[UNIT-7]

THE p-BLOCK ELEMENTS

13 14 15 16 17 18
B C N O F Ne
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Halogen noble gas
Family Family Family Family Family Family
Or
Pnicogen
Family

Group – 16th Elements

[Oxygen Family]

[Chalcogens Family]

Ore Producing

8 → [𝐻𝑒] 2𝑠 2𝑝
Non-Metal
16 → [𝑁𝑒] 3𝑠 3𝑝

34 → [𝐴𝑟] 4𝑠 3𝑑 4𝑝
Metalloid
52 → [𝐾𝑟] 5𝑠 4𝑑 5𝑝

Metal 84 → [𝑋𝑒] 6𝑠 4𝑓 5𝑑 6𝑝
(radioactive)

Electronic Configuration
[Noble Gas] 𝑛𝑠 𝑛𝑝

Trends in Properties

1. Atomic radii
Smaller than group 15th element. It increase down the group.

2. Ionization Enthalpy
1st I.E. of group16th element is lower than group 15th element. I.E. decrease down the group.
7 → [𝐻𝑒] 2𝑠 2𝑝

Half Filled

More energy required to release the 1st electron

I.E. (1) High

8 → [𝐻𝑒] 2𝑠 2𝑝

Neither Half Filled nor Fully Filled

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 Less energy required to release the electron

Low I.E.(1)

NOTE
∆iH1 (N) > ∆iH1 (O)
∆iH2 (O) > ∆iH2 (N)
∆iH3 (O) > ∆iH3 (N)

3. Electron Gain Enthalpy

𝐴(𝑔) + 𝑒 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐴 (𝑔)
∆𝑒𝑔𝐻 = 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
Negative ∆𝑒𝑔𝐻 decrease down the group.

 Exception Oxygen

𝑆 > 𝑆𝑒 > 𝑇𝑒 > 𝑂

-
Due to small size and high electron density of 𝑂 − 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚, it does not allow to enter the extra e so we
have to provide energy.

4. Oxidation State
Show variable O.S.

−2, +2, +4, +6

8 → [𝐻𝑒] 2𝑠 2𝑝
Ground State
−2
+2
+2
E.g. OF2

16 → [𝑁𝑒] 3𝑠 3𝑝 3𝑑
Ground State
−2
+2

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 1st Excited State
+4

2nd Excited State

+6
The common O.S. of these metal are -2, +2 , +4, +6 and the tendency to exhibit -2 O.S. decrease
down the group due to increase in size and metallic nature (so polonium hardly show -2 oxidation
state) and the stability of +6 O.S. ↓ and that of +4 O.S. ↑ it is due to inert pair effect because S-
electron do not take part in bonding.

 Oxygen only show -2, +2 oxidation state due to the absence of d-orbital.

Maximum Co-Valency (Means Number of Bond)

8 → [𝐻𝑒] 2𝑠 2𝑝

Coordinate 2-Covalent Bond

Bond
 Max Co-Valency is 4 in its compound due to absence of d-orbital.
 Other elements contain vacant d-orbital which can be used for bonding and expand their
valency beyond 4.

Anomalous Property
i. 𝑂 differ from the rest of the member of this group because of its smallest size high e.n. and
non-availability of d-orbital’s.
ii. 𝑂 has unique ability to form 𝑝𝜋 − 𝑝𝜋 multiple bonds. Thus it exist as a diatomic molecule [𝑂 ]
with a (=) bond between the two atom. So, its bond enthalpy is very high.
iii. Heavier element of this group do not form 𝑝𝜋 − 𝑝𝜋 bond as their atomic orbital are so large
and diffuse that they can’t have effective overlapping and so, S, Se, Te from – bond as, 𝑆 −
𝑆, 𝑆𝑒 − 𝑆𝑐, 𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝑒.

NOTE → 𝑝𝜋 − 𝑝𝜋 bond is possible only in 2𝑝 − 2𝑝 and 2𝑝 − 3𝑝.

E.g. 𝑂 = 𝑂
2p 2p
So that 𝑁 exist as discrete molecule But 𝑆 = 𝑆 is not possible.
(3p - 3p)
Hydride :- They form hydride as the formula H2E

H 2O E = O, S, Se, Te, Po
H 2S
H2Se
H2Te
H2Po
Structure :-

H H

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Property of hydride :-

a) Thermal stability :-
1. H2O large difference in size of atom ↑
2. H2S Bond length ↑
3. H2Se Bond energy ↓
4. H2Te Stability ↓
5. H2Po

Since the size of element increase down the gp, the E ─ H bond dissociation enthalpy ↓, hence
E ─ H bond break more closely so stability ↓ down the gp.

H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te > H2Po

b) Acidic character :- ↑ down the group because bond enthalpy ↓ down the gp so H + release more
easily
H2Po > H2Te > H2Se > H2O
c) Reducing character :- The tendency of any substance to reduce other substance is called its
reducing character.
 All the hydride except H2O possess reducing property and this character increase from H 2S to
H2Te

H2Te > H2Se > H2S > H2O

Size ↑, Bond length ↑, Bond energy ↓ and release H ─ easily and reduce other.

