The list with formulas for Power Electronics

Updated version: Nov. 03 2021

P P
1) Power factor: PF = = = cos( )
S V I
2) Displacement power factor: DPF = cos 1

3) Total Harmonic Current Distortion: THDI % =

I dis
 100
I s1
T
1
4) Average output voltage: Vd =   v(t )  dt
T 0
T
1
T 0
5) Root-means-square (RMS) value of the voltage: V =  v 2 (t )  dt

1 𝑇
6) Active/Real power: P= T ∙ ∫0 𝑝(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝐼 ∗ cos⁡(𝜑)
7) Three-phase (active or real) power: P = 3  V  I  cos( ) = 3  VLL  I  cos( )

Fourier analysis:

1
 8) Buck converter:

V0 I d T V T V
= = D; I LB = s d  D(1 − D) = s 0  (1 − D)
Vd I 0 2L 2L
Ts 2
V0 =  (1 − D) V0
8 L C

9) Boost converter:

V0 I d 1 T V T V
= = ; I LB = s 0  D(1 − D); I 0 B = s 0  D(1 − D) 2
Vd I 0 1 − D 2L 2L
V0 D  Ts I 0  D  Ts
V0 =  =
R C C

10) Buck-boost converter:

V0 1 I T V T V
= D = d ; I LB = s d  D = s 0  (1 − D )
Vd 1 − D I0 2 L 2 L
Ts  V0 I  D  Ts V0 D  Ts
I0B =  (1 − D ) 2 ; V0 = 0 = 
2 L C R C
Buck-boost converter (discontinuous mode):

𝑉2
𝑅 = ⁡ 𝑃𝑂
𝑂

𝑉 2𝐿𝑓𝑠
𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦⁡𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒, 𝐷 = ( 𝑉𝑂 ) × √
𝑖 𝑅

11) Flyback converter:

V0 N 2 D
= 
Vd N1 1 − D

12) Forward converter:

V0 N 2
= D
Vd N1

2
 13) Switch-mode inverters:

V control fs V
ma = 
;mf = ;VA0 = ma  d
V tri f1 2
14) The peak amplitude of the fundamental frequency components in the single-phase inverter
output:

Vd
-sinusoidal PWM (linear modulation): (VA0 )1 = ma 
2
4 Vd
-square-wave PWM: (VA0 )1 = 
 2
15) The peak amplitude of the fundamental frequency components in the three-phase inverter
output:

3 V
-sinusoidal PWM (linear modulation): (VLL )1 =  ma  d  0.612  ma  Vd
2 2

3 4 Vd
-Square-wave PWM: (VLL )1 =    0.78  Vd
2  2

16) DC Motor Drives:

• DC Motor:
dia d 2   n
va = Ra  ia + La  + ea ;Tem = kT  I a = J  m + B  m + TL ; ea = ke  m = ke  ;
dt dt 60
For Permanent-Magnet (PM) DC Motor the field flux is constant

17) Termisk motstand;

∆𝑇
𝑅𝑡ℎ =
𝑃

Rectifiers

Single phase uncontrolled half-wave rectifier (with R load):

𝑉𝑚
18) DC average output voltage, ⁡𝑉𝐷𝐶 = ⁡ 𝜋

3
 𝑚 𝑉
19) Supply / secondary voltage, 𝑉𝑠 = ⁡ √2 or 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑠 × √2

20) PIV rating of Diode, 𝐷𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚

Single-phase controlled half-wave rectifier (with R load):

𝑃𝐷𝐶
21) The rectification efficiency, 𝜂 = ⁡
𝑃𝐴𝐶

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
22) Form factor, 𝐹𝐹 = ⁡ 𝑉𝐷𝐶

23) Ripple factor, 𝑅𝐹 = ⁡ √𝐹𝐹 2 − 1

𝑃𝐷𝐶
24) Transformer Utilization Factor, 𝑇𝑈𝐹 = ⁡
𝑉𝑠⁡ 𝐼𝑠

25) DC average power, 𝑃𝐷𝐶 = ⁡ 𝑉𝐷𝐶 ⁡𝐼𝐷𝐶

𝑚𝑉
26) DC output voltage, ⁡𝑉𝐷𝐶 = ⁡ 2𝜋 ⁡(1 + cos 𝛼)

𝑉𝐷𝐶
27) DC output current, ⁡𝐼𝐷𝐶 = ⁡ ⁡
𝑅

28) AC power, 𝑃𝐴𝐶 = ⁡ 𝑉𝐴𝐶 ⁡𝐼𝐴𝐶

𝑉 sin(2𝛼)
29) RMS value of the output voltage, 𝑉𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 2 𝑚𝜋 √(𝜋 − 𝛼 + )⁡⁡
√ 2

𝑉𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆
30) RMS value of the output current, ⁡𝐼𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆 = ⁡ ⁡
𝑅

31) PIV rating of thyristor, 𝑇𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚

