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Direct Analysis Scheme

The direct analysis method is used to check the steel structure. Second order effects, including P-Δ and P-δ, are considered. Notional loads of 0.003 times the factored loads are included to account for imperfections. Tau_B is taken as 1.0 to simplify design by automatically reducing member properties to 80%. Nonlinear analysis shows second order amplification is below 1.7, so notional loads only need to be applied to vertical load combinations. Key load combinations are analyzed nonlinearly to check the structure.

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73 views

Direct Analysis Scheme

The direct analysis method is used to check the steel structure. Second order effects, including P-Δ and P-δ, are considered. Notional loads of 0.003 times the factored loads are included to account for imperfections. Tau_B is taken as 1.0 to simplify design by automatically reducing member properties to 80%. Nonlinear analysis shows second order amplification is below 1.7, so notional loads only need to be applied to vertical load combinations. Key load combinations are analyzed nonlinearly to check the structure.

Uploaded by

Yu Pi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Direct analysis method:

- Second-Order Analysis: including both P-D and P-d


- Initial Imperfections: The effects of initial imperfections of the structure geometry are
considered either by applying notional loads or directly modeling the imperfections in
the geometry of the model.
- Inelasticity: The axial and flexural stiffnesses of members that contribute to the
stability of the structure are required to be reduced to account for inelastic behavior in
the members (factor 0.8 + tau factor).
- Effective Length Factor: One major benefit of the direct analysis method is that K = 1.0.
No more calculating K when determining the nominal strength of columns.
- Mesh size minimum 0.25L for each compressed element (to define correctly
deformation within the element and Pd effects) (SAP help dice 2 elementos y más si
estoy cerca del pandeo – me parece mejor 4)

Imperfections and notional loads

As imperfections:

- out-ofplumbness of the columns and the out-of-straightness of each member must be


modeled. This must be done in a way to capture the most destabilizing effect on the
structure, which means at least four different sets of displacements applied in the four
principal directions at each level, with a corresponding set of member out-of
straightness selected to add to the effect of the out-of-plumbness.
- -> multiple models and difficult to be followed/updated

As notional loads (to be applied to all load combinations):

Ni = 0.002 Yi (being Yi total factored loads at level i) (it can be 0.003 Yi)

Total factored load is “Load such as that produced by dead and live loads, acting in the
downward direction.” -> it varies from combination to combination

0.002 = 1/500 = out of plumbness of AISC

AISC requires that the load Ni has to be distributed on each level in the same manner as the
gravity load.

Lo ideal es introducir un load case con factor proporcional a una carga (Auto lateral pattern)
Carga horizontal neta en cada planta = 0.002 Axil superior del soporte – 0.002 Axil inferior del
soporte = 0.002 Ni+1 – 0.002 (Ni+1 + Ni) = 0.002 Ni

Otra forma de verlo es que en cada planta tengo que poner 0.002 de la diferencia de axils de
los soportes debajo – axiles soportes por encima.

Notense que la suma de todas las notional load en la estructura es nula, porque baria que
poner esa misma fuerza a nivel de cimentación, como 0.002 * suma de axiles en soportes.

Inelasticity

Para aplicar el factor 0.8 y el “tau”, es necesario (cada vez que cambiamos geometría o carga):
correr estados – hacer un design check (SAp asigna los factores de reducción) – recalcular y
rediseñar. No es necesario todo esto si automáticamente pongo 0.003 Ni y me olvido del tau y
asigno automáticamente la reducción de EA y EI.

Pendiente mirar el incremento de deformaciones por segundo orden:

Pendiente: lateral torsional buckling

Teatro RAC:

Direct analysis method is used for steel ULS check. Main parameters are defined below.

Second order effect within deformation should be considered (both P-Δ and P-δ).
Nevertheless, as shown below, second order effects are neglectable, and only main ULS
combination are calculated with a non-linear analysis.

Notional loads are included.

In order to simplify steel design, SAP option of Tau_B as fixed is chosen, i.e. Tau_B is equal to
1.0 according to SBC and ASCE 360-16. The condition to use this option is to include notional
load as 0.003 (D+L), instead of 0.002 (D+L). The difference is not relevant for steel design. This
option automatically reduces main properties to 80%, as required by the Code (an iteration is
needed in SAP: analysis – steel design - analysis).
As shown below, the second order amplification is lower than 1.70 for main ULS combination
with horizontal loads, and therefore Notional loads can be applied only to vertical load
combination. For example, in combination 06, horizontal movements are:

- Linear model movement: 54mm

- Non linear model movement: 57.3mm

- Difference is shown below


- Ratio of movement is 57.3/54 = 1.06 < 1.7

It has been shown that the structure is well conditioned and the effect of non linear
deformation is practically null. Nevertheless non linear cases have been added in the model
and used for structural checks, considering the following dimensioning load cases: ULS02,
ULS06B, ULS15, ULS16.

The difference between ULS and SLS model is the property modifier of 0.8 as explained
previously (including the slab, as per Code ASCI 360-16 Ch. C3 and I1.5).

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