Bond Angle :-

H2 O > H2 S > H2Se > H2Te

Size of central atom ↑, electron density on central atom↓, repulsion ↓, Bond angle ↓

Oxide :- form EO2 and EO3 type oxide

EO2Tpye :- SO2 , SeO2 , TeO2

Reducing property of dioxide (EO2) :-

Reducing property of dioxide decrease from SO2 to TeO2 because due to the stability of higher
oxidation state which decrease due to inert pair effect.

So SO2 is reducing and TeO2 is an oxidising agent.

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Halides :- Form EX2, EX4 and EX6 type halide.

 The stability of the halide decrease in the order

𝐹 > 𝐶𝑙 > 𝐵𝑟 >𝐼

NOTE :- Hexafluoride are the only stable amongst all the hexahalide SF6 is exceptionally stable for
steric reason.

 SF6 is kinetically invert.

SF6 is stearically protected, therefore, kinetically inert.
 SF4 is easily hydrolysed whereas SF6 in not easily hydrolysed.
SF4 is easily hydrolysed because it is unstable due to repulsion between ‘F’ atoms and also
due to vacant d-orbitals, whereas SF6 is exceptionally stable due to steric reason.
 Write the order of thermal stability of the hydrides of Group 16 element.
Since the size of the element increases down the group, the E─H bond dissociation enthalpy
decreases and hance E─H bond breaks more easily. Therefore, the thermal stability of the
hydrides group 16 elements decreases down the group.
H 2O > H 2S > H2Se > H2Te > H2Po
 Arrange the following hydrides of Group- 16 elements in the increasing order of their
thermal stability :
H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te
H2Te < H2Se < H 2S < H 2O
 Arrange the following hydrides of Group- 16 elements in the decreasing order of their
acidic strength :
H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te
H2Te > H2Se > H 2S > H 2O
 Arrange the following hydrides of Group- 16 elements in the decreasing order of their
reducing character :
H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te
H2Te > H2Se > H 2S > H 2O
 Which of the following hydride has the largest bond angle ?
H2O, H2S, H2Se or H2Te
As the electro negativity of the central atom decreases, the repulsions between element-
hydrogen bond pairs decreases and hence the angle decreases accordingly. Thus, H 2O has
the largest bond angle (104.5˚).
 Although the H-bonding in hydrogen fluoride is much stronger than that in
water, yet water has a much higher boiling point than hydrogen. Why ?
This is because hydrogen bonding is multidimensional in water whereas in HF it is liner.
 Both O2 and F2 stabilise higher oxidation states but the ability of oxygen to
stabilise the higher oxidation state exceeds that of fluorine.
This is due to tendency of oxygen to form multiple bonds with metal atom.
 Boiling points of interhalogens are little higher as compared to pure halogens.
This is due to some amount of polarity associated with X-X’ bond in interhalogens whereas
pure halogens are non-polar.
 SCl6 is not known but SF6 is known.
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 Due to small size of flourine, six 𝐹 ions can be accommodated around sulphur whereas
chloride ion is comparatively larger in size, therefore, there will be interionic repulsion.

 The electron gain enthalpy with negative sign is less for oxygen than that for
sulphur.
This is due to smaller size of oxygen the electron cloud is distributed over a small
region of space, making electron density high which repels the incoming electrons.

 Reducing character decreases from SO 2 to TeO2.

Because the stability of +4 oxidation state increases from S to Te on moving down the group
in group 16 due to inert pair effect.

 H2O is a liquid and H2S is a gas.

Due to smaller size and high electro negativity of oxygen, molecules 0f water are associated
through hydrogen bonding, resulting in its liquid state. On the other hand, H 2S molecules
are not associated through H─bonding. Hence, it is a gas.

 H2S is more acidic than H2O.

Due to smaller size of O as compared to S, the bond dissociation enthalpy of O─H bond is
higher than that of S─H bond. As a result, in aqueous solution, S─H bond can break more
easily to from 𝐻 ion than O─H bond. Hence, H2S is more acidic than H2O.

 H2S is less acidic than H2Te.

This is because bond dissociation enthalpy oh H─Te bond is less than H─S as the size of Te
is larger than S.

 Acidic character increases from H 2O to H2Te.

The increase in acidic character form H 2O to H2Te is due to decrease in bond enthalpy for
the dissociation of H─E bond down the group.

 Why is H2S a batter reducing agent than H 2O.

Lesser the bond dissociation enthalpy lesser is the stability of the hydride and hence stronger
is the reducing agent. Since bond dissociation enthalpy of S─H bond is lesser than O─H
therefore, H2S is a stronger reducing agent than H2O.

 Oxygen is a gas but sulphur a solid.

Because of its small size, oxygen is capable of forming pπ─pπ bond and
exists as diatomic O2 molecule. The intermolecular forces in oxygen are
weak van der Waals force, due to which it is a gas at room temperature.
On the other hand, sulphur, due to its larger size prefers to form S─S
single bond and exist as octaatomic S8 molecule having puckered ring
structure. Because of larger size of force of attraction holding the S 8
molecules together are much stronger. Hence sulphur is a solid at room
temperature.

