UNIT 5

Equations and MODULE

MODULE 11
11
Equations and

Inequalities Relationships
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.5, 6.EE.6,
6.EE.7

MODULE
MODULE 12
12
Relationships in
Two Variables
COMMON
CORE 6.NS.6, 6.NS.6b,
6.EE.9
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: Andy Sotiriou/Photodisc/Getty Images

CAREERS IN MATH
Botanist A botanist is a biologist who
studies plants. Botanists use math to analyze
data and create models of biological organisms
and systems. They use these models to
make predictions. They also use statistics to
determine correlations. If you are interested
in a career in botany, you should study these
mathematical subjects:
• Algebra
• Trigonometry
Unit 5 Performance Task • Probability and Statistics
At the end of the unit, check • Calculus
out how botanists use
Research other careers that require the analysis
math.
of data and use of mathematical models.

Unit 5 291
 UNIT 5

Vocabulary Preview
Use the puzzle to preview key vocabulary from this unit. Unscramble
the circled letters within found words to answer the riddle at the
bottom of the page.

T O Y H S D F P P O T H T J J
N E S S V L E B C N R V N N F
E K O P X U C D A A N I U P N
D O F J S F P R Y O Q H G C I
N F P Z O E D U I N V Z W I C
E B N U A A T T Z O Q C C J N
P S O X U F U A D C P Z H L P
E D X Q X L D L N V J S A V K
D E P Z O M E A Q I O Q X W B
N O W S S H Z W T Y D Q E B T
I R U T L O O P R S S R S J A
Z H X R H O P L Y C U X O Q C
U B X F U B Y H J F K P U O E
S B F Q O E K Y K P H C S N C
L F W W Z T V F O P U H U U B

• A word that describes a variable that depends on another variable. (Lesson 12.2)
• A value of the variable that makes the equation true. (Lesson 11.1)
• The numbers in an ordered pair. (Lesson 12.1)
• The point where the axes intersect to form the coordinate plane. (Lesson 12.1)

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

• One of the four regions into which the x- and y-axes divide the coordinate plane.
(Lesson 12.1)
• The two number lines that intersect at right angles to form a coordinate plane.
(Lesson 12.1)

Q: Why did the paper rip when the student tried to stretch
out the horizontal axis of his graph?

A: Too much – !

292 Vocabulary Preview

 Equations and
11
MODULE

Relationships
?
LESSON 11.1
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Writing Equations to
How can you use equations Represent Situations
and relationships to solve COMMON
CORE 6.EE.5, 6.EE.6,
real-world problems? 6.EE.7

LESSON 11.2
Addition and
Subtraction
Equations
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.5, 6.EE.6,
6.EE.7

LESSON 11.3
Writing Equations
from Tables
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.5, 6.EE.6,
6.EE.7

LESSON 11.4
Writing Inequalities
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: JoeFox/Alamy

COMMON
CORE 6.EE.5, 6.EE.6,
6.EE.8

Real-World Video
Suppose a world weightlifting record is w pounds.
To find how many more pounds m must be lifted
to set a new record of n pounds, you can use the
my.hrw.com equation n = w + m.

my.hrw.com my.hrw.com Math On the Spot Animated Math Personal Math Trainer
Go digital with your Scan with your smart Interactively explore Get immediate
write-in student phone to jump directly key concepts to see feedback and help as
edition, accessible on to the online edition, how math works. you work through
any device. video tutor, and more. practice sets.

293
 Are YOU Ready?
Complete these exercises to review skills you will need Personal
for this module. Math Trainer
Online
Assessment and
Evaluate Expressions my.hrw.com Intervention

EXAMPLE Evaluate 8(3+2) - 52

8(3+2) - 52 = 8(5) - 52 Perform operations inside parentheses first.
= 8(5) - 25 Evaluate exponents.
= 40 - 25 Multiply.
= 15 Subtract.

Evaluate the expression.

1. 4(5 + 6) - 15 2. 8(2 + 4) + 16

3. 3(14 - 7) - 16 4. 6(8 - 3) + 3(7 - 4)

5. 10(6 - 5) - 3(9 - 6) 6. 7(4 + 5 + 2) - 6(3 + 5)

7. 2(8 + 3) + 42 8. 7(14 - 8) - 62

9. 8(2 +1)2 - 42

Connect Words and Equations

EXAMPLE The product of a number and 4 is 32.
The product of x and 4 is 32. Represent the unknown with a variable.
4 × x is 32. Determine the operation.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

4 × x = 32. Determine the placement of the equal sign.

Write an algebraic equation for the word sentence.

10. A number increased by 11. 17 is the sum of a number

7.9 is 8.3. and 6.

12. The quotient of a number 13. 81 is three times a number.

and 8 is 4.

14. The difference between 31 and a 15. Eight less than a number is 19.

number is 7.

294 Unit 5
 Reading Start-Up Vocabulary
Review Words
Visualize Vocabulary ✔ algebraic expression
(expresión algebraica)
Use the ✔ words to complete the graphic. ✔ coefficient (coeficiente)
✔ constant (constante)
4 x
equivalent expression
(expresión equivalente)
evaluating (evaluar)
like terms (términos
semejantes)
4x + 5 ✔ term (término, en una
expresión)
✔ variable (variable)

Preview Words
5 4x and 5 equation (ecuación)
properties of operations
(propiedades de las
operaciones)
Understand Vocabulary solution (solución)

Match the term on the left to the correct expression on the right.
1. algebraic expression A. A mathematical statement that two
expressions are equal.
2. equation B. A value of the variable that makes the
statement true.
3. solution C. A mathematical statement that
includes one or more variables.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Active Reading
Booklet Before beginning the module, create
a booklet to help you learn the concepts in this
module. Write the main idea of each lesson on
each page of the booklet. As you study each
lesson, write important details that support the
main idea, such as vocabulary and formulas.
Refer to your finished booklet as you work on
assignments and study for tests.

Module 11 295
 MODULE 11

Unpacking the Standards

Understanding the standards and the vocabulary terms in the
standards will help you know exactly what you are expected to
learn in this module.

COMMON
CORE 6.EE.7
Solve real-world and
What It Means to You
mathematical problems by You will learn to write an equation
writing and solving equations of to represent a situation.
the form x + p = q and px = q
UNPACKING
for cases in which p, q and x are
EXAMPLE 6.EE.7
all nonnegative rational numbers.
The Falcons won their football
Key Vocabulary game with a score of 30 to 19. Kevin scored 12 points for the
equation (ecuación) Falcons. Write an equation to determine how many points Kevin’s
A mathematical sentence that teammates scored.
shows that two expressions are
equivalent.
Kevin’s + Teammates’ = Total
points points points

12 + t = 30

COMMON
CORE 6.EE.5
Understand solving an equation What It Means to You

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: Robert

or inequality as a process of You can substitute a given value for the variable in an equation or
answering a question: which inequality to check if that value makes the equation or inequality true.
values from a specified set,
if any, make the equation or UNPACKING EXAMPLE 6.EE.5
inequality true? Use substitution Melanie has to buy 6 tickets to a play. She will pay at least $156
to determine whether a given depending on the price of the seats. Write an inequality for this

Llewellyn/Corbis Super RF/Alamy Limited

number in a specified set makes situation. Use it to decide if $20 and $30 are possible ticket prices.
an equation or inequality true.
Number of · Price per ≥ Total
Key Vocabulary tickets bought ticket cost
inequality (desigualdad)
6 · p ≥ 156
A mathematical sentence that
shows the relationship between Substitute 20 and 30 for p to see if the inequality is true.
quantities that are not equal.
6p ≥ 156 6p ≥ 156
? ?
Visit my.hrw.com 6 · 20 ≥ 156 6 · 30 ≥ 156
to see all the
Common Core ? ?
120 ≥ 156 ✗ 180 ≥ 156 ✓
Standards
unpacked. The price per ticket could be $30 but not $20.
my.hrw.com

296 Unit 5
 LESSON
Writing Equations to COMMON
CORE 6.EE.7

11.1 Represent Situations

Solve...problems by writing...
equations of the form
x + p = q and px = q.... Also
6.EE.5, 6.EE.6

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you write equations and determine whether
a number is a solution of an equation?

Determining Whether Values

Are Solutions
An equation is a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal.
An equation may or may not contain variables. For an equation that has Math On the Spot
a variable, a solution of the equation is a value of the variable that makes my.hrw.com
the equation true.
An equation represents a
An expression represents relationship between two
a single value. values.

Expression Equation
Numerical 5+4 5+4=9
An equation relates
Words a number plus 4 a number plus 4 is 9. two expressions using
Algebraic n+4 n+4=9 symbols for is or equals.

EXAMPL 1
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.5

Determine whether the given value is a solution of the equation.

A x + 9 = 15; x = 6
?
6 + 9 = 15 Substitute 6 for x.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

?
15 = 15 Add.

6 is a solution of x + 9 = 15.
y
B __4 = 32; y = 8
8 ?
_
4
= 32 Substitute 8 for y.
?
2 = 32 Divide.
y
8 is not a solution of the equation _4 = 32. Math Talk
Mathematical Practices
C 8x = 72; x = 9 How would you state each
equation in the Example
? in words?
8(9) = 72 Substitute 9 for x.
?
72 = 72 Multiply.

9 is a solution of 8x = 72.

Lesson 11.1 297

 YOUR TURN
Determine whether the given value is a solution of the equation.
Personal
Math Trainer 1. 11 = n + 6; n = 5 2. y - 6 = 24; y = 18
Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com
3. _9x = 4; x = 36 4. 15t = 100; t = 6

Writing Equations to
Represent Situations
You can represent some real-world situations with an equation. Making
Math On the Spot a model first can help you organize the information.
my.hrw.com

EXAMPLE 2 COMMON
CORE 6.EE.6

Mark scored 17 points for the home team in a

basketball game. His teammates as a group
scored p points. Write an equation to represent
this situation. /64, 7,906+ .<,:;
Mark’s Teammates’ Total
+ =
points points points

17 + p = 46

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

YOUR TURN
Write an equation to represent each situation.
5. Marilyn has a fish tank that 6. Juanita has 102 beads to make
contains 38 fish. There are 9 n necklaces. Each necklace will
goldfish and f other fish. have 17 beads.

7. Craig is c years old. His 8. Kim rented skates for h hours.

12-year-old sister Kaitlin is The rental fee was $2 per hour
Personal
Math Trainer 3 years younger than Craig. and she paid a total of $8.
Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

298 Unit 5
 Writing an Equation and
Checking Solutions
You can substitute a given value for the variable in a real-world equation to
check if that value makes sense for the situation. Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com

EXAMPL 3
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.7

Sarah used a gift card to buy $47 worth of groceries. Now she has $18 left
on her gift card. Write an equation to represent this situation. Use your
equation to determine whether Sarah had $65 or $59 on the gift card
before buying groceries.

STEP 1 Write a word equation based on the situation. Animated

Math
Amount Amount Amount left my.hrw.com
- =
on card spent on card

STEP 2 Rewrite the equation using a variable for the unknown

quantity and the given values for the known quantities.

Let x be the amount on the card.

Amount Amount Amount left The amount spent and
- = the amount left on the
on card spent on card
card are the known
x - 47 = 18 quantities. Substitute
those values in the
STEP 3 Substitute 65 and 59 for x to see which equation is true. equation.
x - 47 = 18 x - 47 = 18
? ?
65 - 47 = 18 59 - 47 = 18
? ?
18 = 18 12 = 18
The amount on Sarah’s gift card before she bought groceries was $65.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Reflect
9. What If? Suppose Sarah has $12 left on her gift card. How would this
change the equation and the final answer?

