake?

Exercise 2.

1. We (not to have) ___________________________ any money if we didn't work.

2. It (not to rain) ___________________________ when I looked out of the window, the sun (to shine)
___________________________ . But it (to rain) ___________________________, that's why the ground was wet.
3. When I arrived at the party Tom (not to be) ___________________________ there, he (to go)
___________________________ home.
4. - Ow! I (to burn) ___________________________ myself! - How (you - to do) _______________________ do that? - I
(to touch) ________________________ a hot dish.
5. I (not to see) ___________________________ Tom since Monday.

6. - Hello Ann, (to enjoy, present) ___________________________ the party? - No, I ___________________________.

7. George (to go) ___________________________ to work to Spain. When he (to arrive)

___________________________ his Spanish wasn't very good but now it (to improve)
___________________________ .
8. - How often she (to play) ___________________________ tennis? - In summer she usually (to play)
___________________________ tennis twice a week.
9. This machine (not to work) ___________________________. It (to break down) ___________________________ this
morning.
10. We (to go) ___________________________ to the theatre this evening. (the play to begin)
___________________________ at 8.00 or at 8.30?
11. - I hear Ann (to win) ___________________________ a lot of money. What (she to do)
___________________________ with it? - I think (she to travel) ___________________________ round the world. You
must meet Ann, I 'm sure you (to like) ___________________________ her.

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12. Hurry up! If we (not to hurry) ___________________________ we'll be late.

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Exercise 3.

1. You'll recognise her when you (to see) ___________________________ her. She (to wear)
___________________________ a yellow coat.
2. Tom (not to shave) ___________________________ this morning because he (not to have)
___________________________ time.
3. Tom (to burn) ___________________________ his hand when (to cook) ___________________________ the dinner.

4. - Don't forget to post the letter, will you? - I (already to post) ________________ ______________ it.

5. - Would you like something to eat? - No, thanks. I (just to have) _____________ ___________________ lunch.

6. What a boring film! It's the most boring film I (ever to see) __________________________.

7. I (not to tell) ___________________________ them about the accident yet.

8. That man over there can't stand up. I think he (to drink) ___________________.

9. Ann (to write) ___________________________ all day.

10. Ann (to write) ___________________________ ten letters today.

11. Tom and I (to know) ___________________________ each other since we were at school.

12. When she (to get) __________________ home, she (find) __________________ that someone (to break)
___________________________ into her flat and her fur coat (to steal) ___________________________ .

Exercise 4.

1. If I didn't go to their party next week, they (to be) ________________________ very angry.
2. If I (go) ___________________________ to the party last night, I (to see) ___________________________ Holly.
3. These days more and more people (to learn) _____________________________ foreign languages.
4. What (he to do) ___________________________ ? He works in a bank.
5. The kettle (to boil) ___________________________. Can you turn it off, please?
6. I (to have) ___________________________ dinner with Ann on Friday.
7. I (just to cross) ___________________________ the road when somebody (to shout)
___________________________ « Stop ».
8. I (not to tell) ___________________________ Tom what you said, I promise.
9. (I to open) ___________________________ the window?
10. I (to go) ___________________________ shopping this afternoon. When I (to go) ___________________________ I
(to buy) ___________________________ some food.

Exercise 5.

1. Tom’s father (to teach) ___________________________ him how to drive when he was 17.
2. She burst into tears when he (to tell) ___________________________ her he (to leave)
___________________________ her.
3. Yesterday he (to dig) ___________________________ a hole in my flowerbed and the day before he (to dig)
___________________________ one in the middle of the lawn!
4. Oh dear, I (to forget) ___________________________ her name.
5. He (never to drive) ___________________________ before. This is the first time he (to drive)
___________________________ a car.
6. I (not to play) ___________________________ tennis when I was on holiday last summer.
7. He was very nervous when the plane took off because he (never to fly) ________ ___________________________
before.
8. - I think I (to leave) ___________________________ my lighter in your house. (you to see)

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 ___________________________ it? - No, but I (to have) _______________________________ a look. If I (to find)
___________________________ it, I (to give) ___________________________ to you.
9. If she (to be hungry) ___________________________ she would have eaten something.
10. I wish I (not to eat) ___________________________ so much.

