Infotech Vocabulary

Unit 10:
1. Floppy disk- a disk made of a flexible plastic material upon which data is
stored on magnetic tracks.
2. Hard drive- a magnetic storage device that reads and writes data on metal
disks.
3. Platters- a magnetic plate, or disk, that constitutes part of a hard disk drive.
4. Format- the layout of a document. Including page numbers, line spaces,
margins, paragraph alignment, headers and footers, etc.
5. Track- an area marked on the surface of a disk.
6. Sector- a part of a track on a magnetic disk.
7. Directory- an alphabetical or chronological list of files on a disk.
8. Read/Write head-the part of a disk drive that reads and writes data on a
magnetic disk.
9. Seek time(access time)- the average time and required for the read/write
head of a disk drive to move and access data, measured in milliseconds Also
called access time.
10.Head crash- a serious disk malfunction.
11.Back up- to copy files from one disk to another.

Unit 11:
1. Optical disk- a storage device in which data is recorded as microscopic pits
by a laser beam.
2. DVD- a Digital Versatile (or Video) Disc that uses optical technology to store
large amounts of audio-visual material Whereas CDs use only one side.
3. DVD burner- DVD drive that records information by burning via a laser to a
blank DVD disc.
4. Portable DVD player- a handheld device with a built-in DVD drive and a
screen.
5. Multi-format playback- the feature of a media player that makes it
compatible with many file formats.

Unit 12:
 1. Non-volatile(memory)-Permanent memory, able to hold data without
power, ROM and Flash memory are examples of non-volatile memory.
2. Volatile(memory)-temporary memory; it doesn’t hold its contents without
power.
3. Cell- an intersection of a column and a row in a spreadsheet.
4. USB- Universal Serial Bus; a hardware interface that allows peripheral
devices to be easily connected to a computer.
5. Flash memory- a type of non-volatile memory that can be erased and
reprogrammed.
6. Flash card reader-a device that reads and writes a flash memory card.
7. Hybrid hard disk-a hard disk with integrated flash memory, intended for
new laptops and mobile PCs.

Unit 13:
1. Graphical user interface(GUI)- a user-friendly interface based on graphics.
2. Desktop- a computer designed to be placed on a desk, used as a home
computer, or as a workstation for group work.
3. Icon- a picture representing an object, such as a document, program,
folder, or hard disk.
4. File- 1) a collection of records in a database. 2) a section of information
stored on disk- a document or a program.
5. Program- a set of instructions that tells the computer how to do a specific
task.
6. Windows- the operating system from Microsoft that runs on most PCs.
7. Mac OS- an operating system created by Apple and used on Macintosh
computers.
8. Unix- an operating system, designed by Bell Laboratories in the USA, found
on mainframes and workstations in corporate installations.
9. Linux- Open-source software developed under the GNU General Public
License. This means anybody can copy its source code, change it and
distribute it.
10.Windows Mobile- an operating system used on many PDAs and
smartphones.
11.Palm OS- an operating system used Palm hand-held devices.
 12.RIM- an operating system used on BlackBerry communication devices,
developed by Research in Motion.
13.Symbian OS- an operating system used by some phone makers including
Nokia and Siemens.

Unit 15:
1. Database- a file of structured data.
2. Field- a unit of information in a record. In a database, information is
entered via fields.
3. Record- a unit of a file consisting of a number of interrelated data
elements(fields).
4. Update- to make something more modern or suitable for use now by
adding information or changing its design.
5. Search- to look for specific information.
6. Sort- to classify; to reorder data into a new sequence.
7. Relational (database)- a database system that maintains separate, related
files(tables), but combines data elements from the files for queries and
reports.
8. Query- a request for data; in a database, a function that allows you to
extract data according to certain conditions or criteria.
9. Network- a system of computer devices or “nodes” interconnected so that
information.

Unit 18:
1. Videoconferencing- a technology that allows organizations to create virtual
meetings with participants in multiple locations, enabling them to talk to
and see each other.
2. Internet Telephony (VOIP)- Voice over Internet Protocol, which allows you
to make phone calls using the Internet instead of the regular phone lines.
3. Chat conferencing (Bulletin board systems(BBSs)- a system that enables its
users usually members of a particular interest group, to share information
and programs.
 4. Chat room- a channel where users can communicate with each other in real
time.
5. Instant Messaging (IM)- exchanging text messages in real-time between
two or more people logged into IM services such as AM, Windows Live
Messenger, and Yahoo!
6. Virtual reality- a computer generated space in which the user interacts
with artificial objects through 3-D computer simulation.

Unit 19:
1. Hacker- Someone who invades a network’s privacy.
2. Cookies- Small files used by a web server to know if you have visited their
site before.
3. Digital certificate- a file that identifies a user or a web server; like a digital
identification card.
4. Encryption- the process of saving and transmitting data in encoded form.
5. Decryption- the process of decoding secret data.
6. Freeware- software that is available free of charge but protected by
copyright.
7. Password- a secret word that must be entered before access is given to a
computer system or website.
8. Firewall- software and/or hardware device that allows limited access to an
internal network from the Net.
9. Virus- a piece of software which attaches itself to a file.
10.Malware- the malicious software, created to damage computer data.
11.Worm- a self-copying program that spreads through email attachments; it
replicates itself and sends a copy to everyone in a contact list.
12.Spyware- a type of software that collects information from your computer
without your consent.