YOUR TURN
10. On Saturday morning, Owen earned $24. By the end of the afternoon Personal
he had earned a total of $62. Write an equation represent the situation. Math Trainer
Determine whether Owen earned $38 or $31 on Saturday afternoon. Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Lesson 11.1 299

Guided Practice
Determine whether the given value is a solution of the equation. (Example 1)
n
1. 23 = x - 9; x = 14 2. __
13
= 4; n = 52
?
23 = -9
?
_____ = 4
13
?
23 = ?
=4

3. 14 + x = 46; x = 32 4. 17y = 85; y = 5

5. 25 = _5k ; k = 5 6. 2.5n = 45; n = 18

7. 21 = m + 9; m = 11 8. 21 - h = 15; h = 6

9. d - 4 = 19; d = 15 10. 5 + x = 47; x = 52

11. w - 9 = 0; w = 9 12. 5q = 31; q = 13

13. Each floor of a hotel has r rooms. On 8 floors, there are a total of
256 rooms. Write an equation to represent this situation. (Example 2)

Number Number of rooms

× =

14. In the school band, there are 5 trumpet players and f flute players. There
are twice as many flute players as there are trumpet players. (Example 2)

15. Pedro bought 8 tickets to a basketball game. He paid a total of $208. Write
an equation to determine whether each ticket cost $26 or $28. (Example 3)

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

16. The high temperature was 92 °F. This was 24 °F higher than the overnight
low temperature. Write an equation to determine whether the low
temperature was 62 °F or 68 °F. (Example 3)

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

17. Tell how you can determine whether a number is a solution of an

equation.

300 Unit 5
 Name Class Date

Personal
11.1 Independent Practice Math Trainer

COMMON
Online
CORE 6.EE.5, 6.EE.6, 6.EE.7 Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

18. Andy is one-fourth as old as his 23. Multistep Alan has partially completed a
grandfather, who is 76 years old. Write an table showing the distances between his
equation to determine whether Andy is 19 town, Greenville, and two other towns.
or 22 years old.
Distance between Greenville and
Nearby Towns (miles)
Parker 29
19. A sleeping bag weighs 8 pounds. Your
backpack and sleeping bag together Hadley ?
weigh 31 pounds. Write an equation to
a. The distance between Hadley and
determine whether the backpack without
Greenville is 13 miles less than
the sleeping bag weighs 25 or 23 pounds.
the distance between Parker and
Greenville. Write two equations that
compare the distance between Hadley
20. Halfway through a bus route, 23 students and Greenville and the distance
have been dropped off and 48 students between Parker and Greenville. Tell
remain on the bus. Write an equation to what your variable represents.
determine whether there are 61 or 71
students on the bus at the beginning of
the route.

21. Write an equation that involves

b. Alan says the distance from Hadley to
multiplication, contains a variable, and
Greenville is 16 miles. Is he correct?
has a solution of 5. Then write another
Explain.
equation that has the same solution and
includes the same variable and numbers
but uses division.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

24. Explain the Error A problem states that

Ursula earns $9 per hour. To write an
expression that tells how much money
22. Vocabulary How are expressions and
Ursula earns for h hours, Joshua wrote _h9 .
equations different?
Sarah wrote 9h. Whose expression is
correct and why?

Lesson 11.1 301

25. Communicate Mathematical Ideas A dog weighs 44 pounds and
the veterinarian thinks it needs to lose 7 pounds. Mikala wrote the
equation x + 7 = 44 to represent the situation. Kirk wrote the equation
44 - x = 7. Which equation is correct? Can you write another equation
that represents the situation?

26. Multiple Representations The table

Dad’s Age Cindy’s Age
shows the ages of Cindy and her dad.
28 years old 2 years old
a. Write an equation that relates
36 years old 10 years old
Cindy’s age to her dad’s age when
Cindy is 18. Tell what the variable ? 18 years old
represents.

b. Determine if 42 is a solution to the equation. Show your work.

c. Explain the meaning of your answer in part b.

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

27. Critical Thinking In the school band, there are 4 trumpet players and
f flute players. The total number of trumpet and flute players is 12. Are
there twice as many flute players as trumpet players? Explain.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

28. Problem Solving Ronald paid $162 for 6 tickets to a basketball game.
During the game he noticed that his friend paid $130 for 5 tickets. The
price of each ticket was $26. Was Ronald overcharged? Explain.

29. Communicate Mathematical Ideas Tariq said you can write an equation
by setting an expression equal to itself. Would an equation like this be
true? Explain.

302 Unit 5
 LESSON
Addition and COMMON
CORE 6.EE.7

11.2 Subtraction Equations

Solve real-world and
mathematical problems by
writing and solving equations
of the form x + p = q… .
Also 6.EE.5, 6.EE.6

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you solve equations that contain addition
or subtraction?

COMMON
6.EE.6, 6.EE.7
EXPLORE ACTIVITY CORE

Modeling Equations
A puppy weighed 6 ounces at birth. After two weeks, the puppy
weighed 14 ounces. How much weight did the puppy gain?

Let x represent the number of ounces gained.

Weight at Weight Weight after

+ =
birth gained 2 weeks

6 + x = 14
To answer this question, you can solve the equation 6 + x = 14.

Algebra tiles can model some equations. An equation mat represents the two
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Petra Wegner /

sides of an equation. To solve the equation, remove the same number of tiles
from both sides of the mat until the x tile is by itself on one side.

A Model 6 + x = 14.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B How many 1 tiles must you remove on the left x
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
side so that the x tile is by itself?
Cross out these tiles on the equation mat. 6+ x 14
C Whenever you remove tiles from one side of the mat, you must remove
the same number of tiles from the other side of the mat. Cross out the
tiles that should be removed on the right side of the mat.
D How many tiles remain on the right side of the mat? Math Talk
Mathematical Practices
This is the solution of the equation.
Why did you remove tiles
The puppy gained ounces. from each side of your
Alamy

model?

Reflect
1. Communicate Mathematical Ideas How do you know when the
model shows the final solution? How do you read the solution?

Lesson 11.2 303

 Using Subtraction to Solve Equations
Removing the same number of tiles from each side of an equation mat models
subtracting the same number from both sides of an equation.

Math On the Spot

Subtraction Property of Equality
my.hrw.com

You can subtract the same number from both sides of an equation,
and the two sides will remain equal.

When an equation contains addition, solve by subtracting the same number

from both sides.

EXAMPLE 1 COMMON
CORE 6.EE.5

Solve the equation a + 15 = 26. Graph the solution on a number line.

a + 15 = 26 Notice that the number 15 is added to a.

a + 15 = 26
- 15 -15
___ Subtract 15 from both sides of the equation.
a = 11

Check: a + 15 = 26
? Substitute 11 for a.
11 + 15 = 26
? Add on the left side.
26 = 26

Graph the solution on a number line.

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Reflect
2. Communicate Mathematical Ideas How do you decide which number
to subtract from both sides?

YOUR TURN
3. Solve the equation 5 = w + 1.5.
Personal -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Math Trainer Graph the solution on a number line.
Online Assessment
and Intervention
w=
my.hrw.com

304 Unit 5
 Using Addition to Solve Equations
When an equation contains subtraction, solve by adding the same number
to both sides.

Math On the Spot

Addition Property of Equality
my.hrw.com

You can add the same number to both sides of an equation, and
the two sides will remain equal.

EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.5

Solve the equation y - 21 = 18. Graph the solution on a number line.

y - 21 = 18 Notice that the number 21 is subtracted from y.

y - 21 = 18
+ 21 +21
___ Add 21 to both sides of the equation.
y = 39
Check: y - 21 = 18
?
39 - 21 = 18 Substitute 39 for y.
?
18 = 18 Subtract.

Graph the solution on a number line.

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

Reflect
4. Communicate Mathematical Ideas How do you know whether to add
on both sides or subtract on both sides when solving an equation?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

YOUR TURN
5. Solve the equation h - _12 = _34 . -2 -1 0 1 2
Graph the solution on a number line. Personal
Math Trainer
Online Assessment
h= and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Lesson 11.2 305

 Solving Equations that Represent
Geometric Concepts
You can write equations to represent geometric relationships.
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com Recall that a straight line has an angle measure of 180°. Two angles whose
measures have a sum of 180° are called supplementary angles. Two angles
whose measures have a sum of 90° are called complementary angles.

EXAMPLE 3 COMMON
CORE 6.EE.7, 6.EE.6

Find the measure of the unknown angle.

STEP 1 Write the information in the boxes.
x 60°

Unknown
+ 60° = 180°
angle

STEP 2 Write a description to represent the model. Include a question

for the unknown angle.

The sum of an unknown angle and a 60° angle

is 180°. What is the measure of the unknown angle?
STEP 3 Write an equation.

x + 60 = 180
STEP 4 Solve the equation.

x+ 60 = 180
-60
_ -60
_
Subtract 60
x = 120 from each side. The final answer

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

includes units of
The unknown angle measures 120°. degrees.

YOUR TURN
6. Write and solve an equation to find the measure of the
unknown angle.
x
65°

7. Write and solve an equation to find the complement of

Personal
Math Trainer an angle that measures 42º.
Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

306 Unit 5
 Writing Real-World Problems
for a Given Equation
You can write a real-world problem for a given equation. Examine each number
and mathematical operation in the equation. Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com

EXAMPL 4
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.7

Write a real-world problem for the equation 21.79 + x = 25.

Then solve the equation.

21.79 + x = 25

STEP 1 Examine each part of the equation.

x is the unknown or quantity we are looking for.

21.79 is added to x.

= 25 means that after adding 21.79 and x, the result is 25. Math Talk
Mathematical Practices
STEP 2 Write a real-world situation that involves adding two quantities. How is the question in a
real-world problem related
Joshua wants to buy his mother flowers and a card for Mother’s to its equation?
Day. Joshua has $25 to spend and selects roses for $21.79. How
much can he spend on a card?
STEP 3 Solve the equation.

21.79 + x = 25
The final answer
-21.79 -21.79
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Brand X

__ __ includes units of
x= 3.21 money in dollars.

Joshua can spend $3.21 on a Mother’s Day card.

Reflect
8. What If? How might the real-world problem change if the equation
was x - 21.79 = 25 and you still used roses for $21.79?
Pictures/Getty Images

YOUR TURN
9. Write a real-world problem for the equation x - 100 = 40. Then solve Personal
Math Trainer
the equation. Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Lesson 11.2 307

Guided Practice
1. A total of 14 guests attended a birthday party. Three friends
stayed after the party to help clean up. How many left when
the party ended? (Explore Activity)
a. Let x represent the
b. Number that Number that
+ =

+ =

c. Draw algebra tiles to model the equation.

+ + + + + + + +
friends left when the party ended.
+ + + + + +
+ + + +

Solve each equation. Graph the solution on a number

line. (Examples 1 and 2)
2. 2 = x - 3 x= 3. s + 12.5 = 14 s=

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Solve each equation. (Examples 1 and 2)

4. h + 6.9 = 11.4 5. 82 + p = 122 6. n + _21 = _47

h= p= n=

7. Write and solve an equation to find the measure of

the unknown angle. (Example 3)
45° x

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

8. Write a real-world problem for the equation x - 75 = 200.
Then solve the equation. (Example 4)

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

9. How do you solve equations that contain addition or subtraction?

308 Unit 5
 Name Class Date

Personal
11.2 Independent Practice Math Trainer
Online
COMMON Assessment and
CORE 6.EE.5, 6.EE.6, 6.EE.7 my.hrw.com Intervention

Write and solve an equation to answer each 15. Ronald spent $123.45 on school clothes.
question. He counted his money and discovered that
he had $36.55 left. How much money did
10. A wildlife reserve had 8 elephant calves he originally have?
born during the summer and now has 31
total elephants. How many elephants were
in the reserve before summer began?