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 Allotropic form of Oxygen
Oxygen

Dioxygen [𝑂 ] Trioxygen [𝑂 ] Ozone

 Dioxygen [𝑶𝟐 ]

Formation Method:-
Lab Method

1. Thermal Decomposition of Potassium Chlorate

∆
2𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3𝑂 ↑ + 2𝐾𝐶𝑙
𝑀𝑛𝑂
Potassium
Chlorate

2. Decomposition of Heavy Metal Oxide

∆
2𝐴𝑔 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑂 + 4𝐴𝑔
Silver
Oxide
∆
2𝐻𝑔𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑂 + 2𝐻𝑔
Mercuric
Oxide

3. From Decomposition of 𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝟐
2𝐻 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐻 𝑂 + 𝑂

4. From Electrolysis of 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 → [Commercial Scale]

1
𝐻 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻 + 𝑂
2
Cathode AnodeStructure
𝜎
𝑂 = 𝑂
𝜋

Properties
I. Colourless and Odourless gas.
II. 3 Isotopes → 𝑂 , 𝑂 , 𝑂

Reaction with Metal and Non-Metal

2𝐶𝑎 + 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐶𝑎𝑂

Metal
2𝐴𝑙 + 3𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐴𝑙 𝑂

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 𝑃 + 5𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑃𝑂
Non-Metal
𝐶 + 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐶𝑂

𝐶𝐻 + 2𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐶𝑂 + 2𝐻 𝑂

𝐶 𝐻 + 3𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐶𝑂 + 2𝐻 𝑂

𝐶 = 𝐶𝑂
⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 𝐻= 𝐻 𝑂 ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ⎥
⎣ 𝑏𝑦 𝑂 ⎦

NOTE
Some compounds are catalytically oxidized.
2𝑆𝑂 + 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝑆𝑂
Sulphur Trioxide

4𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐻 𝑂 + 2𝐶𝑙 (Deacon’s process)

 Uses
1. It is used in oxy-acetylene welding.
2. Combustion of fuel.
3. 𝑂 cylinders are widely used in hospitals, high altitude flying.

NOTE:-
Oxides
Binary compound of 𝑂 is called Oxide.

1. Simple Oxide
Element which is present in only one oxidation state and combine with 𝑂 form oxide.

(a) Acidic Oxide

Dissolve in water and form acid[Non-Metal from acidic oxide]
E.g. 𝐶𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻 𝐶𝑂 , 𝑆𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻 𝑆𝑂 , 𝑆𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻 𝑆𝑂

(b) Basic Oxide

Dissolve in 𝐻 𝑂 and form base [Metal form basic oxide]
E.g. 𝑁𝑎 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 , 𝐶𝑎𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)

(c) Amphoteric Oxide

React with acid as well as a base and in both the process, salt formation take place.
E.g. Oxides of 𝐴𝑙, 𝑆𝑛, 𝑃𝑏, 𝑍𝑛

(d) Neutral Oxide

Those oxides which do not react with acid and base and not dissolve in 𝐻 𝑂
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 E.g. −𝑁𝑂, 𝑁 𝑂, 𝐶𝑂, 𝐻 𝑂

2. Mixed Oxide
Mixture of 2 different oxide [oxide may or may not be same]

𝐹𝑒 𝑂 [𝐹𝑒𝑂 + 𝐹𝑒 𝑂 ]
Magnetite Ore

Chromite Ore
𝐹𝑒𝑂 . 𝐶𝑟 𝑂 ]
Ozone [𝑶𝟑 ]

 The two 𝑂 − 𝑂 bond length in O3 are equal due to resonance.

 Ozone is an allotropic form of 𝑂
 It is formed from 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑂 in the presence of sunlight.
. .
3𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝑂

 𝑂 layer protect the earth’s surface from UV(Ultra Violet) rays.

Preparation Method
When a slow dry stream of 𝑂 is passed through a silent electrical discharge (sparkless), and
conversion of 𝑂 to 𝑂 [10%]. The product is known as ozonised 𝑂
𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
3𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝑂
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
∆𝐻 = + 142 𝐾𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Endo

Since the formation of 𝑂 from 𝑂 is an endothermic process. It is necessary to use a silent electrical
discharge in its preparation to prevent its decomposition.

Properties

1. 𝑂 is thermodynamically unstable with respect to 𝑂

2. Oxidizing Action
It act as a powerful oxidizing agent due to its nascent oxygen.

𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑂 + [𝑂]
Nascent Oxygen

(a) It change Lead Sulphide [𝑷𝒃𝑺] to Lead Sulphate [𝑷𝒃𝑺𝑶𝟒 ]

[𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑂 + [𝑂]] × 4
𝑃𝑏𝑆 + 4[𝑂] ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑃𝑏𝑆𝑂
𝟒𝑶𝟑 + 𝑷𝒃𝑺 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝟒𝑶𝟐 + 𝑷𝒃𝑺𝑶𝟒
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 (b) It convert 𝑰 to 𝑰𝟐

2𝐼 + 𝐻𝑂𝐻 + 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐼 + 2𝑂𝐻 + 𝑂

(c) It oxide 𝑵𝑶 to 𝑵𝑶𝟐

𝑁𝑂 + 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑁𝑂 + 𝑂

Experiments have shown that Nitric Oxide [𝑁𝑂] combine very rapidly with 𝑂 and there is thus the
possibility that 𝑁𝑂 emitted from the exhaust system of supersonic jet aero-plane might be slowly
depleting the concentration of the 𝑂 layer in the upper atmosphere.

