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Chapter 6

This document discusses calculating cooling and heating loads for buildings. It covers calculating external loads from walls, roofs, glass, and infiltration. It also covers internal loads from occupants, lighting, and appliances. An example problem is provided to calculate the sensible, latent, and total loads on an air conditioned room and determine the required cooling capacity using a safety factor. The key steps are to calculate heat transfer rates for various surfaces and loads, sum the sensible and latent components, and apply a safety factor to determine the required cooling capacity.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
126 views16 pages

Chapter 6

This document discusses calculating cooling and heating loads for buildings. It covers calculating external loads from walls, roofs, glass, and infiltration. It also covers internal loads from occupants, lighting, and appliances. An example problem is provided to calculate the sensible, latent, and total loads on an air conditioned room and determine the required cooling capacity using a safety factor. The key steps are to calculate heat transfer rates for various surfaces and loads, sum the sensible and latent components, and apply a safety factor to determine the required cooling capacity.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Jazan 

University 
College of Engineering 
Department of Mechanical Engineering

C
Course ME‐
ME 523 
523

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning


Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 
Chapter 6

Cooling And Heating Load 
C li A d H ti L d
Calculations 
Objectives
 Introduction to load calculations
Cooling load calculations using CLTD/CLF method
Estimation of the cooling capacity of the system
Explain briefly the procedure for estimating heating loads 
Chapter 6 Introduction

3
Chapter 6 Introduction

4
Chapter 6 Introduction

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Chapter 6 Cooling load calculations
Buildings may be classified as externally loaded and internally loaded.
loaded
In externally loaded buildings the cooling load on the building is mainly due to heat
transfer between the surroundings and the internal conditioned space.
In internally loaded buildings the cooling load is mainly due to internal heat generating
sources such as occupants or appliances or processes.

Fig.1: Various cooling load components
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Chapter 6 Cooling load calculations
1. . Estimation of external loads:
Estimation of external loads:
a) Heat transfer through opaque surfaces: This is a sensible heat transfer process.
The heat transfer rate through opaque surfaces such as walls, roof, floor, doors etc.
is given by:
is given by:

Where: U
Wh U is the overall heat transfer coefficient 
i th ll h t t f ffi i t
A is the heat transfer area of the surface on the side of the conditioned space. 
CLTD is the cooling load temperature difference. 
(For sunlit surfaces, CLTD has to be obtained from the CLTD tables)
(F
(For surfaces which are not sunlit or which have negligible thermal mass (such as doors), the CLTD value is 
f hi h t lit hi h h li ibl th l ( h d ) th CLTD l i
simply equal to the temperature difference across the wall or roof). (Tout‐Tin).

b) H t t
b) Heat transfer through fenestration:
f th hf t ti

Where:  Aunshaded is the area exposed to solar radiation,
SHGFmax and SC are the maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor and Shading Coefficient, respectively, 
CLF is the Cooling Load Factor.

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Chapter 6 Cooling load calculations

TTable 1: Cooling Load Factor (CLF) for glass with interior shading and located in
bl 1 C li L d F t (CLF) f l ith i t i h di dl t di
north latitudes (ASHRAE)

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Chapter 6 Cooling load calculations
c) Heat transfer due to infiltration:
c) Heat transfer due to infiltration:
Heat transfer due to infiltration consists of both sensible as well as latent components.
The sensible heat transfer rate due to infiltration is given by:

Where: V
Where: Vo is the infiltration rate (V in m3/s)
is the infiltration rate (V in m
ρo and cp,m are the density and specific heat of the moist, infiltrated air, respectively. 
To and Ti are the outdoor and indoor dry bulb temperatures.

Th l t t h t t
The latent heat transfer rate due to infiltration is given by:
f t d t i filt ti i i b

Where: hfg is the latent heat of vaporization of water, 
Wo and Wi are the outdoor and indoor humidity ratio, respectively.

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Chapter 6 Cooling load calculations

2. Estimation of internal loads:
The internal loads consist of load due to occupants, due to lighting, due to equipment and 
appliances and due to products stored or processes being performed in the conditioned space.

a) Load due to occupants:
The sensible heat transfer to the conditioned space due to the occupants is given by the 
equation:

Th l
The latent heat gain due to occupants is given by:
h i d i i b

the CLF for latent heat gain is 1.

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Chapter 6 Cooling load calculations
b) Load due to lighting:
b) Load due to lighting:
Lighting adds sensible heat to the conditioned space.
Thus the cooling load due to lighting system is given by:
g g g y g y

The CLF values are available in the form of tables in ASHARE handbooks.

c) Internal loads due to equipment and appliances:
The equipment and appliances used in the conditioned space may add both sensible as well 
as latent loads to the conditioned space.

Thus the internal sensible load due to equipment and appliances is given by:

The latent load due to appliances is given by:

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Chapter 6 Heating load calculations

Equations similar to those used for cooling load calculations are used with the 
difference that the CLTD values are simply replaced by the design temperature 
difference between the conditioned space and outdoors.
p

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Chapter 6 Problem
An air conditioned room that stands on a well ventilated basement measures 3 m wide, 3 
An air conditioned room that stands on a well ventilated basement measures 3 m wide, 3
m high and 6 m deep. One of the two 3 m walls faces north and contains a double glazed 
glass window of size 1.5 m by 1.5 m, mounted flush with the wall with no external shading. 
There are no heat gains through the walls other than the one facing north.
g g g

1/ Calculate the sensible, latent and total heat gains on the room,
2/ Calculate the room sensible heat factor from the following information. 
3/ Using a safety factor of 1.25, what is the required cooling capacity?

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Chapter 6 Problem

1/ External loads: 
1/ External loads:
a) Heat transfer rate through the walls: Since only west wall measuring 3m x 3m with a glass 
windows of 1.5m x 1.5m is exposed; the heat transfer rate through this wall is given by: 

b) Heat transfer rate through roof:
) g

c) Heat transfer rate through floor:


c) Heat transfer rate through floor: 

d) Heat transfer rate through glass:
) g g

14
Chapter 6 Problem
e) Heat transfer due to infiltration: The infiltration rate is 0.5 ACH, converting this into mass 
flow rate, the infiltration rate in kg/s is given by: 

Sensible heat transfer rate due to infiltration, Qs,inf;

Latent heat transfer rate due to infiltration, Ql,inf: 

Internal loads: 
a) Load due to occupants:
)L dd The sensible and latent load due to occupants are: 
h ibl dl l dd

b) Load due to lighting: Assuming a CLF value of 1.0, the load due to lighting is: 

c) Load due to appliance:


c) Load due to appliance: 

15
Chapter 6 Problem
Total sensible and latent loads are
Total sensible and latent loads are

Total load on the building is: 

2/ Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF) is given by: 

3/ 
/ using a safety factor of 1.25, the required cooling capacity is:
g y , q g p y

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