16. Brita withdrew $225 from her bank

account. After her withdrawal, there was
$548 left in Brita’s account. How much
11. My sister is 14 years old. My brother says money did Brita have in her account before
that his age minus twelve is equal to my the withdrawal?
sister’s age. How old is my brother?

12. Kim bought a poster that cost $8.95 and

some colored pencils. The total cost was 17. Represent Real-World Problems Write
$21.35. How much did the colored pencils a real-world situation that can be
cost? represented by 15 + c = 17.50. Then
solve the equation and describe what
your answer represents for the problem
situation.

13. The Acme Car Company sold 37 vehicles in

June. How many compact cars were sold
in June?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Acme Car Company - June Sales

Type of car Number sold 18. Critique Reasoning Paula solved the
equation 7 + x = 10 and got 17, but she
SUV 8
is not certain if she got the correct answer.
Compact ? How could you explain Paula’s mistake
to her?

14. Sandra wants to buy a new MP3 player that

is on sale for $95. She has saved $73. How
much more money does she need?

Lesson 11.2 309

 FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

19. Multistep A grocery store is having a sale this week. If you buy a
5-pound bag of apples for the regular price, you can get another bag for
$1.49. If you buy a 5-pound bag of oranges at the regular price, you can
get another bag for $2.49.

Grocery Prices
Regular price
5-pound bag of apples $2.99
5-pound bag of oranges $3.99

a. Write an equation to find the discount for each situation using a for
the amount of the discount for apples and r for the amount of the
discount for oranges.

b. Which fruit has a greater discount? Explain.

20. Critical Thinking An orchestra has twice as many woodwind instruments

as brass instruments. There are a total of 150 brass and woodwind
instruments.
a. Write two different addition equations that describe this situation.
Use w for woodwinds and b for brass.

b. How many woodwinds and how many brass instruments satisfy the
given information?

21. Look for a Pattern Assume the following: a + 1 = 2, b + 10 = 20, © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
c + 100 = 200, d + 1,000 = 2,000, ...
a. Solve each equation for each variable.

b. What pattern do you notice between the variables?

c. What would be the value of g if the pattern continues?

310 Unit 5
 LESSON
Multiplication and COMMON
CORE 6.EE.5

11.3 Division Equations

Understand solving an
equation...as a process of
answering a question: which
values...make the equation...
true? Also 6.EE.6, 6.EE.7

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you solve equations that contain multiplication
or division?

COMMON
6.EE.6
EXPLORE ACTIVITY CORE

Modeling Equations
Deanna has a cookie recipe that requires 12 eggs to make 3 batches
of cookies. How many eggs are needed per batch of cookies?

Let x represent the number of eggs needed per batch.

Number of · Number of =
batches eggs per batch Total eggs

3 · x = 12
To answer this question, you can use algebra tiles to solve 3x = 12.

A Model 3x = 12.
x 1 1 1 1
x 1 1 1 1
x 1 1 1 1

3x 12
B There are 3 x tiles, so draw circles to
separate the tiles into 3 equal groups. x 1 1 1 1
Math Talk
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

One group has been circled for you. x 1 1 1 1

x 1 1 1 1 Mathematical Practices
Why is the solution to the
equation the number of
tiles in each group?
C How many 1 tiles are in each group?
This is the solution of the equation.

eggs are needed per batch of cookies.

Reflect
1. Look for a Pattern Why does it make sense to arrange the twelve
1 tiles in 3 rows of 4 instead of any other arrangement of twelve 1 tiles,
such as 2 rows of 6?

Lesson 11.3 311

 Using Division to Solve Equations
Separating the tiles on both sides of an equation mat into an equal number of
groups models dividing both sides of an equation by the same number.

Math On the Spot

Division Property of Equality
my.hrw.com

You can divide both sides of an equation by the same nonzero

number, and the two sides will remain equal.

When an equation contains multiplication, solve by dividing both sides of the

equation by the same nonzero number.

EXAMPLE 1 COMMON
CORE 6.EE.5

Solve each equation. Graph the solution on a number line.

My Notes A 9a = 54
9a = 54 Notice that 9 is multiplied by a.
9a __
__
9
= 54
9
Divide both sides of the equation by 9.

a=6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Check: 9a = 54
?
9(6) = 54 Substitute 6 for a.
?
54 = 54 Multiply on the left side.

B 18 = 6d
18 = 6d Notice that 6 is multiplied by d.
18 __
__
6
= 6d
6
Divide both sides of the equation by 6.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

3=d
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Check: 18 = 6d
? Substitute 3 for d.
18 = 6(3)
?
18 = 18 Multiply on the right side.

YOUR TURN

Personal Solve the equation 3x = 21. Graph the solution on a number line.
Math Trainer
Online Assessment 2. x =
and Intervention 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
my.hrw.com

312 Unit 5
 Using Multiplication to
Solve Equations
When an equation contains division, solve by multiplying both sides of the
equation by the same number. Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com
Multiplication Property of Equality

You can multiply both sides of an equation by the same number,

and the two sides will remain equal.

EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.5

Solve each equation. Graph the solution on a number line.

x = 10
A __
5 Math Talk
x = 10
__ Notice that x is divided by the number 5. Mathematical Practices
5
How is solving a
x = 5 · 10
5 · __ Multiply both sides of the equation by 5. multiplication equation
5 similar to solving a division
x = 50 equation? How is
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 it different?
Check: __x = 10
5
50 =
___ ?
10 Substitute 50 for x.
5
?
10 = 10 Divide on the left side.

B 15 = __r
2
15 = r__ Notice that r is divided by the number 2.
2
2 · 15 = 2 · __r Multiply both sides of the equation by 2.
2
30 = r
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Check: 15 = __r
2
? ___
15 = 30 Substitute 30 for r.
2
?
15 = 15 Divide on the right side.

YOUR TURN
y
Solve the equation __
9
= 1. Graph the solution on a number line.
y Personal
3. _ = 1 Math Trainer
9
Online Assessment
y= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Lesson 11.3 313

 Using Equations to Solve Problems
You can use equations to solve real-world problems.

EXAMPLE 3 Problem COMMON

Solving
Math On the Spot CORE 6.EE.7
my.hrw.com
Juanita is scrapbooking. She usually completes
about 9 pages per hour. One night last week she
Sixth
Grade
completed pages 23 through 47 in 2.5 hours. Did MEMORIES
she work at her average rate?
My Notes
TICKET
Analyze Information Goodimes! TICKET
t

Identify the important information.

• Worked for 2.5 hours
• Starting page: 23 Ending page: 47
• Scrapbooking rate: 9 pages per hour

Formulate a Plan
• Solve an equation to find the number of pages Juanita can expect to
complete.
• Compare the number of pages Juanita can expect to complete with the
number of pages she actually completed.

Justify and Evaluate

Solve
Let n represent the number of pages Juanita can expect to complete in
2.5 hours if she works at her average rate of 9 pages per hour.
Write an equation.
n =9
___ Write the equation.
2.5
n = 2.5 · 9
2.5 · ___ Multiply both sides by 2.5.
2.5

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

n = 22.5
Juanita can expect to complete 22.5 pages in 2.5 hours.
Juanita completed pages 23 through 47, a total of 25 pages. Because
25 > 22.5, she worked faster than her expected rate.

Justify and Evaluate

You used an equation to find the number of pages Juanita could expect
to complete in 2.5 hours if she worked at her average rate. You found that
she could complete 22.5 pages.
Since 22.5 pages is less than the 25 pages Juanita completed, she worked
faster than her average rate.
The answer makes sense, because Juanita completed 25 pages in
2.5 hours, which is equivalent to a rate of 10 pages in 1 hour.
Since 10 > 9, you know that she worked faster than her average rate.
314 Unit 5
 YOUR TURN
4. Roberto is dividing his baseball cards equally among himself, his brother,
and his 3 friends. Roberto was left with 9 cards. How many cards did Personal
Math Trainer
Roberto give away? Write and solve an equation to solve the problem. Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Writing Real-World Problems

You can write a real-world problem for a given equation.

EXAMPL 4
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.7 Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com
Write a real-world problem for the equation 8x = 72. Then solve the problem.
STEP 1 Examine each part of the equation.

x is the unknown value you want to find.

8 is multiplied by x.
= 72 means that after multiplying 8 and x, the result is 72.
STEP 2 Write a real-world situation that involves multiplying two quantities.

A hot air balloon flew at 8 miles per hour. Write and solve a
multiplication equation to find out how many hours the balloon
traveled if it covered a distance of 72 miles.
STEP 3 Use the equation to solve the problem.

8x = 72
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

8x __
__
8
= 72
8
Divide both sides by 8.

x=9

The balloon traveled for 9 hours.

YOUR TURN
5. Write a real-world problem for the equation 11x = 385. Then solve
the problem. Personal
Math Trainer
Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Lesson 11.3 315

Guided Practice
1. Caroline ran 15 miles in 5 days. She ran the same distance each day. Write
and solve an equation to determine the number of miles she ran each
day. (Explore Activity)
a. Let x represent the .

b. Number of · Number of =

· =

c. Draw algebra tiles to model the equation.

Caroline ran miles each day. + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
Solve each equation. Graph the solution on a number line.
(Examples 1 and 2)

2. x ÷ 3 = 3; x = 3. 4x = 32; x =

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4. The area of the rectangle shown is 24 square inches. How much longer is 6 in.
its length than its width? (Example 3)
w

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

5. Write a real-world problem for the equation 15w = 45. Then solve the
problem. (Example 4)

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

6. How do you solve equations that contain multiplication or division?

316 Unit 5
 Name Class Date

11.3 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer

COMMON
Online
CORE 6.EE.5, 6.EE.6, 6.EE.7 Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

In 7–13, write and solve an equation to 12. Dharmesh has a square garden with a
answer each question. perimeter of 132 feet. Is the area of the
garden greater than 1,000 square feet?
7. Jorge baked cookies for his math class’s
end-of-year party. There are 28 people in S
Jorge’s math class including Jorge and his
teacher. Jorge baked enough cookies for S
everyone to get 3 cookies each. How many
cookies did Jorge bake?

8. Sam divided a rectangle into 8 congruent

rectangles that each have the area shown.
What is the area of the rectangle before
Sam divided it?

Area =
5 cm2
13. Ingrid walked her dog and washed her car.
The time she spent walking her dog was
one-fourth the time it took her to wash
her car. It took Ingrid 14 minutes to walk
the dog. How long did it take Ingrid to
wash her car?

9. Carmen participated in a read-a-thon.

Mr. Cole pledged $4.00 per book and gave 14. Representing Real-World Problems
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Carmen $44. How many books did Carmen Write and solve a problem involving
read? money that can be solved with a
multiplication equation.

10. Lee drove 420 miles and used 15 gallons

of gasoline. How many miles did Lee’s car
travel per gallon of gasoline?

11. On some days, Melvin commutes 3.5 hours

per day to the city for business meetings.
Last week he commuted for a total of
14 hours. How many days did he commute
to the city?