 Uses
It is used up germsides, disinfectants and for sterilizing 𝐻 𝑂. It is an oxidizing agent.

 NOTE
Question: Explain why ozone is thermodynamically less stable than oxygen.
Answer: Ozone is thermodynamically unstable with respect to oxygen as its decomposition into
oxygen results in the liberation of heat (∆𝐻 𝑖𝑠 − 𝑣𝑒) and an increase in entropy (∆𝑆 𝑖𝑠 + 𝑣𝑒). These
two effects reinforce each other, resulting in large negative Gibbs energy change (∆𝐺) , for its
conversion into oxygen.
Question: How is O3 estimated quantitatively?
Answer: When O3 is treated with an excess of KI (Potassium iodide) solution buffered with a borate
buffer (pH 9.2), I2 is liberated quantitatively.

2𝐼 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻𝑂𝐻 (𝑙) + 𝑂 (𝑔) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝑂𝐻 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐼 (𝑠) + 𝑂 (𝑔)

I2 is liberated which can be titrated against a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate using starch
as an indicator.
𝑁𝑎 𝑆 𝑂
+ 𝐼 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑁𝑎 𝑆 𝑂 + 2𝑁𝑎𝐼
𝑁𝑎 𝑆 𝑂

Allotropic form of Sulphur

𝛼 − Sulphur [Rhombic Sulphur]

Sulphur 𝛽 − Sulphur [Monoclinic Sulphur]

𝛾 − Sulphur [Plastic Sulphur]

NOTE
The stable form at room temperature is Rhombic Sulphur which transform to Monoclinic Sulphur
when heated above 369 𝐾 temperature.

/∆
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑅ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑢𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑢𝑟
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(Exist at [Stable above 369 𝐾 tempertaure.]
Room temperature)

 The temperature 369 𝐾 is called Transition temperature.

 Both Rhombic and Monoclinic 𝑆 have 𝑆 molecule which are puckered and crown shaped.
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 Crown – Shaped Structure
 These 𝑆 molecule are packed to give different crystal structure.
∆
𝑹𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒄 𝑺𝒖𝒍𝒑𝒉𝒖𝒓 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑴𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒄 𝑺𝒖𝒍𝒑𝒉𝒖𝒓

NOTE

Monoclinic Sulphur Different Chain of Sulphur

NOTE
𝑺𝟐 Molecule → Paramagnetic Character [has 2electron in antibonding] (Unpaired)

Sulphur Dioxide [𝑺𝑶𝟐 ]

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Preparation Method
1. By Sulphur
𝑆+𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑆𝑂

2. Lab Method
By treating a sulphite ion with dil. 𝐻 𝑆𝑂
𝑆𝑂 (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐻 (𝑎𝑞) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻 𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂
Sulphite
Ion

Properties

1. Reaction with 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑆𝑂 dissolve in 𝐻 𝑂 form sulphurous acid.

𝐻 𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻 𝑆𝑂
Sulphurous Acid

2. Reaction with 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯

It react readily with 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 solution forming 𝑁𝑎 𝑆𝑂 which when react with more 𝑆𝑂 to
form 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝑆𝑂 .

𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
+ 𝑆𝑂 (𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑁𝑎 𝑆𝑂 + 𝐻 𝑂
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
Sodium Sulphite

𝑁𝑎 𝑆𝑂 + 𝐻 𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝑁𝑎𝐻𝑆𝑂
Sodium Hydrogen Sulphite

3. Reaction with 𝑶𝟐
𝑉𝑂
2𝑆𝑂 + 𝑂 2𝑆𝑂
⇌

4. Reaction with 𝑪𝒍𝟐

𝑆𝑂 + 𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑆𝑂 𝐶𝑙
Sulphuryl
Chloride

 Uses
i. Refining of sugar and petroleum.
ii. Bleaching of wool and silk.

Question: How is the presence of SO 2 detected?

Answer:
SO2 is a pungent smelling gas. It can be detected by the following two tests:
1. SO2 turned acidified K2Cr2O7 green due to reduction of 𝐶𝑟 𝑂 to 𝐶𝑟 ion.