4
Single phase center tapped transformer based full wave rectifier (with R load):

𝑉𝑚
32) Peak value of the load current, 𝐼𝑚 = ⁡ 𝑅

2𝐼𝑚
33) DC output current, ⁡𝐼𝐷𝐶 = ⁡ ⁡
𝜋

𝑉𝑚
34) DC output voltage, ⁡𝑉𝐷𝐶 = ⁡ 𝐼𝐷𝐶 ⁡. 𝑅𝐿 ⁡ (or) ⁡𝑉𝐷𝐶 = ∗ [1 + cos(𝛼)]
𝜋

𝐼𝑚
35) Diode current, ⁡𝐼𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒𝐷𝐶 = ⁡ ⁡
𝜋

2𝑉𝑚
36) Diode voltage, ⁡𝑉𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒𝐷𝐶 = −⁡ ⁡
𝜋

37) Peak inverse voltage of diode, 𝑉𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 2𝑉𝑚

38) Ripple frequency, 𝑅𝑓 = 2⁡ × 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡⁡𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

39) The average value of the output DC voltage and current (single-phase full
bridge diode rectifier):
2
Vd0 = ⋅ √2 ⋅ 𝑉𝑠 = 0.9 ⋅ 𝑉𝑠 ; 𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑠 (𝐿𝑠 = 0)
𝜋
2    Ls  I d
Vd = Vd 0 − ;( Ls  0)

40) The fundamental RMS current component:

2
I s1 =  2  I d = 0.9  I d

41) The commutation angle:

2    Ls  I d
cos(u ) = 1 −
2 Vs

5
AC-AC voltage controllers
Single phase half-wave AC voltage controller (with R load):

42) RMS value of the output voltage, 𝑉𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝑉𝑠 √𝐷

𝑛
43) Duty cycle, 𝐷 = ⁡ , 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑛 = 𝑂𝑁⁡𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡𝑚 = 𝑂𝐹𝐹⁡𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒⁡⁡
𝑛+𝑚

𝑃𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆
44) Input power factor, ⁡𝑃𝐹 = or
𝑃𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑆

45) 𝑅𝑀𝑆⁡𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑡ℎ𝑒⁡𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡⁡𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆 = ⁡ 𝑉𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆⁡×⁡ 𝐼𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆

46) 𝑅𝑀𝑆⁡𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑡ℎ𝑒⁡𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡⁡𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = ⁡ 𝑉𝑆⁡×⁡ 𝐼𝑆

𝐷𝐼𝑚
47) Average thyristor current, 𝐼𝑇ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝐷𝐶 = ⁡ 𝜋

√𝐷×𝐼𝑚
48) RMS thyristor current, 𝐼𝑇ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑅𝑀𝑆 = ⁡ 2

Single phase half-wave AC voltage controller (with R load):

𝑚 𝑉
49) Average load voltage, ⁡𝑉𝐷𝐶 = ⁡ 2𝜋 ⁡(cos 𝛼 − 1)

𝑉 sin 2𝛼
50) RMS value of the output voltage, 𝑉𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 2 𝑚𝜋 √(2𝜋 − 𝛼 + )⁡⁡
√ 2

𝑚 𝑉
51) Diode average current, ⁡𝐼𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒𝐷𝐶 = ⁡ 𝜋𝑅 ⁡

𝑠 𝑉
52) Diode RMS current, 𝐼𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑅𝑀𝑆 = ⁡ √2.𝑅 ⁡

6
Single-phase full wave AC voltage controller (with R load):

53) RMS value of the output voltage,

1 sin 2𝛼
𝑉𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝑉𝑠 √𝜋 (𝜋 − 𝛼) + )⁡⁡
2

𝑉𝑚
54) Average thyristor current, 𝐼𝑇ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝐷𝐶 = ⁡ (1 + cos 𝛼), where 𝑉𝑚 =
2𝜋𝑅
𝑉𝑠 × √2

𝐼𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆
55) RMS thyristor current, 𝐼𝑇ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑅𝑀𝑆 = ⁡ , Where 𝐼𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆 =
√2 𝑅

Transformers

𝑁 𝑉
56) Turns ratio, 𝑎 = ⁡ 𝑁𝑃 = ⁡ 𝑉𝑃
𝑆 𝑆

1 I Vs
57) Turns ratio in terms of current, 𝑎 = ⁡ IP , where 𝐼𝑠 = ⁡
S 𝑍

Z
58) Input impedance seen from primary side, 𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = ⁡ 𝑎in2

59) Inductive reactance, 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿

1
60) Capacitive reactance, 𝑋𝐶 = ⁡ 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 ⁡

61) Impedance, 𝑍 = ⁡ √𝑅 2 + ⁡(𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2

𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆
62) Apparent power, 𝐴𝑃⁡ = ⁡ 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆, 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝑍

7
63) True power, 𝑇𝑃⁡ = ⁡ 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆⁡ 2 × 𝑅

64) Reactive power, 𝑅𝑃⁡ = ⁡ 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆⁡ 2 × 𝑋𝐿

65) 𝐴𝑃 = ⁡ √𝑇𝑃2 + 𝑅𝑃2

𝑇𝑃⁡ 𝑇𝑃⁡
66) Power factor, 𝑃𝐹 = ⁡ ⁡(𝑜𝑟)⁡𝐴𝑃 = ⁡ ⁡
𝐴𝑃 𝑃𝐹

𝐴𝑃⁡
67) Current drawn by load (machine), 𝐼 = ⁡ 𝑉