Lesson 11.3 317

15. Representing Real-World Problems Write and solve a problem
involving money that can be solved with a division equation and has a
solution of 1,350.

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

16. Communicating Mathematical Ideas Explain why 7 · _7x = x.

How does your answer help you solve a division equation such as _7x = 2?

17. Critical Thinking A number tripled and tripled again is 729. What is the
number? Show your work.

18. Multistep Andre has 4 times as many model cars as Peter, and Peter has
one-third as many model cars as Jade. Andre has 36 model cars.
a. Write and solve an equation to find how many model cars Peter has.

b. Using your answer from part a, write and solve an equation to find © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
how many model cars Jade has.

19. Persevere in Problem Solving The area of a rectangle is 42 square inches

and one side is 12 inches long. Find the perimeter of the rectangle. Show
your work.

318 Unit 5
 LESSON COMMON
CORE 6.EE.8

11.4 Writing Inequalities Write an inequality…to

represent a constraint or
condition in a real-world or
mathematical problem….
Also 6.EE.5, 6.EE.6

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you use inequalities to represent real-world constraints
or conditions?

COMMON
6.EE.8, 6.EE.5
EXPLORE ACTIVITY
CORE

Using Inequalities to Describe Quantities

You can use inequality symbols with variables to describe quantities that can
have many values.

Symbol Meaning Word Phrases

< Is less than Fewer than, below
> Is greater than More than, above
≤ Is less than or equal to At most, no more than
≥ Is greater than or equal to At least, no less than

A The lowest temperature ever recorded in Florida

was -2 °F. Graph this temperature on the number line.

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

B The temperatures 0 °F, 3 °F, 6 °F, 5 °F, and -1 °F have also been
recorded in Florida. Graph these temperatures on the number line.
C How do the temperatures in B compare to -2? How can you see this
relationship on the number line?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

D How many other numbers have the same relationship to -2 as the

temperatures in B ? Give some examples.

E Suppose you could graph all of the possible answers to D on a number

line. What would the graph look like?

F Let x represent all the possible answers to D .

Complete this inequality: x -2

Lesson 11.4 319
 Graphing the Solutions
of an Inequality
A solution of an inequality that contains a variable is any value of the
Math On the Spot variable that makes the inequality true. For example, 7 is a solution of
my.hrw.com x > -2, since 7 > -2 is a true statement.

EXAMPLE 1 COMMON
CORE 6.EE.5

Graph the solutions of each inequality. Check the solutions.

A y ≤ -3
STEP 1 Draw a solid circle at -3 to show that -3 is a solution.
STEP 2 Shade the number line to the left of -3 Use a solid circle
Math Talk to show that numbers less than -3 are for an inequality
Mathematical Practices solutions. that uses ≥ or ≤.
Is -4 _41 a solution of
y ≤ -3? Is -5.6?
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

STEP 3 Check your solution.

Choose a number that is on the shaded section of the number

line, such as -4. Substitute -4 for y.
-4 ≤ -3 -4 is less than -3, so -4 is a solution.

B 1<m
STEP 1 Draw an empty circle at 1 to show that 1 is not a solution.
STEP 2 Shade the number line to the right Use an open circle for
of 1 to show that numbers greater an inequality that
than 1 are solutions. uses > or <.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

STEP 3 Check your answer.

Substitute 2 for m.
1<2 1 is less than 2, so 2 is a solution.

Reflect
1. Critique Reasoning Inez says you can rewrite 1 < m as m > 1. Do you
agree?

2. Analyze Relationships How is x < 5 different from x ≤ 5?

320 Unit 5
 YOUR TURN
3. Graph the solution of the inequality t ≤ -4.
Personal
Math Trainer
- 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Writing Inequalities
You can write an inequality to model the relationship between an algebraic
expression and a number. You can also write inequalities to represent certain
real-world situations.
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com
EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.8, 6.EE.6

A Write an inequality that represents the phrase the sum of y and 2 is greater
than 5. Draw a graph to represent the inequality.
STEP 1 Write the inequality.
Animated
The sum of y and 2 is greater than 5. Math
my.hrw.com
y+2 > 5
STEP 2 Graph the solution. Use an open circle
For y + 2 to have a value greater than 5, at 3 and shade to
My Notes
y must be a number greater than 3.
the right of 3.

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

STEP 3 Check your solution by substituting a number greater than 3,

such as 4, into the original inequality.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

4+2>5 Substitute 4 for y.

6>5 6 is greater than 5, so 4 is a solution.

B To test the temperature rating of a coat, a scientist keeps the temperature

below 5 °C. Write and graph an inequality to represent this situation.
STEP 1 Write the inequality. Let t represent the temperature in the lab.

t<5 The temperature must be less than 5 °C.

STEP 2 Graph the inequality.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Lesson 11.4 321

 YOUR TURN
4. Write an inequality that represents the phrase the sum of 1 and y is greater
Personal than or equal to 3 . Check to see if y = 1 is a solution.
Math Trainer
Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Write and graph an inequality to represent each situation.

5. The temperature in February was at most 6 °F.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

6. Each package must weigh more than 2 ounces.

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Guided Practice
1. Graph 1 ≤ x. Use the graph to determine which of these numbers are
solutions of the inequality: -1, 3, 0, 1 (Explore Activity and Example 1)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

2. Graph -3 > z. Check the graph using substitution.

(Example 1) -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

3. Write an inequality that represents the phrase “the sum

of 4 and x is greater than 6.” Draw a graph that represents -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
the inequality, and check your solution. (Example 2)

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

4. During hibernation, a garter snake’s body temperature
never goes below 3 °C. Write and graph an inequality -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
that represents this situation. (Example 2)

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

5. Write an inequality to represent this situation: Nina wants to take at least

$15 to the movies. How did you decide which inequality symbol to use?

322 Unit 5
 Name Class Date

11.4 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer

COMMON
Online
CORE 6.EE.5, 6.EE.6, 6.EE.8 Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

6. Which of the following numbers are solutions to x ≥ 0?

-5, 0.03, -1, 0, 1.5, -6, _12

Graph each inequality.

7. t ≤ 8
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

8. -7 < h
- 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4

9. x ≥ -9
- 12 - 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2

10. n > 2.5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

11. -4 _12 >x

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

Write an inequality that matches the number line model.

12.
- 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

13.
- 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

14.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

15.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

16. A child must be at least 48 inches tall to ride a roller coaster.

a. Write and graph an inequality
to represent this situation. 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58

b. Can a child who is 46 inches tall ride the roller coaster? Explain.

Lesson 11.4 323

Write and graph an inequality to represent each situation.

17. The stock is worth at least $14.50.

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
18. The temperature is less than 3.5 °F.

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
19. The goal of the fundraiser is to make more than $150.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

20. Communicate Mathematical Ideas Explain how to graph

the inequality 8 ≥ y.

21. Represent Real-World Problems The number line shows an inequality.

Describe a real-world situation that the inequality could represent.

0 1 2 3 4 5

22. Critique Reasoning Natasha is trying to represent the following

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

situation with a number line model: There are fewer than 5 students in
the cafeteria. She has come up with two possible representations, shown
below. Which is the better representation, and why?

- 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

- 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

324 Unit 5
 MODULE QUIZ

Ready Personal
Math Trainer
11.1 Writing Equations to Represent Situations Online Assessment
and Intervention

Determine whether the given value is a solution of the equation. my.hrw.com

b
1. __
12
= 5; b = 60 2. 7w = 87; w = 12

Write an equation to represent the situation.

3. The number of eggs in the refrigerator e decreased by 5 equals 18.

11.2 Addition and Subtraction Equations

Solve each equation.

4. r - 38 = 9 5. h + 17 = 40

6. n + 75 = 155 7. q - 17 = 18

11.3 Multiplication and Division Equations

Solve each equation.
d
8. 8z = 112 9. __
14
=7
f
10. __
28
= 24 11. 3a = 57

11.4 Writing Inequalities

Write an inequality to represent each situation, then graph the solutions.

12. There are fewer than 8 gallons of gas in the tank.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

13. There are at least 3 slices of bread left in the bag.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

14. How can you solve problems involving equations that contain addition,
subtraction, multiplication, or division?

Module 11 325
 MODULE 11 MIXED REVIEW Personal
Math Trainer
Assessment Online
Assessment and
Readiness my.hrw.com Intervention

Selected Response 6. Jeordie spreads out a rectangular picnic

blanket with an area of 42 square feet. Its
1. Kate has gone up to the chalkboard to width is 6 feet. Which equation could you
do math problems 5 more times than use to find its length?
Andre. Kate has gone up 11 times. Which
6
equation represents this situation? A 6x = 42 C _
x = 42
B 42 - x = 6 D 6 + x = 42
A a - 11 = 5
B 5a = 11 7. What is a solution to the equation
6t = 114?
C a - 5 = 11
D a + 5 = 11 A t = 19 C t = 120
B t = 108 D t = 684
2. For which equation is y = 7 a solution?
8. The area of a rectangular deck is
A 7y = 1
680 square feet. The deck’s width
B 18 = 11 + y is 17 feet. What is its perimeter?
C y+7=0 A 40 feet C 114 feet
y
D _ = 14
2 B 57 feet D 228 feet
3. Which is an equation?
A 17 + x C 20x = 200 Mini-Task
B 45 ÷ x D 90 - x 9. Sylvia earns $7 per hour at her afterschool
job. After working one week, she received
4. The temperature never rose above 6 °F on a paycheck for $91.
Friday. Which number line could represent
this situation? a. Write and solve an equation to find
the number of hours Sylvia worked

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

A
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 to earn $91.

B
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
b. The greatest number of hours Sylvia
C can work in any week is 15. Write an
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 inequality to represent this statement.

D
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
c. What is the greatest amount of money
5. Becca hit 7 more home runs than Beverly. Sylvia can earn in one week?
Becca hit 21 home runs. How many home
runs did Beverly hit?
A 3 C 21
B 14 D 28

326 Unit 5
 Relationships in
12
MODULE

Two Variables
?
LESSON 12.1
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Graphing on the
How can you use Coordinate Plane
relationships in two COMMON
CORE 6.NS.6, 6.NS.6b
variables to solve real-world
problems? LESSON 12.2
Independent and
Dependent Variables
in Tables and Graphs
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.9

LESSON 12.3
Writing Equations
from Tables
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.9

LESSON 12.4
Representing
Algebraic
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: Blickwinkel/Alamy

Relationships in
Tables and Graphs
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.9

Real-World Video
A two-variable equation can represent an animal’s
distance over time. A graph can display the
relationship between the variables. You can graph
my.hrw.com two or more animals’ data to visually compare them.

my.hrw.com my.hrw.com Math On the Spot Animated Math Personal Math Trainer
Go digital with your Scan with your smart Interactively explore Get immediate
write-in student phone to jump directly key concepts to see feedback and help as
edition, accessible on to the online edition, how math works. you work through
any device. video tutor, and more. practice sets.

327
 Are YOU Ready?
Complete these exercises to review skills you will need Personal
for this module. Math Trainer
Online
Assessment and
Multiplication Facts my.hrw.com Intervention

EXAMPLE 8×7= Use a related fact you know.

7 × 7 = 49
Think: 8 × 7 = (7 × 7) + 7
= 49 + 7
= 56

Multiply.

1. 7 × 6 2. 10 × 9 3. 13 × 12 4. 8 × 9

Write the rule for each table.