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 WORD ORDER

1. Complément d’objet direct et indirect (COD et COI)

1. En règle générale, un adverbe ne sépare pas un verbe de son objet direct.

Ex.: She spoke English very well.
They saw a movie yesterday.

2. Le complément d’objet indirect sans préposition précède le COD.

Ex.: I bought my mother a present.
We offered Sarah some flowers.

3. Le COI introduit par « to » ou « for » suit le COD.

Ex.: I bought a present for my mother.
We offered some flowers to Sarah.

2. Compléments de manière (comment ?), lieu (où ?) et temps (quand ?)

Ces compléments se placent après le verbe dans l’ordre suivant :

(1) manière (2) lieu (3) temps

Ex.: I walked quickly to the station every morning

He worked hard at the office today.

Remarque: dans une phrase passive, l’adverbe de manière se place devant le participe passé.
Ex.: Her work was badly done. (She did her work badly.)

3. Compléments de temps

• Quand il y a plusieurs compléments de temps, le plus précis se place en premier

lieu.
Ex.: I went to bed at 3 o’clock last night.
It happened in the morning last Sunday.

• Le complément de temps peut se placer en début de phrase si on veut insister sur

celui-ci.
Ex.: Last night she went to the cinema (last night)

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 On Sundays he goes fishing (on Sundays).

• Les adverbes de fréquence (always, never, often, seldom, rarely, sometimes,

frequently, occasionally, regularly, generally, usually, mostly) se placent :

- devant un verbe utilisé au présent ou à l’imparfait.

Ex.: He often goes to the cinema.
We occasionally went on holiday.
- après le premier auxiliaire d’un verbe utilisé avec un ou plusieurs auxiliaires.
Ex.: It had never occurred to him before.
He will always be considered as my son.

- Après le verbe « to be » utilisé au présent et à l’imparfait.

Ex.: They were often ill.
He is usually present.

Remarque :

1° Quelques autres adverbes (almost, also, certainly, completely, hardly, quite, scarcely,
probably) se placent au même endroit que les adverbes de fréquence.
Ex.: I hardly knew what to say.
I have also been to Canada.
He almost fell on the ground.

2° “Probably” se place devant l’auxiliaire négatif.

Ex.: I probably won’t see you.

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The Word Order : Exercises

A. Is the word order right or wrong ? Correct the ones

that are wrong.
From: R. Murphy, op. cit., 1994, p. 217.

1. Everybody enjoyed the party very much.

2. Tom walks every morning to work.

3. Jim doesn’t like very much football.

4. I drink three or four cups of coffee every morning.

5. I ate quickly my dinner and went out.

6. Are you going to invite to the party a lot of people ?

7. I phoned Tom immediately after hearing the news.

8. Did you go late to bed last night ?

9. Did you learn a lot of things at school today ?

10. I met on my way home a friend of mine.

B. Rewrite these sentences in the correct order.

From: E. Walker & S. Elsworth, Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students, 1991, pp.142-145.

1. We had / at the party / a good time / yesterday.

2. She played / last week / at the stadium / very well.

3. The children / in the garden / quietly / played / this afternoon.

4. He sat / all through the afternoon / in his chair / quietly.

5. The plane / for about thirty minutes / slowly / flew / around Heathrow Airport.

6. We worked / on Sunday / in the studio / hard.

7. I walked / after getting the news / slowly / to the end of the road.

8. In the evening / my father / chess / with friends / plays / usually.

303
9. They were arguing / in the kitchen / when I left / furiously.

10. She was walking / around the hospital ward / slowly / when I visited her.

304
Write the word in brackets in the correct place in these
sentences.
From: E. Walker & S. Elsworth, Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students, 1991, pp.142-145.