Cybercrimes:
 Piracy- the illegal copy and distribution of copyrighted software, games, or
music files.
 Plagiarism and theft of intellectual property- pretending that someone
else’s work is your own.
  Phishing- getting passwords for online bank accounts or credit card
numbers by using emails that look like they are from real organizations, but
are in fact fake; people believe the message is from; their bank and send
their security details.
 Cyberstalking- online harassment or abuse mainly in chat rooms or
newgroups.
Unit 20:
1. Raster graphic (Bitmap)- images stored and displayed as pixels, which can
become distorted when manipulated.
2. Resolution- The maximum number of pixels in the horizontal and vertical
directions of the screen.
3. JPEG- A standard for compressing and decompressing image files.
4. Vector graphic- Images represented through the use of geometric objects
such as lines, curves, and polygons based on mathematical equations.
5. Filter- a special effect that can be applied to pictures.
6. Compositing- combining parts of different images to create a single image.
7. Wireframe- the drawing of a model by tracing features like edges or
contour lines.
8. Solid modelling -a technique for representing solid objects; this includes
specifying and filling the surfaces to give the appearance of a 3-D solid
object with volume.
9. Texturing- adding paint, colour, and filters to an object in order to achieve
a given look and feel.
10.Rendering- a technique that generates realistic reflections, shadows, and
highlights.
11.Fractals- geometrical patterns that are repeated at small scales to generate
irregular shapes.
12.Geographic Information System(GIS)- a type of graphics software that
allows us to analyse geographic data and then make maps, plan the use of
land, predict a natural disaster, etc.

Unit 21:
 1. Deskop publishing-The use of a computer system for all steps of document
production, including typing editing graphics and printing.
2. Page-layout program-Application software used to import texts and
illustrations, and to combine and arrange them all on a page.
3. Font- the shape,style and size of a particular typeface.
4. Kerning- the process of adjusting the spaces between letters to achieve
even, consistent letter spacing.
5. Text flow- a feature that enables you to wrap text around images on the
page.
6. PDF-a portable document format from Adobe, commonly used to distribute
text files over the internet and read with Acrobat reader.
7. Printing plate- a metal surface that carries the image to be printed.
8. Computer to plate- an imaging technology used in modern commercial
printing,in which DTP files are output directly to the printing plates without
using film as an intermediate step.
9. Platesetter- a machine that creates the printing.

Unit 22:
1. Hypertext-text that contains links to other documents.
2. Hypermedia-a form of enriched multimedia which supports linking
graphics,sound and video elements in addition to text elements.
3. Sound card-an expansion card that processes auido signals; also called a
sound board.
4. MIDI-a standard for connecting computers and musical instruments.
5. MP3- 1)a standard format that compresses music files, enabling them to be
transmitted over the Net more easily.2) a file containing a song or other
audio data that is encoded using the MP3 standard.
6. MPEG- a standard for compressing and decompressing video files;
developed by the Moving Pictures Experts Group.
7. CD ripper- A program that extracts music tracks and saves them on disk.
8. Streaming- a technique for transmitting sound and video so that it can be
processed as a continuous stream.
9. Webcasting- sending audio and video live over the internet.
 10.Plug-ins- special programs which extend the capabilities of a web browser
so that it can handle audio,video,3D and animation elements.
11.Digital video camera- a camera that records moving images and converts
them into digital data; also called a camcorder.
12.Video editing- the process of manipulating video images.

Active skills for Reading

Unit 2, chapter 1:
1. Assert-to put oneself forth forcefully, become aggressive. [iddia etmək]
2. Cue-an action or event that is a signal for something else to happen.[ ipucu
]
3. Dominate- to have or use power or command over.
[ hakim olmaq ]
4. Intimate-very close or familiar.[ yaxın ]
5. Malicious-with intent to cause harm or pain.[ pis niyətli ]
6. Perceive- to understand or think of something or someone in a particular
way.[ dərk etmək ]
7. Perpetrator- a person who commits a crime.[ cinayətkar ]
8. Relinquish-to give up, hand over, to surrender.[ imtina etmək ]
9. Replicate- to make a copy of something, to reproduce. təkrarlamaq
10. Rationale-reason to do something, the purpose for an action.
[əsaslandırma]

Words at the end of the text:

 When you vent your frustrations, you release strong feelings of anger or
disappointment.
  Someone who works in a supermarket helps you bag your groceries, i.e.
helps put your items in a bag.
 A Goth (an abbreviation of Gothic) is a person who wears dark or black
clothing and dark makeup.
 Predominantly means mainly or mostly.
 Counterculture refers to “underground” cultures, usually among young
people, with values that oppose established ones.
 A social activist is someone who campaigns or takes action to bring about
changes in society.
 An action or event that is contextual depends on the setting or
circumstances in which it occurs.