5. x 1 2 3 4 6. x 1 2 3 4
y 7 14 21 28 y 7 8 9 10

7. x 1 2 3 4
8. x 0 4 8 12
y 5 10 15 20 y 0 2 4 6

Graph Ordered Pairs (First Quadrant)

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

EXAMPLE Start at the origin.
10
Move 9 units right.
8 Then move 5 units up.
6 A Graph point A(9, 5).
4
2

O 2 4 6 8 10

Graph each point on the coordinate grid above.

9. B (0, 8) 10. C (2, 3) 11. D (6, 7) 12. E (5, 0)

328 Unit 5
 Reading Start-Up Vocabulary
Review Words
Visualize Vocabulary ✔ coefficient (coeficiente)
✔ constant (constante)
Use the ✔ words to complete the chart. equation (ecuación)
negative number (número
Parts of the Algebraic Expression negativo)
14 + 3x positive number (número
Definition Mathematical Review Word positivo)
Representation scale (escala)
✔ variable (variable)
A specific number
whose value does 14
Preview Words
not change
axes (ejes)
A number that coordinate plane (plano
is multiplied cartesiano)
by a variable 3 coordinates (coordenadas)
in an algebraic dependent variable
expression (variable dependiente)
independent variable
A letter or symbol
(variable independiente)
used to represent x
ordered pair
an unknown (par ordenado)
origin (origen)
Understand Vocabulary quadrants (cuadrante)
x-axis (eje x)
Complete the sentences using the preview words.
x-coordinate
1. The numbers in an ordered pair are . (coordenada x)
y-axis (eje y)
2. A is formed by two number y-coordinate
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

(coordenada y)
lines that intersect at right angles.

Active Reading
Layered Book Before beginning the module,
create a layered book to help you learn the
concepts in this module. Label each flap with
lesson titles from this module. As you study each
lesson, write important ideas such as vocabulary
and formulas under the appropriate flap. Refer
to your finished layered book as you work on
exercises from this module.

Module 12 329
 MODULE 12

Unpacking the Standards

Understanding the standards and the vocabulary terms in the
standards will help you know exactly what you are expected to
learn in this module.

COMMON
CORE 6.EE.9
Use variables to represent
What It Means to You
two quantities in a real-world You will learn to write an equation that represents
problem that change in the relationship in a table.
relationship to one another;
UNPACKING EXAMPLE 6.EE.9
write an equation to express
one quantity, thought of as the Emily has a dog-walking service. She charges a daily fee of $7 to
dependent variable, in terms of walk a dog twice a day. Create a table that shows how much Emily
the other quantity, thought of earns for walking 1, 6, 10, and 15 dogs. Write an equation that
as the independent variable. ... represents the situation.

Key Vocabulary Dogs walked 1 6 10 15

equation (ecuación) Earnings ($) 7 42 70 105

A mathematical sentence that
shows that two expressions are Earnings is 7 times the number of dogs walked. Let the variable
equivalent. e represent earnings and the variable d represent the number of
dogs walked.

e=7×d

COMMON
CORE 6.EE.9
What It Means to You

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits:

...Analyze the relationship
between the dependent and You can use words, a table, a graph,
independent variables using or an equation to model the same
graphs and tables, and relate mathematical relationship.
these to the equation.
UNPACKING EXAMPLE 6.EE.9
Key Vocabulary The equation y = 4x represents the total
coordinate plane cost y for x games of miniature golf. Make
PhotoDisc/Getty Images

(plano cartesiano) a table of values and a graph for this

A plane formed by the situation. y
intersection of a horizontal 20
number line called the x-axis Number of
Total cost ($)

1 2 3 4 16
and a vertical number line games, x
called the y-axis. Total 12
4 8 12 16
cost ($), y 8
Visit my.hrw.com 4
to see all the x
Common Core
O 2 4 6 8
Standards
unpacked. Number of games
my.hrw.com

330 Unit 5
 LESSON
Graphing on the COMMON
CORE 6.NS.6c

12.1 Coordinate Plane

…find and position pairs of
integers and other rational
numbers on a coordinate
plane. Also 6.NS.6,
6.NS.6b, 6.NS.8

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you locate and name points in the coordinate plane?

Naming Points in the Coordinate Plane

A coordinate plane is formed by two number lines that intersect at right
angles. The point of intersection is 0 on each number line.
y
• The two number lines are called Math On the Spot
6 my.hrw.com
the axes.
Quadrant II Quadrant I
• The horizontal axis is called the 4
x-axis. y-axis 2
x-axis
• The vertical axis is called the y-axis. x
• The point where the axes intersect -6 -4 -2 O 2 4 6
is called the origin. -2 Origin

• The two axes divide the coordinate Quadrant III

-4
Quadrant IV
plane into four quadrants.
-6
An ordered pair is a pair of numbers
that gives the location of a point on
a coordinate plane. The first number tells how far to the right (positive) or left
(negative) the point is located from the origin. The second number tells how far
up (positive) or down (negative) the point is located from the origin.

The numbers in an ordered pair are called coordinates. The first number is the
x-coordinate and the second number is the y-coordinate.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

EXAMPL 1
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.NS.6c, 6.NS.6b

Identify the coordinates of each point.

y
Name the quadrant where each point
is located.
4
B
Point A is 1 unit left of the origin, and 5
units down. It has x-coordinate -1 and 2
y-coordinate -5, written (-1, -5). It is x
located in Quadrant III. -4 -2 O 2 4
-2
Point B is 2 units right of the origin, and
3 units up. It has x-coordinate 2 and -4
y-coordinate 3, written (2, 3). It is located A
in Quadrant I.

Lesson 12.1 331

 Reflect
1. If both coordinates of a point are negative, in which quadrant is the

point located?

2. Describe the coordinates of all points in Quadrant I.

3. Communicate Mathematical Ideas Explain why (-3, 5) represents a

different location than (3, 5).

YOUR TURN y

Identify the coordinates of each point. E 4

Personal
Math Trainer Name the quadrant where each point
is located. 2 F
Online Assessment
and Intervention
x
my.hrw.com 4. G
-4 -2 O 2 4
E -2

5. F H G
-4

Graphing Points in the Coordinate Plane

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Points that are located on the axes are not located in any quadrant. Points on the
x-axis have a y-coordinate of 0, and points on the y-axis have an x-coordinate of 0.

Math On the Spot

my.hrw.com EXAMPLE 2 COMMON
CORE 6.NS.6c, 6.NS.6

Graph and label each point on the coordinate plane. y

A(-5, 2), B(3, 1.5), C(0, -3)

Point A is 5 units left and 2 units up from the origin. 4

A
2 B
Point B is 3 units right and 1.5 units up from
the origin. Graph the point halfway between x
(3, 1) and (3, 2). -4 -2 O 2 4
-2
Point C is 3 units down from the origin. Graph C
the point on the y-axis. -4

332 Unit 5
 YOUR TURN y

Graph and label each point on the 4 Personal

coordinate plane. Math Trainer
2 Online Assessment
6. P(-4, 2) and Intervention
x
my.hrw.com
7. Q(3, 2.5) -4 -2 O 2 4
-2
8. R(-4.5, -5)
-4
9. S(4, -5)

10. T(-2.5, 0)

Reading Scales on Axes

The scale of an axis is the number of units that each grid line represents.
So far, the graphs in this lesson have a scale of 1 unit, but graphs frequently
use other units.
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com
EXAMPL 3
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.NS.8

The graph shows the location of a city. y

It also shows the location of Gary’s and
Jen’s houses. The scale on each axis 20
Gary Jen
represents miles.
10
A Use the scale to describe Gary’s City x
location relative to the city. -20 -10 O 10 20

Each grid square is 5 miles on a side. -10

N
Gary’s house is at (-25, 15), which -20
W E
is 25 miles west and 15 miles north
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

S
of the city.
B Describe the location of Jen’s house relative to Gary’s house. Math Talk
Mathematical Practices
Jen’s house is located 6 grid squares to the right of Gary’s house.
How are north, south,
Since each grid square is 5 miles on a side, her house is east, and west represented
6 · 5 = 30 miles from Gary’s. on the graph in
Example 3?

YOUR TURN
Use the graph in the Example.

11. Ted lives 20 miles south and 20 miles west of the city represented on Personal
the graph in Example 3. His brother Ned lives 50 miles north of Ted’s Math Trainer
Online Assessment
house. Give the coordinates of each brother’s house. and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Lesson 12.1 333

Guided Practice
Identify the coordinates of each point in the coordinate plane.
Name the quadrant where each point is located. (Example 1) y

1. Point A is 5 units of the origin and 4

1 unit from the origin. 2

A
Its coordinates are . It is in quadrant . x
-4 -2 O 2 4
2. Point B is units right of the origin
-2
and units down from the origin. B
-4
Its coordinates are . It is in quadrant .

Graph and label each point on the coordinate plane above. (Example 2)

3. Point C at (-3.5, 3) 4. Point D at (5, 0)

y
For 5–7, use the coordinate plane shown. (Example 3)
5. Describe the scale of the graph. 2

1
x
6. Plot point A at (-_21 , 2). -2 -1 O 1 2
7. Plot point B at 2 _21 , -2 .
( ) -1

8. Vocabulary Describe how an ordered pair represents a -2

point on a coordinate plane. Include the terms x-coordinate,
y-coordinate, and origin in your answer.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

9. Give the coordinates of one point in each of the four quadrants,

one point on the x-axis, and one point on the y-axis.

334 Unit 5
 Name Class Date

12.1 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online
COMMON
CORE 6.NS.6, 6.NS.6b, 6.NS.6c, 6.NS.8 Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

For 10–13, use the coordinate plane shown. Each unit

represents 1 kilometer.

10. Write the ordered pairs that represent the location of Sam y
and the theater. Theater
4
Sam
11. Describe Sam’s location relative to the theater. 2
x
-4 -2 O 2 4
-2
N
12. Sam wants to meet his friend Beth at a restaurant before they -4
W E
go to the theater. The restaurant is 9 km south of the theater. S
Plot and label a point representing the restaurant. What are
the coordinates of the point?

13. Beth describes her current location: “I’m directly south of

the theater, halfway to the restaurant.” Plot and label a point
representing Beth’s location. What are the coordinates of
the point?

For 14–15, use the coordinate plane shown. y

V U
14. Find the coordinates of points T, U, and V. 1.0
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

0.5

15. Points T, U, and V are the vertices of a rectangle. Point W is x

the fourth vertex. Plot point W and give its coordinates. -1.0 -0.5 O 0.5 1.0
-0.5

-1.0 T
16. Explain the Error Janine tells her friend that ordered pairs
that have an x-coordinate of 0 lie on the x-axis. She uses
the origin as an example. Describe Janine’s error. Use a
counterexample to explain why Janine’s statement is false.

Lesson 12.1 335

 FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

17. Critical Thinking Choose scales for the y

coordinate plane shown so that you can
graph the points J(2, 40), K(3, 10), L(3, -40),
M(-4, 50), and N(-5, -50). Explain why
you chose the scale for each axis.
x
O

18. Communicate Mathematical Ideas Edgar wants to plot the ordered pair
(1.8, -1.2) on a coordinate plane. On each axis, one grid square equals
0.1. Starting at the origin, how can Edgar find (1.8, -1.2)?

19. Represent Real-World Problems Zach graphs some ordered pairs in

the coordinate plane. The x-values of the ordered pairs represent the
number of hours since noon, and the y-values represent the temperature
at that time.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

a. In which quadrants could Zach graph points? Explain your thinking.

b. In what part of the world and at what time of year might Zach collect
data so that the points he plots are in Quadrant IV?