𝑆𝑂 + 𝐻 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑆𝑂 + 4𝐻 + 2𝑒 ] × 3
𝐶𝑟 𝑂 + 14𝐻 + 6𝑒 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐶𝑟 + 7𝐻 𝑂
𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟐𝟕 + 𝟏𝟒𝑯 + 𝟔𝒆 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝟐𝑪𝒓𝟑 + 𝟑𝑺𝑶𝟐𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶

ASHISH TYAGI Page 12

 Orange green

I. SO2 turns the pink violet colour of KMnO4 colourless due to reduction of 𝑀𝑛𝑂 to 𝑀𝑛
ions.
𝑆𝑂 + 2𝐻 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑆𝑂 + 4𝐻 + 2𝑒 ] × 5
𝑀𝑛𝑂 + 8𝐻 + 5𝑒 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑀𝑛 + 4𝐻 𝑂 ] × 2
𝟐𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒 + 𝟓𝑺𝑶𝟐 + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝟐𝑴𝒏𝟐 + 𝟓𝑺𝑶𝟐𝟒 + 𝟒𝑯
Pink Violet Colourless

Oxy Acid of Sulphur

1. 𝐻 𝑆𝑂 → Sulphurous Acid
2. 𝐻 𝑆𝑂 → Sulphuric Acid
3. 𝐻 𝑆𝑂 → Peroxosulphuric Acid/Caros Acid
4. 𝐻 𝑆 𝑂 → Peroxodisulphuric Acid/Marshall’s Acid
5. 𝐻 𝑆 𝑂 → Pyrosulphuric Acid (Olium)

1. 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟑 → Sulphurous Acid

𝐻 𝑆𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑆𝑂
𝑛 =6+6×3+2
= =3+2 = = 3 + 1 = 𝟒𝒔𝒑𝟑

2. 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 → Sulphuric Acid

3. 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟓 → Peroxosulphuric Acid

ASHISH TYAGI Page 13

 4. 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝟐 𝑶𝟖 → Peroxodisulphuric Acid

5. 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝟐 𝑶𝟕 → Pyrosulphuric Acid

Sulphuric Acid [𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ]

Formation Method

Contact Process
[Process 98% 𝐻 𝑆𝑂 Pure] 𝐻 𝑆𝑂 is manufactured by this process which involves following steps:

Step.1. Burning of 𝑆 to form 𝑆𝑂 and this 𝑆𝑂 produced is purified by removing dust and
other impurities such as arsenic compounds
𝑆 + 8𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 8𝑆𝑂

Step.2. 𝑆𝑂 converted to 𝑆𝑂 when 𝑆𝑂 react with 𝑂 in presence of 𝑉 𝑂 at 720 𝐾.

𝑉𝑂
⇌
2𝑆𝑂 + 𝑂 2𝑆𝑂 1. Temperature ↓
720 𝐾
2 𝑏𝑎𝑟
3 Moles 2 Moles 2. Pressure ↑
3. Concentration of
reactant increase

ASHISH TYAGI Page 14

 Step.3. 𝑆𝑂 so formed is absorbed in 𝐻 𝑆𝑂 to form Oleum.

𝑆𝑂 + 𝐻 𝑆𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻 𝑆 𝑂
Oleum

Step.4. Dilution of 𝐻 𝑆 𝑂 with 𝐻 𝑂 gives 𝐻 𝑆𝑂

𝐻 𝑆 𝑂 + 𝐻 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐻 𝑆𝑂

 The 𝐻 𝑆𝑂 obtained by this process is 96 − 98% pure.

Properties
It dissolves in 𝐻 𝑂 producing a large amount of heat. Hence, it should be slowly added to 𝐻 𝑂 [and
never add 𝐻 𝑂 in acid]

Chemical Properties
Chemical properties of 𝐻 𝑆𝑂 are due to its
1. Low Volatile Nature
2. Strong Acidic Character
3. Strong Affinity for Water
4. Strong Oxidizing Agent

 Acidic Character
It ionizes in 2 steps:
i. 𝐻 𝑆𝑂 + 𝐻 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻 𝑂 + 𝐻𝑆𝑂
𝐾𝑎 = 100

ii. 𝐻𝑆𝑂 + 𝐻 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻 𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂

𝐾𝑎 = 1.2 × 10

⇒ After the removal of one proton the electrostatics force of attraction work and second proton not
released easily.

 It is used to prepare more Volatile Acid

𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂 + 𝐻 𝐻𝑆𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻𝑁𝑂 + 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝑆𝑂
More
Volatile Acid

𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻 𝐻𝑆𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝑆𝑂

 Dehydrating Agent
Charring Agtion
𝐶 𝐻 𝑂 + 𝐻 𝑆𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 11𝐻 𝑂 + 12𝐶
Sucrose

Oxidizing Agent
It is a strong oxidizing agent due to liberation of nascent oxygen.
𝐻 𝑆𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻 𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂 + [𝑂]

1. It convert 𝑪 to 𝑪𝑶𝟐

ASHISH TYAGI Page 15

 𝐻 𝑆𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻 𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂 + [𝑂] × 2
𝐶 + 2[𝑂] ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐶𝑂
𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑪 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟐 + 𝑪𝑶𝟐

2. Reaction with 𝑪𝒖 [Convert 𝐶𝑢 to 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂 ]

𝐻 𝑆𝑂
𝐶𝑢 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂 + 2𝐻 𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂
𝐻 𝑆𝑂

 Uses
1. In lead storage batteries.
2. In detergent industries.
GROUP 17th Elements
 Halogen
 Halo → Sea Salt
 Gens → Producing