Words in the vocabulary section:

 Implicate-show (someone) to be involved in a crime. [aid etmək].
 Inexplicable-unable to be explained or accounted for. [izaholunmaz].
 Explicit-stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or
doubt.[açıq-aşkar].
 Pleat-a double or multiple fold in a garment or other item made of cloth,
held by stitching the top or side. [qat].
 Pliable-easily bent; flexible.[elastik].
 Multiply-obtain from (a number) another which contains the first number a
specified number of times.[çoxalmaq]
 Multiplex -involving or consisting of many elements in a complex
relationship.
 Implicit-suggested though not directly expressed.[gizli].

Vocabulary Part assignments:

1-B.
 It is commonly assumed that women have deeper, more intimate
relationships with each other than men do with other men.
 Whoever talks the loudest and the most tends to dominate a discussion.
 People with high self-esteem tend to perceive themselves as being able to
handle challenges.
  Following the financial crisis in 2008, many banks had to relinquish control
of their management to the government.
 That is a unique piece of art, and nobody knows the technique for making it
anymore. It is quite impossible to replicate it.
 After spending years being shy and introverted, Ling decided to assert
herself and asked Michael out on a date!
 We took it as our cue to leave when she said she was tired and needed to
sleep.
 He wasn't being malicious when he revealed your secret; it was an
accident!
 As a teenager, I never understood my parents' rationale when they insisted
I come home by midnight.
 The detective assured the family that he would track down the perpetrator
of the crime.
2-B.
 Carl is quite particular about how his pants are pressed; the pleats have to
be starched and ironed as straight as possible.
 Does anyone want to see a movie at the new multiplex tonight?
 While John didn’t explicitly say that he was angry, he demonstrated it by
slamming doors and stomping around the whole day.
 This new type of molding clay feels much more pliable it can be molded
into shape more easily; the children love it.
 The number of people outside the theater quickly multiplied when word
spread that free concert tickets were being given away.
 The politician sued the newspapers for implicating him in the murder
scandal.
 Even though Sara and Jin Sao do not believe in the supernatural, they had
to admit to some inexplicable occurrences in their house.
 In some cultures, not finishing everything on your plate sends the implicit
message to the host that the food was not good.

Unit 2, chapter 2:
 1. Play along-pretend to agree or cooperate.
2. Prodigy- a genius, someone of great natural ability.[vunderkind]
3. Mangle–to damage badly, to mutilate or deform. [korlamaq]
4. Immaculate-perfect, without any mistakes or bad parts. [qüsursuz]
5. Decline-to refuse, usually politely. [eniş,tənəzzül]
6. Cordial-warm, friendly. [mehriban]
7. Groomed- how neat and tidy (welI-groomed) or badly kept (badly-
groomed) something is. [baxımlı]
8. Cunning-clever and deceitful. [hiyləgər]
9. Vandalism-the crime of deliberately damaging things, especially public
property.
10.Counter-in the opposite direction or in conflict with. [qarşı]

Words at the end of the text:

 To shoot something is a casual way to say “take a photo” or “record on
film.”
 A Commodore 64 is an early desktop computer from the 1980s.
 An executable program is one that is able to perform and do the job for
which it.was designed.
 In computer terms, a platform is a specific type of computer hardware or
operating system.
 A ferret is a small, brown, furry animal, often trained to hunt rats and
rabbits.
 6 You do somersaults by rolling your body over headfirst to land on your
feet.

Words in the vocabulary section:

 Bibliography – a list of writings related to a given subject, or referenced
within a Particular written work .
 Monograph -a written account, such as a book or scholarly pamphlet, on a
particular and usually limited subject.
 Photograph -an image of an object, person, or landscape recorded digitally
or on special film or paper
  Paragraph - a short section of a text, made up of two or more sentences,
that deals with the same idea throughout.
 Autobiography - the life memoirs of a person, written by that person .
 Demography -the study of the characteristics of human populations, for
example: Size, growth, density, distribution and vital statistics.
 Biography -a written account of a person's life .
 Cartography - the art and science of making maps or navigational charts.
 Seismograph -an instrument for automatically detecting and recording the
duration, intensity, and direction of an earthquake.
 Choreography -the art of creating and arranging dance sequences.

Vocabulary Part assignments:

1-B.
 Most essays in English contain at least five paragraphs.
 Many pop stars work with choreographers to create dance moves.
 All essays should include a(n) bibliography to cite referenced works.
 In order to write someone's biography , you have to conduct an extensive
amount of research on them.
 As Della was a well-known chef, her autobiography contained numerous
recipes along with her memoirs.
 Jun believes that living in Tokyo and experiencing numerous earthquakes as
a young child inspired him to become a(n) seismographer.
 Though Annelise originally studied color photography, she has recently
become interested in using black and white film.
 Sebastian has been unable to find much published material on his chosen
field of study except for a single old monograph.
 Anybody who studies demographic trends will know that the rise in global
population is creating a huge strain on the environment.
 Hyun Suk has been interested in globes and maps since he was young, so he
entered the field of cartography.