336 Unit 5
 LESSON
Independent and COMMON
CORE 6.EE.9

12.2 Dependent Variables

Use variables to represent
two quantities in a real-world
problem that change in
relationship to one another;

in Tables and Graphs … Analyze the relationship

between the dependent and
independent variables… .

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you identify independent and dependent quantities
from tables and graphs?

COMMON

EXPLORE ACTIVITY 1 CORE 6.EE.9

Identifying Independent and

Dependent Quantities from a Table
Many real-world situations involve two variable quantities in which one
quantity depends on the other. The quantity that depends on the other
quantity is called the dependent variable, and the quantity it depends
on is called the independent variable.

A freight train moves at a constant speed. The distance y in miles that

the train has traveled after x hours is shown in the table.

Time x (h) 0 1 2 3
Distance y (mi) 0 50 100 150

A What are the two quantities in this situation?

Which of these quantities depends on the other?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

What is the independent variable?

What is the dependent variable?

B How far does the train travel each hour?
The relationship between the distance traveled by the train and the
time in hours can be represented by an equation in two variables.

Distance Distance traveled

= · Time (hours)
traveled (miles) per hour
↓ ↓ ↓

y = 50 · x

Lesson 12.2 337

 EXPLORE ACTIVITY (cont’d)

Reflect
1. Analyze Relationships Describe how the value of the independent
variable is related to the value of the dependent variable. Is the
relationship additive or multiplicative?

2. What are the units of the independent variable and of the dependent
variable?

3. A rate is used in the equation. What is the rate?

COMMON

EXPLORE ACTIVITY 2
CORE 6.EE.9

Identifying Independent and

Dependent Variables from a Graph
In Explore Activity 1, you used a table to represent a relationship

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: © Hill Street

between an independent variable (time) and a dependent variable
(distance). You can also use a graph to show this relationship.

An art teacher has 20 pounds of clay but wants to buy more

clay for her class. The amount of clay x purchased by the
teacher and the amount of clay y available for the class are
shown on the graph.
A If the teacher buys 10 more pounds of clay, how many
Clay Used in
pounds will be available for the art class? lb Art Class
y
If the art class has a total of 50 pounds of clay available,
for classes (Ib)

80
Clay available

how many pounds of clay did the teacher buy?

Studios/Corbis

60
How can you use the graph to find this information? 40
20
x
O 20 40 60 80
Clay bought
by teacher (Ib)

338 Unit 5
 B What are the two quantities in this situation?

Which of these quantities depends on the other?

What is the independent variable?

What is the dependent variable?

C The relationship between the amount of clay purchased by the teacher
and the amount of clay available to the class can be represented by an
equation in two variables.

Amount of clay Current amount Amount of clay

= +
available (pounds) of clay (pounds) purchased (pounds)
↓ ↓ ↓
y = 20 + x
D Describe in words how the value of the independent variable is related
to the value of the dependent variable.

Reflect
4. In this situation, the same units are used for the independent and
dependent variables. How is this different
from the situation involving the train in the first Explore?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

5. Analyze Relationships Tell whether the relationship between the

independent variable and the dependent variable is a multiplicative or
an additive relationship.

6. What are the units of the independent variable, and what are the units
of the dependent variable?

independent variable: ; dependent variable:

Lesson 12.2 339

 Describing Relationships Between
Independent and Dependent Variables
Thinking about how one quantity depends on another helps you identify which
Math On the Spot quantity is the independent variable and which quantity is the dependent
my.hrw.com variable. In a graph, the independent variable is usually shown on the
horizontal axis and the dependent variable on the vertical axis.

EXAMPLE 1 COMMON
CORE 6.EE.9

A The table shows a relationship between two variables, x and y. Describe

a possible situation the table could represent. Describe the independent
and dependent variables in the situation.

Independent variable, x 0 1 2 3
Dependent variable, y 10 11 12 13

As x increases by 1, y increases by 1. The relationship is additive.

The value of y is always 10 units greater than the value of x.
The table could represent Jina’s savings if she starts with $10 and adds $1
to her savings every day.

The independent variable, x, is the number of days she has

been adding money to her savings.
The dependent variable, y, is her savings after x days.
B The graph shows a relationship between two variables. y
Describe a possible situation that the graph could 36
represent. Describe the independent and dependent 24
variables. 12
x
As x increases by 1, y increases by 12. The relationship O 2 4 6
is multiplicative. The value of y is always 12 times the value of x.
The graph could represent the number of eggs in cartons

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

that each hold 12 eggs.

The independent variable, x, is the number of cartons.

The dependent variable, y, is the total number of eggs.

Reflect
7. What are other possible situations that the table and graph in the
Examples could represent?

340 Unit 5
 YOUR TURN
Describe real-world values that the variables could represent. Describe
Personal
the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Math Trainer
Online Assessment
8. x 0 1 2 3 and Intervention
my.hrw.com
y 15 16 17 18

9.
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 0 16 32 48 64

10. y
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

18
12
6
x
O 2 4 6

Lesson 12.2 341

Guided Practice
1. A boat rental shop rents paddleboats for a fee plus Time (hours) 0 1 2 3
an additional cost per hour. The cost of renting for
different numbers of hours is shown in the table. Cost ($) 10 11 12 13

What is the independent variable, and what is the dependent variable?

How do you know? (Explore Activity 1)

2. A car travels at a constant rate of 60 miles Time x (h) 0 1 2 3

per hour. (Explore Activity 1)
Distance y (mi)
a. Complete the table.
b. What is the independent variable, and what is the dependent?

c. Describe how the value of the independent variable is related to the

value of the dependent variable.

Use the graph to answer the questions.

3. Describe in words how the value of the independent variable is related y

to the value of the dependent variable. (Explore Activity 2) 30
20
10
x

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

O 2 4 6
4. Describe a real-world situation that the graph could represent. (Example 1)

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

5. How can you identify the dependent and independent variables in a

real-world situation modeled by a graph?

342 Unit 5
 Name Class Date

12.2 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer

COMMON
Online
CORE 6.EE.9 Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

6. The graph shows the relationship between the hours a soccer team y

time for year (hours)

practiced after the season started and their total practice time for the year. 10

Total practice
8
a. How many hours did the soccer team practice before the season began?
6
4
2
b. What are the two quantities in this situation? x
O 2 4
Practice time
during the
season (hours)
c. What are the dependent and independent variables?

d. Is the relationship between the variables additive or multiplicative?

Explain.

e. Analyze Relationships Describe the relationship between the

quantities in words.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

7. Multistep Teresa is buying glitter markers

Number of gift bags, x 0 1 2 3
to put in gift bags. The table shows the
relationship between the number of gift Number of markers, y 0 5 10 15
bags and the number of glitter markers
she needs to buy.
a. What is the dependent variable?
b. What is the independent variable?
c. Is the relationship additive or multiplicative? Explain.

d. Describe the relationship between the quantities in words.

Lesson 12.2 343

 8. Ty borrowed $500 from his parents. The graph shows how Ty’s Loan Payments
much he owes them each month if he pays back a certain
amount each month. 500

Amount Ty owes
400
a. Describe the relationship between the number

(dollars)
of months and the amount Ty owes. Identify an 300

independent and dependent variable and explain 200

your thinking. 100

O 2 4 6 8 10
Months

b. How long will it take Ty to pay back his parents?

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

9. Error Analysis A discount store has a special: 8 cans of juice for a dollar.
A shopper decides that since the number of cans purchased is 8 times
the number of dollars spent, the cost is the independent variable and the
number of cans is the dependent variable. Do you agree? Explain.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

10. Analyze Relationships Provide an example of a real-world relationship
where there is no clear independent or dependent variable. Explain.

344 Unit 5
 LESSON
Writing Equations COMMON
CORE 6.EE.9

12.3 from Tables

…write an equation to
express one quantity,
thought of as the dependent
variable, in terms of the other
quantity, thought of as the
independent variable. …

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you use an equation to show a relationship
between two variables?

COMMON
6.EE.9
EXPLORE ACTIVITY CORE

Writing an Equation to Represent

a Real-World Relationship
Many real-world situations involve two variable quantities in which one
quantity depends on the other. This type of relationship can be represented
by a table. You can also use an equation to model the relationship.

The table shows how much Amanda earns for walking 1, 2, or 3 dogs.
Use the table to determine how much Amanda earns per dog. Then
write an equation that models the relationship between number of
dogs walked and earnings. Use your equation to complete the table.
For 1 dog, Amanda
Dogs walked 1 2 3 5 10 20
earns 1 · 8 = $8.
Earnings $8 $16 $24 For 2 dogs, she earns
2 · 8 = $16.
A For each column, compare the number of dogs walked and earnings.
What is the pattern?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

B Based on the pattern, Amanda earns $ for each dog she walks.
C Write an equation that relates the number of dogs Amanda walks to
the amount she earns. Let e represent earnings and d represent dogs.

D Use your equation to complete the table for 5, 10, and 20 walked dogs.

E Amanda’s earnings depend on .

Reflect
1. What If? If Amanda changed the amount earned per dog to $11, what
equation could you write to model the relationship between number of

dogs walked and earnings?

Lesson 12.3 345

 Writing an Equation Based on a Table
The relationship between two variables where one variable depends on the
other can be represented in a table or by an equation. An equation expresses
the dependent variable in terms of the independent variable.
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com When there is no real-world situation to consider, we usually say x is the
independent variable and y is the dependent variable. The value of y depends
on the value of x.

EXAMPLE 1 COMMON
CORE 6.EE.9

Write an equation that expresses y in terms of x.

Animated
Math A x 1 2 3 4 5
my.hrw.com y 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

STEP 1 Compare the x- and y-values to find a pattern.

1
Each y-value is __
2
, or 0.5 times, the corresponding x-value.

STEP 2 Use the pattern to write an equation expressing y in terms of x.

y = 0.5x
B x 2 4 6 8 10
y 5 7 9 11 13

STEP 1 Compare the x- and y-values to find a pattern.

Each y-value is 3 more than the corresponding x-value.

STEP 2 Use the pattern to write an equation expressing y in terms of x.
Math Talk
Mathematical Practices y=x+3
How can you check that

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

your equations are
correct?
YOUR TURN
For each table, write an equation that expresses y in terms of x.
2. 3.
x 12 11 10 x 10 12 14
y 10 9 8 y 25 30 35

4. 5.
x 5 4 3 x 0 1 2
Personal y 10 9 8 y 0 2 4
Math Trainer
Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

346 Unit 5
 Using Tables and Equations
to Solve Problems
You can use tables and equations to solve real-world problems.
Math On the Spot

EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE Problem COMMON
my.hrw.com
Solving CORE 6.EE.9

A certain percent of the sale price of paintings at a gallery will be

donated to charity. The donation will be $50 if a painting sells for $200.
The donation will be $75 if a painting sells for $300. Find the amount
of the donation if a painting sells for $1,200.

Analyze Information
You know the donation amount when the sale price of a painting is
$200 and $300. You need to find the donation amount if a painting
sells for $1,200.

Formulate a Plan
You can make a table to help you determine the relationship between sale
price and donation amount. Then you can write an equation that models
the relationship. Use the equation to find the unknown donation amount.