9 → [𝐻𝑒] 2𝑠 2𝑝
17 → [𝑁𝑒] 3𝑠 3𝑝 3𝑑
35 → [𝐴𝑟] 4𝑠 3𝑑 4𝑝
53 → [𝐾𝑟] 5𝑠 4𝑑 5𝑝
85 → [𝑋𝑒] 6𝑠 4𝑓 5𝑑 6𝑝
[Radioactive]

 Physical Properties
1. Atomic Radii
Halogens are the smallest atom of their period. Down the group, atomic radii increase.
𝐹 < 𝐶𝑙 < 𝐵𝑟 < 𝐼

2. Ionization Enthalpy
Due to small size and high zeff. 1st 𝐼 𝐻 of halogen are quiet high. Down the group, due to increase in
size 𝐼 𝐻 decreases.
𝐼 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 + 𝐼
Iodonium Ion
3. Oxidation State → −1, +1, +3, +5, +7

9 → [𝐻𝑒] 2𝑠 2𝑝

Ground State
𝐹 can exhibit only −1 oxidation state because it’s a most electro – 𝑣𝑒 element and it does not have
𝑑 −orbital.
17 → [𝑁𝑒] 3𝑠 3𝑝 3𝑑
Ground State (-1, +1)

1st Excited State (+3)

2nd Excited State (+5)

ASHISH TYAGI Page 16

 3rd Excited State (+7)

4. Electro negativity
Halogens are the most electronegative element of their period. Down the group E.N. decrease.
𝐹 > 𝐶𝑙 > 𝐵𝑟 > 𝐼
Highest E.n

5. Physical State and Colour

𝐹 = 𝑔𝑎𝑠 → 𝑌𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐺𝑎𝑠
𝐶𝑙 = 𝑔𝑎𝑠 → 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑌𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝐵𝑟 = 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 → 𝑂𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝐼 = 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 → 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘
All halogens are colored. This is due to the absorption of radiation in visible region which result in
the excitation of outer electron to higher energy level while remaining light is transmitted and the
colour of the halogen is the colour of the transmitted light.

6. Boling Point
𝐵. 𝑃. ∝ 𝑉. 𝑉 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ∝ 𝑀. 𝑤. 𝑡
𝐹 < 𝐶𝑙 < 𝐵𝑟 < 𝐼

7. Electron Gain Enthalpy Negative ∆ ℎ ↓ down the gropu

𝐶𝑙 > 𝐹 > 𝐵𝑟 > 𝐼
𝑋(𝑔) + 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑋 (𝑔)
∆ 𝐻 = 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
 Due to small size and high electron density of 9 , the extra electron can’t enter into 9 so, we
have to provide some energy, so released amount of energy decrease. So ∆ 𝐻 of 17 is more
than 9 .

8. Bond Dissociation Enthalpy

𝑋 (𝑔) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝑋(𝑔)

∆ 𝐻 = 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

𝐵. 𝐸 ∝

𝐶𝑙 > 𝐵𝑟 > 𝐹 > 𝐼 [×]

𝐶𝑙 > 𝐵𝑟 > 𝐹 > 𝐼 [√]

ASHISH TYAGI Page 17

 Due to small size 𝑙. 𝑝. −𝑙. 𝑝. repulsion takes place

9. Reactivity
Halogens are highly reactive non metal
𝐹 > 𝐶𝑙 > 𝐵𝑟 > 𝐼

 Due to high ∆ 𝐻
 Low ∆ 𝐻

10. Oxidizing Agent

Although ∆ 𝐻 of 9 is less negative as compared to 17 . But 9 is a strongest oxidizing agent than
17 . It is due to:

i. Low enthalpy of dissociation of 𝐹 − 𝐹 bond

ii. High ∆ 𝐻 of 𝐹

1
𝑋 (𝑔) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑋 (𝑔) ∆ 𝐻
2
𝑋 (𝑔) + 𝑒 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑋 (𝑔) ∆ 𝐻ѳ
𝑋 + (𝑎𝑞) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑋 (𝑎𝑞) ∆ 𝐻ѳ
𝟏
𝑿 (𝒈) + 𝒆 ⎯⎯ 𝑿 (𝒂𝒒) 𝑬𝟎 𝒓𝒆𝒅
𝟐 𝟐

11. Reaction with 𝑯𝟐 From H-Halides

𝐻 + 𝐹 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐻𝐹
. .
𝐻 + 𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐻𝐹
∆
𝐻 + 𝐵𝑟 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐻𝐹
℃
𝐻 + 𝐼 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐻𝐹

𝐹 > 𝐶𝑙 > 𝐵𝑟 > 𝐼

Chlorine [𝑪𝒍𝟐 ]
 Formation Method

1. From 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟐 and concentration 𝑯𝑪𝒍

𝑀𝑛𝑂 + 4𝐻𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐻 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑛𝐶𝑙 + 𝐶𝑙 ↑

2. Deacon’s Process
𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑙
4𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐻 𝑂 + 2𝐶𝑙
723 𝐾

By the oxidation of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 with 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑂 , in the presence of 𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑙 at 723 𝐾