1. They got to the office on time. (never )

2. Those children are playing football in the street. (always)

3. We’ll see them again. (never )

4. Do you watch this program? (often )

5. We saw them in the evenings. (seldom )

6. Don’t you hear from your brother now? (ever )

7. I phoned him at the office. (occasionally )

8. They have an egg for breakfast. (often )

9. I’ve spoken to them. (hardly ever )

10. They’ve been waiting for me before going to school. (frequently )

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 RELATIVE PRONOUNS

ANTECEDENT = PERSONNE(S)

FONCTION DU DEFINING NON-DEFINING

PRONOM Information essentielle à la compréhension Information pas essentielle pour la compréhension de la
RELATIF de la phrase phrase
SUJET The man who is crossing the street is Mr. Jones. John, who is my neighbor, works in a bank.
that
OBJET The man who I’ve just met is Paul. John, who I’ve just met, works in a bank.
that

COMPLEMENT 1) The man  I’m speaking about is Paul. 1) John, about whom I’m speaking, works in a bank.
PREPOSITIONNEL that 2) John who I’m speaking about, works in a bank.
who(m)
2) The man about whom I’m speaking is Paul.
CAS POSSESSIF The man whose brother works at Robinson’s is a friend of John, whose brother works in a bank, is my neighbor.
mine.

REMARK :
My brother who lives in London is a teacher. J’ai plusieurs frères.
My brother, who lives in London, is a teacher. Je n’ai qu’un frère.

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 ANTECEDENT NEUTRE

FONCTION DU DEFINING NON-DEFINING

PRONOM Information essentielle à la compréhension Information pas essentielle pour la compréhension de la
RELATIF de la phrase phrase
SUJET The book that is on the table is mine. This book, which is on the table, is mine.
which
OBJET The book  I bought yesterday is interesting. This book, which I bought yesterday, is interesting.
that
which
COMPLEMENT The book  I’m speaking about is interesting. 1) This book, about which I’m speaking, is very interesting.
PREPOSITIONNEL that 2) This book, which I’m speaking about, is very interesting.
which
about which
CAS POSSESSIF The book the last page of which is torn is mine. This book, the last page of which is torn, is mine.
of which the last page

REMARKS :
CE QUE = WHAT What we decide today is very important.
= WHICH He claims he speaks 3 foreign languages, which I don’t believe.
WHICH reprend toute la phrase précédente.

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EXERCISES : RELATIVE PRONOUNS

1. Put a relative pronoun where necessary

1. He spoke very fast, …………… made it hard to understand him.

2. Thanks, but that’s not …………….. I wanted.
3. I’ll tell you something ………… will surprise you.
4. I did ………… I could.
5. I did everything …………. I could.
6. He’s a university professor, ………… is hard to believe.
7. Her sense of humour – that’s ……….. attracts people to her.
8. Have you heard the problems ……….. Joe’s having at work ?
9. Harry Potter, ………….. novels are bestsellers, lives in our street.
10. .....……….. I don’t like is that they didn’t warn us.

2. Translate

1. L’homme avec qui vous parlez … =

2. L’ami dont je connais les parents … =

3. La réponse que tu as donnée hier … =

4. Ce avec quoi je ne suis pas d’accord … =

5. Tout ce que tu me dis … =

6. La musique que tu écoutes … =

7. Le professeur qui raconte cette histoire… =

8. La voiture, que j’ai achetée en France, …. =

9. Les étudiants que j’écoute … =

10. John, que j’ai rencontré aux USA, revient demain.=

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 REVISION : TENSE FORMATION

Tenses are found in four forms: simple, progressive, perfect simple and perfect
progressive
Tenses are found in two voices: active and passive

ACTIVE simple progressive perfect simple perfect progressive

aux: to be aux: to have aux: to have- to be
verb: -ing verb:  have been
form past participle verb: -ing form

PRESENT he chooses he is choosing he has chosen her he has been choosing

her her her

PAST he chose her he was he had chosen her he had been choosing
choosing her her

FUTURE he will choose he will be he will have he will have been

aux: will her choosing her chosen her choosing her

CONDITIONAL he would he would be he would have he would have been

aux: would choose her choosing her chosen her choosing her

In the passive voice, a verbal form will always end with a past participle

PASSIVE simple progressive perfect simple

aux: to be aux: to be – to be aux: to have – to be
verb: past =) be being  have been
participle verb: past participle verb: past participle
PRESENT she is chosen by him she is being chosen by she has been chosen
him by him