Justify and Evaluate

Solve
Make a table.
Sale price ($) 200 300 One way to determine
Donation amount ($) 50 75 the relationship between
sale price and donation
50
___ 50 ÷ 2 25 75 75 ÷ 3 25 amount is to find the
200
= ______
200 ÷ 2
= ___
100
= 25% ___
300
= _______
300 ÷ 3
= ___
100
= 25%
percent.
Write an equation. Let p represent the sale price of the
painting. Let d represent the donation amount to charity. p is the independent variable;
The donation amount is equal to 25% of the sale price. its value does not depend on any
other value. d is the dependent
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

d = 0.25 · p variable; its value depends on the

Find the donation amount when the sale price is $1,200. price of the painting.

d = 0.25 · p
d = 0.25 · 1,200 Substitute $1,200 for the sale price of the painting.
d = 300 Simplify to find the donation amount.
When the sale price is $1,200, the donation to charity is $300.

Justify and Evaluate

Substitute values from the table for p and d to check that they are solutions
of the equation d = 0.25 · p. Then check your answer of $300 by substituting
for d and solving for p.
d = 0.25 · p d = 0.25 · p d = 0.25 · p
d = 0.25 · 200 d = 0.25 · 300 300 = 0.25 · p
d = 50 ✓ d = 75 ✓ p = 1,200 ✓
Lesson 12.3 347
 YOUR TURN
6. When Ryan is 10, his brother Kyle is 15. When Ryan is 16, Kyle will be 21.
Personal When Ryan is 21, Kyle will be 26. Write and solve an equation to find
Math Trainer
Online Assessment Kyle’s age when Ryan is 52.
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Guided Practice
Write an equation to express y in terms of x. (Explore Activity, Example 1)
1. 2.
x 10 20 30 40 x 0 1 2 3
y 6 16 26 36 y 0 4 8 12

3. 4.
x 4 6 8 10 x 12 24 36 48
y 7 9 11 13 y 2 4 6 8

5. Jameson downloaded one digital song for $1.35, two digital songs for
$2.70, and 5 digital songs for $6.75. Write and solve an equation to find
the cost to download 25 digital songs. (Example 2)

Songs downloaded 1 2 5 10

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Total cost ($) 1.35

Number of songs = n; Cost =

The total cost of 25 songs is

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

6. Explain how to use a table to write an equation that represents the

relationship in the table.

348 Unit 5
 Name Class Date

12.3 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.9 Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

7. Vocabulary What does it mean for an equation to express y in

terms of x?

8. The length of a rectangle is 2 inches more than twice its width.

Write an equation relating the length l of the rectangle to its width w.

9. Look for a Pattern Compare the y-values in the table to the corresponding
x-values. What pattern do you see? How is this pattern used to write an
equation that represents the relationship between the x- and y-values?

x 20 24 28 32
y 5 6 7 8

10. Explain the Error A student modeled the relationship in the table with
the equation x = 4y. Explain the student’s error. Write an equation that
correctly models the relationship.

x 2 4 6 8
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

y 8 16 24 32

11. Multistep Marvin earns $8.25 per hour at his summer job. He wants to
buy a video game system that costs $206.25.
a. Write an equation to model the relationship between number of
hours worked h and amount earned e.

b. Solve your equation to find the number of hours Marvin needs to

work in order to afford the video game system.

Lesson 12.3 349

12. Communicate Mathematical Ideas For every hour that Noah studies,
his test score goes up 3 points. Explain which is the independent variable
and which is the dependent variable. Write an equation modeling the
relationship between hours studied h and the increase in Noah’s test
score s.

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

13. Make a Conjecture Compare the y-values in the table to the

corresponding x-values. Determine whether there is an additive
relationship or a multiplicative relationship between x and y. If possible,
write an equation modeling the relationship. If, not explain why.

x 1 3 5 7
y 3 6 8 21

14. Represent Real-World Problems Describe a real-world situation in

which there is an additive or multiplicative relationship between two
quantities. Make a table that includes at least three pairs of values. Then
write an equation that models the relationship between the quantities.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

15. Critical Thinking Georgia knows that there is either an additive or

multiplicative relationship between x and y. She only knows a single pair
of data values. Explain whether Georgia has enough information to write
an equation that models the relationship between x and y.

350 Unit 5
 LESSON
Representing Algebraic COMMON
CORE 6.EE.9

12.4 Relationships in Tables

and Graphs
...Analyze the relationship
between the dependent and
independent variables using
graphs and tables, and relate
these to the equation.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you use verbal descriptions, tables, and graphs to
represent algebraic relationships?

COMMON

EXPLORE ACTIVITY 1 CORE 6.EE.9

Representing Algebraic Relationships

Angie’s walking speed is 5 kilometers per hour, and May’s is 4 kilometers
per hour. Show how the distance each girl walks is related to time.

A For each girl, make a table comparing time and distance. For every hour Angie
walks, she travels 5 km.
Time (h) 0 1 2 3 4
Angie’s distance (km) 0 5 10
For every hour May
Time (h) 0 1 2 3 4 walks, she travels 4 km.

May’s distance (km) 0 4 8

B For each girl, make a graph showing her distance y as it depends on

time x. Plot points from the table and connect them with a line. Write
an equation for each girl that relates distance y to time x.

Angie May
y y
Math Talk
20 20 Mathematical Practices
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Distance (km)
Distance (km)

16 16 Why does it make sense to

connect the points in
12 12 each graph?
8 8
4 4
x x
O 1 2 3 4 5 O 1 2 3 4 5
Time (h) Time (h)
Angie’s equation: May’s equation:

Reflect
1. Analyze Relationships How can you use the tables to determine
which girl is walking faster? How can you use the graphs?

Lesson 12.4 351

 COMMON
6.EE.9
EXPLORE ACTIVITY 2
CORE

Writing an Equation from a Graph

Cherise pays the entrance fee to visit a museum, then buys souvenirs
at the gift shop. The graph shows the relationship between the total
amount she spends at the museum and the amount she spends at the
gift shop. Write an equation to represent the relationship.

A Read the ordered pairs from the graph. Use them to complete
a table comparing total spent y to amount spent at the gift
shop x.

Gift shop amount ($) 0 5 10 15

Total amount ($) 5 10

y
32
B What is the pattern in the table?
28

Total amount ($)

24
20
16
12
8
C Write an equation that expresses the total amount spent,
4
y, in terms of the amount spent at the gift shop, x. x
O 4 8 12 16 20 24

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: © Thinkstock/

Gift shop amount ($)

Reflect
2. Communicate Mathematical Ideas Identify the dependent and
independent quantities in this situation.

3. Multiple Representations Draw a line through the points on the

graph. Find the point that represents Cherise spending $18 at the gift
shop. Use this point to find the total she would spend if she spent $18
Corbis

at the gift shop. Then use your equation from C to verify your answer.

352 Unit 5
 Graphing an Equation
An ordered pair (x, y) that makes an equation like y = x + 1 true is called a
solution of the equation. The graph of an equation represents all the ordered
pairs that are solutions.
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com
EXAMPL 1
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.9

Graph each equation.

A y=x+1

STEP 1 Make a table of values. Choose some values for x and

use the equation to find the corresponding values for y.

STEP 2 Plot the ordered pairs from the table.

STEP 3 Draw a line through the plotted points to represent all of Math Talk
Mathematical Practices
the ordered pair solutions of the equation. Is the ordered pair
y (3.5, 4.5) a solution of the
x x+1=y (x, y) equation y = x + 1?
10 Explain.
1 1+1=2 (1, 2) 8
2 2+1=3 (2, 3) 6
3 3+1=4 (3, 4) 4
4 4+1=5 (4, 5) 2
x
5 5+1=6 (5, 6) O 1 2 3 4 5

B y = 2x

STEP 1 Make a table of values. Choose some values for x and use the
equation to find the corresponding values for y.

STEP 2 Plot the ordered pairs from the table.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

STEP 3 Draw a line through the plotted points to represent all of the
ordered pair solutions of the equation.
y
x 2x = y (x, y)
10
1 2×1=2 (1, 2) 8
2 2×2=4 (2, 4) 6
3 2×3=6 (3, 6) 4
4 2×4=8 (4, 8) 2
x
5 2 × 5 = 10 (5, 10) O 1 2 3 4 5

Lesson 12.4 353

 YOUR TURN
4. Graph y = x + 2.5.
Personal y
Math Trainer x x + 2.5 = y (x, y) 10
Online Assessment
and Intervention 8
my.hrw.com 6
4
2
x
O 1 2 3 4 5

Guided Practice
Frank mows lawns in the summer to earn extra money. He can mow
3 lawns every hour he works. (Explore Activity 1 and Explore Activity 2)
1. Make a table to show the relationship between the number of hours
Frank works, x, and the number of lawns he mows, y. Graph the
relationship and write an equation. Label the axes of your graph.
y
Hours worked Lawns mowed
10
0 8
1 6
4
2
x
O 1 2 3 4 5

Graph y = 1.5x. (Example 1) y

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

5
2. Make a table to show the relationship. 4

x 3
2
y
1
x
3. Plot the points and draw a line through them. O 1 2 3 4 5

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

4. How can a table represent an algebraic relationship between

two variables?

354 Unit 5
 Name Class Date

12.4 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer

COMMON
Online
CORE 6.EE.9 Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

Students at Mills Middle School are required to work a certain number

of community service hours. The table shows the numbers of additional
hours several students worked beyond their required hours, as well as the
total numbers of hours worked.
y
5. Read the ordered pairs from the graph to make a table. 50

Additional hours 40

Total (h)
30
Total hours 20
10
6. Write an equation that expresses the total hours in terms of the x
additional hours. O 10 20 30 40 50
Additional (h)

7. Analyze Relationships How many community service hours are

students required to work? Explain.

Beth is using a map. Let x represent a distance in centimeters on

the map. To find an actual distance y in kilometers, Beth uses the
equation y = 8x.

8. Make a table comparing a distance on the map to the

actual distance.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Map distance (cm)

Actual distance (km)

9. Make a graph that compares the map distance to the y

actual distance. Label the axes of the graph. 50
40
10. Critical Thinking The actual distance between Town A and
30
Town B is 64 kilometers. What is the distance on Beth’s map?
20
Did you use the graph or the equation to find the answer? Why?
10
x
O 1 2 3 4 5

Lesson 12.4 355

11. Multistep The equation y = 9x represents the total cost y for
x movie tickets. Label the axes of the graph.
a. Make a table and a graph to represent the relationship
between x and y.
y
Number of tickets, x 50
40
Total cost ($), y
30

b. Critical Thinking In this situation, which quantity is 20

dependent and which is independent? Justify your answer. 10
x
O 1 2 3 4 5

c. Multiple Representations Eight friends want to go see a movie.

Would you prefer to use an equation, a table, or a graph to find the
cost of 8 movie tickets? Explain how you would use your chosen
method to find the cost.

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

12. Critical Thinking Suppose you graph y = 5x and y = x + 500 on the

same coordinate plane. Which line will be steeper? Why?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

13. Persevere in Problem Solving Marcus plotted the points (0, 0), (6, 2),
(18, 6), and (21, 7) on a graph. He wrote an equation for the relationship.
Find another ordered pair that could be a solution of Marcus’s equation.
Justify your answer.

14. Error Analysis The cost of a personal pizza is $4. A drink costs $1. Anna
wrote the equation y = 4x + 1 to represent the relationship between total
cost y of buying x meals that include one personal pizza and one drink.
Describe Anna’s error and write the correct equation.