ASHISH TYAGI Page 18
  Properties
𝐶𝑙 ⇒ Greenish Yellow Gas

1. Reaction with 𝑵𝑯𝟑

o When 𝑵𝑯𝟑 is in excess

2𝑁𝐻 (𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠) + 3𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 6𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁 ↑

6𝑁𝐻 + 6𝐻𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 6𝑁𝐻 𝐶𝑙
Ammonium Chloride
𝟖𝑵𝑯𝟑 (𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔) + 𝟑𝑪𝒍𝟐 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝟔𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑪𝒍 + 𝑵𝟐

o When 𝑪𝒍𝟐 is in excess

𝑁𝐻 + 3𝐶𝑙 (𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝐶𝑙

N. Trichloride (Explosive)

2. Reaction with Alkali [𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯]

i. Reaction with dilute and Cold 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
ii. Reaction with concentration and Hot 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

i. 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 (𝑑𝑖𝑙) + 𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙𝑂 + 𝐻 𝑂

Sodium
Hypochlorite

ii. 6𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. ) + 3𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙𝑂 + 3𝐻 𝑂

Sodium
Chlorate
3. Reaction with Dry Slaked Lime

4. Bleaching Action

𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 + [𝑂]

[𝑂] + 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑟 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠

This is a powerful bleaching agent bleaching action is due to oxidation.

5. Reaction with Metal and Non-Metal

2𝐴𝑙 + 3𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙

2𝑁𝑎 + 𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

ASHISH TYAGI Page 19

 2𝐹𝑒 + 3𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙

𝑃 + 6𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4𝑃𝐶𝑙

𝐻 + 𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑆 + 4𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4𝑠 𝐶𝑙
(Dimmer of sulphur monochloride)
𝐻 𝑆 + 𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑆
 Uses
It forms poisonous gas like phosgene [𝐶𝑂𝐶𝑙 ] , tear gas (𝐶𝐶𝑙 𝑁𝑂 ), Mustard Gas ,

Hydrogen Chloride [𝑯𝑪𝒍]

 Lab Method
It is prepared by heating 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 with concentration 𝐻 𝑆𝑂

𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻 𝐻𝑆𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝑆𝑂 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙

𝑁𝑎𝐻𝑆𝑂 + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎 𝑆𝑂

𝐻𝐶𝑙 gas can be dried by passing through concentration 𝐻 𝑆𝑂

 Properties
1. It ionize in aqueous solution.
𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻 𝑂
𝐾𝑎 = 10

 Its aqueous solution is called Hydrochloric. High value of 𝐾𝑎 indicated that it is a strong acid.

2. Reaction with 𝑵𝑯𝟑

𝑁𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑁𝐻 𝐶𝑙 [Fumes]
Ammonium Chloride
3. Reaction with Salt
𝑁𝑎 𝐶𝑂 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂
Sodium
Carbonate

𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂

Sodium
Bicarbonate

𝑁𝑎 𝑆𝑂 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻 𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂

Sodium
Sulphate
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  Uses
i. Manufacture of 𝑁𝐻 𝐶𝑙.
ii. For extracting glue from bones and purifying bone black
Ques.7.18.
When 𝑯𝑪𝒍 react with finely powered Iron, it form Ferrous Chloride and not 𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟑 why?

Solution It reacts with 𝐹𝑒 to produce 𝐻

𝐹𝑒 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻
Liberation of 𝐻 prevent the formation of 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙

Oxoacids of Halogen

𝑂−𝐻

 In Oxy-Acids, the central atom present always show positive oxidation state.
 Due to high electronegativity and absence of 𝑑 −orbital F only form one oxo acid (HOF)
𝐹 + 𝐼𝑐𝑒 (𝐻𝑂𝐻) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐻𝑂𝐹 + 𝐻𝐹

𝐻𝐹 + 𝑂
 Structure
i. 𝐻𝑂𝐶𝑙 → Hypochlorus Acid
ii. 𝐻𝑂𝐶𝑙𝑂 → Chlorus Acid
iii. 𝐻𝑂𝐶𝑙𝑂 → Chloric Acid
iv. 𝐻𝑂𝐶𝑙𝑂 → Perchloric Acid

Interhalogen Compound
When 2 different halogen react with each other, Interhalogen compounds are formed. They can be
assigned general composition as ⇒

𝑋𝑋 , 𝑋𝑋 , 𝑋𝑋 , 𝑋𝑋 where,

𝑋 → Halogen of Larger Size

𝑋′ → Halogen of Smaller Size and 𝑋 is more electro Positive than 𝑋′

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  Preparation Method
The interhalogen compound can be prepared by the direct combination under some specific
condition.

𝐹 + 𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐶𝑙 𝐹

Equal Volume

𝐶𝑙 + 3𝐹 (𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐶𝑙 𝐹

𝐼 + 𝐶𝑙 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐼𝐶𝑙

Equimolar
𝐼 + 3𝐶𝑙 (𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐼𝐶𝑙

𝐵𝑟 + 3𝐹 (𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠) ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝐵𝑟𝐹

𝐵𝑟 + 5𝐹 (𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 𝐵𝑟

GROUP 18th Elements

[Noble Gas Family]
2 2 → 1𝑠
8 10 → [𝐻𝑒] 2𝑠 2𝑝
8 18 → [𝑁𝑒] 3𝑠 3𝑝 3𝑑
18 36 → [𝐴𝑟] 4𝑠 3𝑑 4𝑝
54 → [𝐾𝑟] 5𝑠 4𝑑 5𝑝
32 86 → [𝑋𝑒] 6𝑠 4𝑓 5𝑑 6𝑝
118 → [𝑅𝑛] 7𝑠 5𝑓 6𝑑 7𝑝
(Yuri Oganesson)
 All these element are present in air. So, these are called airogens.