PAST she was chosen by him she was being chosen by she had been chosen
him by him

FUTURE she will be chosen by she will have been

aux: will him X chosen by him

CONDITIONAL she would be chosen by she would have been

aux: would him X chosen by him

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Fill this chart with the right forms of the verb TO FALL.

simple progressive perfect simple perfect progressive

ACTIVE
PRESENT - he - - -

PAST - - - -

FUTURE - - - -

CONDITIONAL - - - -

Fill this chart with the right forms of the verb TO DRINK.

simple progressive perfect simple perfect progressive

ACTIVE
PRESENT - he - - -

PAST - - - -

FUTURE - - - -

CONDITIONAL - - - -

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Fill this chart with the right forms of the verb TO BREAK in the
passive voice

PASSIVE simple progressive perfect simple

VOICE
PRESENT the glass it
______________
by the dog
PAST it

FUTURE
x

CONDITIONAL
x

Fill this chart with the right forms of the verb TO BITE in the
passive voice

simple progressive perfect simple

PASSIVE
PRESENT He _______________
by the dog
PAST

FUTURE
x

CONDITIONAL
x

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 ACTIVE OR PASSIVE SENTENCES

Recognising the active or the passive voice

Free from: EASTWOOD, John, Oxford Practice Grammar, OUP, 1999

For each of the following sentences, indicate if the active or the passive voice is used, and
underline who or what is doing the action. Sometimes the agent (who or what is doing the
action) is not mentioned.

Active Passive

The traffic was all heading out of town.

The photo was taken by my brother.

The water was pouring out of the hole.

A policeman has been murdered by terrorists.

We were woken by the alarm.

The guide led a group of tourists around the castle.

The dog has bitten several people.

The new hospital will be opened by the Queen.

All the documents have been destroyed.

A new swimming-pool is being built.

The first motor car was made by a Belgian called Etienne Lenoir.

Lenoir didn’t produce many cars for sale.

Commercial production was started by a German called Karl Benz.

Benz is now seen as the father of the motor car.

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Active or passive verb?

Free from: EASTWOOD, John, Oxford Practice Grammar, OUP, 1999

Choose the correct verb form in this news report about a storm.
Millions of pounds’ worth of damage (1) has caused / has been caused by a storm which (2)
swept / was swept across the north of England last night. The River Ribble (3) burst / was burst
its banks after heavy rain. Many people (4) rescued / were rescued from the flood by fire
fighters, who (5) received / were received hundreds of calls for help. Wind speeds (6) reached /
were reached ninety miles an hour in some places. Roads (7) blocked / were blocked by fallen
trees, and electricity lines (8) brought / were brought down, leaving thousands of homes without
electricity. “Everything possible (9) is doing /is being done to get things back to normal”, a
spokesman (10) said / was said.

Active and passive

Free from: EASTWOOD, John, Oxford Practice Grammar, OUP, 1999

You are telling a friend some news. Use the notes and complete the second
sentence. Sometimes you need to use the active and sometimes the passive.

Past simple: Claire / go / to Florida / last month

Do you remember Claire? She _______________________________________.

Present perfect: send / our luggage / to Australia

Bad news about our luggage. It ______________________________________.

Past simple: Claude Jennings / win / the quiz competition.

Did you hear about the quiz competition? It _____________________________.

Past simple: Mrs Miles / do / a parachute competition / last week.

Do you know Mrs Miles? She _________________________________________.

Present perfect: a bull / attack / David

Have you heard about David? He _____________________________________.

Present continuous: build / the house / still

Trevor and Laura have bought a house. It ______________________________.

Present simple: Andrew / like / Jessica

Did I tell you about Andrew? He ______________________________________.

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Present perfect: throw away / your stamp collection
Bad news about your stamp collection. It _______________________________.

Present perfect: Martians / kidnap / my neighbours

Did I mention my neighbours? They ___________________________________.

Past simple: five people / see / the ghost

Did you hear about the ghost? It ______________________________________

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