356 Unit 5
 MODULE QUIZ

Ready Personal
Math Trainer
12.1 Graphing on the Coordinate Plane Online Assessment
and Intervention
y
Graph each point on the coordinate plane. my.hrw.com

1. A(-2, 4) 2. B(3, 5) 6

3. C(6, -4) 4. D(-3, -5) 2

x
-6 -2O 2 6
5. E(7, 2) 6. F(-4, 6)
-6
12.2 Independent and Dependent
Variables in Tables and Graphs
7. Jon buys packages of pens for $5 each. Identify the independent and
dependent variables in the situation.

12.3 Writing Equations from Tables

Write an equation that represents the data in the table.

8. x 3 5 8 10
9.
x 5 10 15 20
y 21 35 56 70 y 17 22 27 32

12.4 Representing Algebraic Relationships in Tables and Graphs

Graph each equation.

10. y = x + 3 11. y = 5x
8 40
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

6 30
4 20
2 10

O 2 4 6 8 O 2 4 6 8

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

12. How can you write an equation in two variables to solve a problem?

Module 12 357
 MODULE 12 MIXED REVIEW Personal
Math Trainer
Assessment Online
Assessment and
Readiness my.hrw.com Intervention

Selected Response 5. Which point is not on the graph of the

equation y = 10 + x?
1. What are the coordinates of point G on the
coordinate grid below? A (0, 10) C (8, 2)
y B (3, 13) D (5, 15)
4
6. Amy gets paid by the hour. Her sister helps.
2 As shown, Amy gives her sister part of her
x earnings. Which equation represents Amy’s
-4 -2 O 2 4
pay when her sister’s pay is $13?
-2
G Amy’s pay
10 20 30 40
in dollars
-4
Sister’s pay
2 4 6 8
in dollars
A (4, 3) C (-4, 3)
13
B (4, -3) D (-4, -3) A y = __ C 5 = 13y
5
x
B 13 = __ D 13 = 5x
2. A point is located in quadrant II of a 5
coordinate plane. Which of the following
could be the coordinates of that point? Mini-Task
A (-5, -7) C (-5, 7) 7. The table compares the ages, in years, of
B (5, 7) D (5, -7) two cousins.

3. Matt had 5 library books. He checked Ann’s age, x 4 8 12

1 additional book out every week
without returning any books. Which Tom’s age, y 8 12 16
equation describes the number of books

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

a. Write an equation that compares Tom’s
he has, y, after x weeks?
and Ann’s ages.
A y = 5x C y = 1 + 5x
B y= 5-x D y= 5+x
b. Draw a graph to represent the
4. Stewart is playing a video game. He earns equation.
the same number of points for each prize y
he captures. He earned 1,200 points for
6 prizes, 2,000 points for 10 prizes, and 8
2,600 points for 13 prizes. Which is the 6
dependent variable in the situation? 4

A the number of prizes captured 2

x
B the number of points earned O 2 4 6 8

C the number of hours

D the number of prizes available

358 Unit 5
 UNIT 5
Study Guide Review
MODULE
11 Equations and Key Vocabulary
Relationships equation (ecuación)
solution (solución)
solution of an inequality
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
(solución de una
How can you use equations and relationships to solve real-world desigualdad)
problems?

EXAMPLE 1
Determine if the given value is a solution of the equation.
A. r - 5 = 17; r = 12 B. _6x = 7; x = 42
? 42 ?
__
12 - 5 = 17 Substitute. 6
=7 Substitute.

7 ≠ 17 7=7

12 is not a solution of r - 5 = 17. 42 is a solution of _6x = 7.

EXAMPLE 2
Solve each equation. Check your answer.
A. y - 12 = 10 B. 5p = 30
5p
__ 30
+12 +12 Add 12 to both sides. 5
= __
5
Divide both sides by 5.

y = 22 p=6
? ?
Check: 22 - 12 = 10 Substitute. Check: 5(6) = 30 Substitute.

10 = 10 30 = 30

EXAMPLE 3
Write and graph an inequality to represent each situation.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

A. There are at least 5 gallons of water in an B. The temperature today will be less than
aquarium. 35 °F.

g≥5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t < 35 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

EXERCISES
Determine whether the given value is a solution of the equation. (Lesson 11.1)

1. 7x = 14; x = 3 2. y + 13 = 17; y = 4

Write an equation to represent the situation. (Lesson 11.1)

3. Don has three times as much money as his brother, who has $25.

Unit 5 359
 4. There are s students enrolled in Mr. Rodriguez’s class. There are

6 students absent and 18 students present today.

Solve each equation. Check your answer. (Lessons 11.2, 11.3)

5. p - 5 = 18 6. 9q = 18.9

7. 3.5 + x = 7 8. _27 = 2x

9. Sonia used $12.50 to buy a new journal. She has $34.25 left in her
savings account. How much money did Sonia have before she
bought the journal? Write and solve an equation to solve

the problem. (Lesson 11.2)

Write and graph an inequality to represent each situation.
(Lesson 11.4)

10. The company’s stock is worth less than

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
$2.50 per share.

11. Tina got a haircut, and her hair is still at least

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
15 inches long.

MODULE
12 Relationships in Two Key Vocabulary
Variables axes (ejes)
coordinate plane (plano
cartesiano)
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
coordinates (coordenadas)
How can you use relationships in two variables to solve real-world ordered pair (par ordenado)
problems?
origin (origen)
y
quadrants (cuadrantes)
EXAMPLE 1
5 x-axis (eje x)
Graph the point (4, -2) and identify 4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Quadrant II Quadrant I
the quadrant where it is located. 3
2
(4, -2) is located 4 units 1 x
to the right of the origin and 2 units ̵5 ̵ 4 ̵3 ̵2 ̵1 O 1 2 3 4 5
̵1
down from the origin. ̵2
(4, ̵2)
̵3
(4, -2) is in quadrant IV. Quadrant III Quadrant IV
̵4
̵5

360 Unit 5
 EXAMPLE 2
Tim is paid $8 more than the number of bags of peanuts he sells
at the baseball stadium. The table shows the relationship between
the money Tim earns and the number of bags of peanuts Tim sells.
Identify the independent and dependent variables, and write an
equation that represents the relationship.

Bags of peanuts, x 0 1 2 3 The number of bags is the independent

variable, and the money Tim earns is the
Money earned, y 8 9 10 11 dependent variable.

The equation y = x + 8 expresses the

relationship between the number of bags
Tim sells and the amount he earns.

EXERCISES
Graph and label each point on the coordinate plane. (Lesson 12.1)
y
1. (4, 4)
4
2. (-3, -1)
2
3. (-1, 4)
x
̵4 ̵2 O 2 4
̵2

̵4

Use the graph to answer the questions. (Lesson 12.2)

10

8
Distance (km)

6
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

O 2 4 6 8 10
Time (h)

4. What is the independent variable?

5. What is the dependent variable?

6. Describe the relationship between the independent variable and the

dependent variable.

Unit 5 361
 7. Use the data in the table to write an equation y

to express y in terms of x. Then graph the equation. 10

(Lessons 12.3, 12.4) 8

6
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 4 5 6 7 2
x
O 1 2 3 4 5

Unit 5 Performance Tasks

1. CAREERS IN MATH Botanist Dr. Adama is a botanist. She measures
the daily height of a particular variety of sunflower, Sunny Yellow,
beginning when the sunflower is 60 days old. At 60 days, the height of
the sunflower is 205 centimeters. Dr. Adama finds that the growth rate of
this sunflower is 2 centimeters per day after the first 60 days.

a. Write an expression to represent the sunflower’s height after d days.

b. How many days does it take for the sunflower to reach
235 centimeters? Show your work.

c. The Suntracker grows at a rate of 2.5 centimeters per day after the
first 60 days. If this sunflower is 195 centimeters tall when it is 60
days old, write an expression to represent Suntracker’s height after
d days. Which sunflower will be taller after 22 days, or when it is 82
days old? Explain how you found your answer.

2. Vernon practiced soccer 5_34 hours this week. He practiced 4_13 hours on
weekdays and the rest over the weekend.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

a. Write an equation that represents the situation. Define your variable.

b. What is the least common multiple of the denominators of 5_34 and

4_31 ? Show your work.

c. Solve the equation and interpret the solution. Show your work.

362 Unit 5
 UNIT 5 MIXED REVIEW Personal
Math Trainer
Assessment Online
Assessment and
Readiness my.hrw.com Intervention

1. Using the expression 7x = 3y, if y is 35, what 5. No more than 7 copies of a newspaper are
is x? left in the newspaper rack. Which inequality
represents this situation?
A 15
A n<7
B 21
B n≤7
C 35
C n>7
D 105
D n≥7
2. Bruce has 97 sports cards. 34 of them are
football cards. Which equation can be used 6. For which of the inequalities below is v = 4
to find the number of sports cards y that a solution?
are not football cards?
A v+5≥9
A 97 + 34 = y
B v+5>9
B y + 97 = 34
C v+5≤8
C 34 + y = 97
D v+5<8
D y - 97 = 34
7. Sarah has read aloud in class 3 more times
3. The overnight temperature in Tampa never than Joel. Sarah has read 9 times. Which
reached below 40 °F during November. equation represents this situation?
Which inequality shows that?
A j-9=3
A x < 40
B 3j = 9
B x > 40
C j-3=9
C x = 40
D j+3=9
D x ≥ 40
8. The number line below represents the
4. Truman puts money into his savings solution to which inequality?
account every time he gets paid. The table
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

below shows how much he saves.

0 5 10
Amount Truman $15 $30 $45 A m > 4.4
is paid
Amount Truman B m>5
$1.50 $3 $4.50
saves
C m < 4.4
Which of the following equations can be D m<4
used to find the amount m Truman saves
when he is paid $20?
When possible, use logic to
A m = 20(0.10) C 0.10m = 20 Hot ! eliminate at least two answer
B 20m = 0.10
10
D m = __
Tip choices.
20

Unit 5 363
 9. Brian is playing a video game. He earns the 13. Jillian is participating in a book reading
same number of points for each star he contest to raise funds for her local library.
picks up. He earned 2,400 points for 6 stars, For every book Jillian reads, her mother
4,000 points for 10 stars, and 5,200 points pledged to make a donation.
for 13 stars. Which is the independent
a. The table shows how much Jillian’s
variable in the situation?
mother will donate. Find the pattern,
A the number of stars picked up and finish the table.
B the number of points earned Books Jillian 3 5 7
reads
C the number of hours played
Money Jillian’s
D the number of stars available mother $15 $25
donates
10. Which ratio is not equivalent to the other b. Write an equation showing the pattern
three? from the table. Identify the variables.
2
_ 6
A 5 C __
15
12
B __ 18
D __
25 45
11. One inch is about 2.54 centimeters. About
how many centimeters is 4.5 inches?
c. Graph the equation.
A 1.8 centimeters
y
B 11.4 centimeters
50
her mother ($)

C 13.7 centimeters
Donated by

40
D 114 centimeters 30
20
10
Mini-Tasks x
O 2 4 6 8 10
12. Dana, Neil, and Frank are siblings. Dana is
Books Jillian read
the oldest.
a. Frank’s age is one-fourth of Dana’s age.
Write an equation to represent Frank’s
age f if Dana’s age is d years.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

b. Neil’s age is one-half of the difference

between Dana’s and Frank’s ages. Write
an equation to represent Neil’s age n in
terms of Dana’s age d.

c. Use the equations to find Neil’s and

Frank’s ages if Dana is 16 years old.

364 Unit 5