Electronic Configuration
[Noble Gas] 𝑛𝑠 𝑛𝑝

MORE STABLE

 Noble gas exists as monoatomic molecule.

 Low reactivity.
Physical Properties

1. Atomic Radii
Increase down the group.
→ Atomic radii of noble gas is higher than halogens due to Vandervall force.

2. Ionization Enthalpy
Exceptionally high [1st I.E.] due to stable E.C.

3. Melting and Boiling Point

They have very low melting and boiling point because the only weak type of inter atomic interaction
in these element is weak dispersion forces [𝐻𝑒 has the lowest 𝑏. 𝑝. ⇒ 4.2 𝐾 of any known substance]
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Chemical Properties
In general, noble gas are least reactive. Their inertness to chemical reactivity is attributed to the
following reasons:
(i) The noble gases except helium (1s2) have completely filled ns2 np6 electronic
configuration in their valence shell.
(ii) They have high ionisation enthalpy and more positive electron gain enthalpy.

 In March 1962, Neil Bartlett observed that PtF6 reacts with O2 to yield an ionic acid 𝑂 𝑃𝑡𝐹
𝑂 (𝑔) + 𝑃𝑡𝐹 (𝑔) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑂 [𝑃𝑡𝐹 ]

Here, O2 gets oxidised to 𝑂 by PtF6

Since the first ionisation enthalpy of 𝑋𝑒(1170 𝑘𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ) is fairly close to that of O2 molecules
(1175 𝑘𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ) , Bartlett thought that PtF6 should also oxidise 𝑋𝑒 to 𝑋𝑒 . This inspired
Bartlett to carry out the reaction between Xe and PtF6. When Xe and PtF6 were mixed, a
rapid reaction occurred and a red solid with the formula, 𝑋𝑒 [𝑃𝑡𝐹 ] was obtained.

𝑋𝑒 + 𝑃𝑡𝐹 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑋𝑒 [𝑃𝑡𝐹 ]

After this discovery, a number of Xenon compounds mainly with most electronegativity
elements like F and O have been synthesised.

Xenon-Fluoride Compounds
Xenon form 3 binary fluoride: 𝑋𝑒𝐹 , 𝑋𝑒𝐹 , 𝑋𝑒𝐹 by the direct reaction of element under
appropriate experimental condition.

673 𝐾
𝑋𝑒 + 𝐹 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑋𝑒𝐹
1 𝑏𝑎𝑟
873 𝐾
𝑋𝑒 + 2𝐹 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑋𝑒𝐹
7 𝑏𝑎𝑟

573 𝐾
𝑋𝑒 + 3𝐹 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑋𝑒𝐹
60 − 70 𝑏𝑎𝑟

 𝑋𝑒𝐹 can also be prepared by the interaction of 𝑋𝑒𝐹 and 𝑂 𝐹 at 143 𝐾

𝑋𝑒𝐹 + 𝑂 𝐹 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑋𝑒𝐹 + 𝑂
Dioxygen
Difluoride

 Hydrolysis of 𝑿𝒆𝑭𝟐

2𝑋𝑒𝐹 + 2𝐻 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4𝐻𝐹 + 𝑂 + 2𝑋𝑒

 Hydrolysis of 𝑿𝒆𝑭𝟒 and 𝑿𝒆𝑭𝟔

6XeF4 + 12 H2O → 4Xe + 2Xe03 + 24 HF + 3O2

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 XeF6 + 3H2O → XeO3 + 6 HF

 Partially hydrolysis of 𝑋𝑒𝐹 gives Oxy fluoride.

[𝑋𝑒𝑂𝐹 + 𝑋𝑒 𝑂 𝐹 ]

𝑋𝑒𝐹 + 𝐻 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑋𝑒𝑂𝐹 + 2𝐻𝐹

Xenon
Oxy tetra fluoride

𝑋𝑒𝐹 + 2𝐻 𝑂 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑋𝑒𝑂 𝐹 + 4𝐻𝐹

Xenon
Dioxy difluoride

Note :-

Xenon fluorides react with fluoride ion acceptors to from cationic species and fluoride ion donors to
form fluoroanions.

𝑋𝑒𝐹 + 𝑃𝐹 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ [𝑋𝑒𝐹] + [𝑃𝐹 ]

𝑋𝑒𝐹 + 𝑆𝑏𝐹 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ [𝑋𝑒𝐹 ] + [𝑆𝑏𝐹 ]

𝑋𝑒𝐹 + 𝑀𝐹 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑀 [𝑋𝑒𝐹 ]

(M = Na, K, Rb or Cs)

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