Objectives:
To analyze the inverting input operational amplifier circuit
and its gain
Equipments:
1. Resistors:
a. R1= 1kΩ
b. Rf= 10kΩ
2. IC LM-324 (quad opamp)
3. Oscilloscope
4. Function generator
5. DMM
6. Power Supply dual
7. Wires
8. A Bread Board
9. 10. digital trainer board
Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) Basics
The op-amp is basically a differential amplifier having a large voltage
gain, very high input impedance and low output impedance. The op-amp has a
"inverting" or (-) input and "noninverting" or (+) input and a single output. The
op-amp is usually powered by a dual polarity power supply in the range of +/-
5 volts to +/- 15 volts.
Following are the properties of an ideal Op-Amp
It is a DC Amplifier (direct coupled / direct input)
Have very high voltage gain Av = ∞
Very high gain differential amplifier
Have very high input impedance Zi = ∞
Should have very low output impedance
The output should be zero @ input = 0V
Output must be capable of positive and negative voltage
swing
It should have very large Common Mode Rejection Ration
CMRR
docsity.com
Inverting Amplifiers:
The Inverting Amplifier
Figure-1: Rf
If
R1
Vi-
Vi
Ii
I1
Vo
+
Vi
Figure 1. shows the circuit diagram of an inverting amplifier. The input signal
is applied through resistor
R1 to the inverting op amp input. Resistor RF is the feedback resistor which
connects from the output to the inverting input. The circuit is called an
inverting amplifier because its voltage gain is negative. This means that if
the input voltage is increasing or going positive, the output voltage will be
decreasing or going negative, and vice versa.
The non-inverting input to the op amp is not used in the inverting amplifier
circuit. The figure shows this input grounded so that v+=0.
Procedure:
The op-amp is connected using two resistors R1 and Rf such that the
input signal is applied in series with R1 and the output is connected back to
the inverting input through Rf. The non-inverting input is connected to the
ground reference or the center tap of the dual polarity power supply. In
operation, as the input signal moves positive, the output will move negative
and visa versa. The amount of voltage change at the output relative to the
input depends on the ratio of the two resistors R1 and Rf. As the input moves
in one direction, the output will move in the opposite direction, so that the
voltage at the inverting input remains constant or zero volts in this case. If
R1 is 1k and Rf is 10 k and the input is +1v volt then there will be 1 mA of
current flowing through RA and the output will have to move to -10 volts to
docsity.com
supply the same current through Rf and keep the voltage at the inverting
input at zero.
The voltage gain in this case would be:
Av = - Rf/R1
Or -10K/1K = -10.
Observation:
Prove the final gain of 10 would be achieved by applying the input of
0.5Vp-p and having the output of 5Vp-p
Also plot the result by experiencing the phase inversion of 1800
Pin configuration of Quad op-amp IC LM324:
LM-324 Quad-OPAMP
docsity.com
Observations:
Input Voltage = Vi = 0.11 V
For Av Calculation:
Av = - Rf/R1
For Av Measurement:
Av = Vo/Vi
Rf R1 Vo Av Av
(Calculated) (Measured)
6.7 kΩ 476 Ω -1.6 V -14.07 -14.54
3.3 kΩ 476 Ω -0.8 V -6.93 -7.20
3.3 kΩ 330 Ω -1.7 V -10 -10
10 kΩ 330 Ω -3 V -30.3 -28
1 kΩ 330 Ω -0.4 V -3.03 -3.63
1 kΩ 674 Ω -0.2 V -1.48 -1.81
Result:
The results of the observations show that the inverting op-amp does invert
the output and amplifies the input, as the relation:
Av = - Rf/R1
docsity.com
