1

Security System Machine Learning with

Image Processing
Jeffreyson V. Pasco1, Reynan L. Canillo2, Enrique R. Perral Jr.3
Surigao Del Norte State University, Philippines
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract-

Index terms- Raspberry Pi, Fabrication, Infrared Sensor, Microcontroller

I. INTRODUCTION Additionally, employing motion control technology allows for the

The technology employed to secure extremely sensitive tracking of moving objects and the transmission of alert signals [1].
locations has seen a significant change recently and will Another security study using image
likely undergo further development in the years to come.
When it comes to smart apps, security is crucial. The newly processing and deep convolutional neural networks have
developed idea of smart security provides an easy, secure, two modules defined at the hardware level, a Raspberry Pi
and pleasant method of protecting extremely sensitive places. microcontroller with some sensors attached, and a global. It
The traditional goal of security systems is to prevent a breach includes an Arduino microcontroller with the system
by providing a signal in the form of a triggered alarm at the (GSM) and global positioning system (GPS) function
moment of the breach. However, the suggested security installed together in the field. These two modules
system has many additional advantages over the traditional communicate with each other on the local network and, in
methods, which are covered in greater depth as we go closer Goutham Reddy Kotapalle's research, remotely with users
to its implementation and operation. on his public network.
This study focuses on how the use of intelligent systems The researchers concurred to conduct this project to
that can operate at levels of efficiency that cannot be enhance the security of this institution. A system that
attained by humans or even other conventional security automatically scans and determines if the person was
systems can significantly increase the effectiveness of registered to the system.
security at locations that are thought to be very sensitive and
private. Review of Related Literature
The project is all about security, it determines whether The study by T.S Huang et. al. image processing
the person will enter the institution is registered to the techniques are applied in many fields, especially in image
system. If the person entering is not wearing prescribe enhancement, pattern recognition, and efficient image
uniform the system will detect and analyze their face if it is coding. It covers several aspects of image processing in
registered to the system and if it is not registered the system particular: mathematical operations you are likely to
will trigger the alarm. encounter and how to implement them via optical and digital
The raspberry pi read the camera frames using the camera computers image description and image quality rating [1].
module and then start analyzing the frame if the object A related study in India at Pune University by Mandar P.
(human) was detected. The face recognition and object Pathrikar et. al. application of all concepts that provide ideas
recognition algorithm will then be applied for analyzing the for practically improving video security systems and
objects captured by the camera. If that object matches the improving the capabilities of image processing activities. It
trained data from the database, raspberry then sends the full also shows in good form the main role played by the
information of that object through the server which is the software in each step of the algorithm. Imaging systems
windows application in JSON format. The application from seem to deal with operating system features that support the
pc, will read the data and insert it into the database then the system and extend the reach of smart software [2]. In the
application fetches again the latest data and shows up on the study by Ping Li et. al, the appearance of machine learning
screen in a readable format. strategies and image processing procedures has prompted
There are lots of benefits to this study it can lessen the new examination valuable open doors around here machine
work of security personnel and it can provide real-time learning has empowered programmed extraction and
security. This is because not every person entering the examination of data from pictures. The union of machine
campus can be identified by the guard who is studying there learning with image processing is helpful in an assortment
and the guard can be deceived. Our project registers all of safety applications. Image processing assumes a huge part
students and personnel in the system, so if you come in as an in physical as well as computerized security. Actual security
outsider, you will be detected in the system because you are applications incorporate country security, observation
not registered. applications, identity authentication, etc. Computerized
In the study of image processing security, the study of security suggests safeguarding advanced information.
Atiq Ur Rehman et. al. employs a camera as its primary Strategies like computerized watermarking, network
component, which requires a linked PC to work and show security, and steganography empower advanced security.
when its field of vision (FOV) changes. Both the pan and [3].
tilt According to Romadhon (2018) homeowners who are
functions of the motors are managed by a microprocessor. involved in a lot of activities need a home security system
 2
because they frequently leave the house without
locking the door or leaving the lights on. To solve
this case, a framework that has some control over
and can screen the condition of the different
gadgets contained in the house or a shrewd home
framework is earnestly required. When the
homeowner sends
a particular command using Android, the smart home's
microcontroller will forward the command to it, which will
then carry it out in accordance with the parameters that have
been set [4].
In another related study in the Indian Institute of
PROPER WIRE
Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing, INTERCONNECTIVITY CONVERT DATA SIGNAL
Kancheepuram, India by Kiran Davuluri with the dramatic
expansion in the information accessible on the web, the
requirement for its protection is complex. Protection models
have been worked on to give refinement the cost of
information has become a new asset. Machine Learning and
Image Processing techniques replace traditional modes of COMPILE THE PROGRAM
BUILD THE PROTOTYPE USING NETWORK
data privacy. There is a need to include independent ACCESS
frameworks in protection components. From the capacity of
information to its examination, there is consistently a danger
of information burglary or misbehavior from interlopers. An
original model in light of information discontinuity and
expanded partners in the confirmation framework which UPLOAD THE PROGRAM
guarantees improved security of data is proposed. The model CODE
brings out layered security of information utilizing
independent frameworks [5].
Based on the related studies, it focuses only on
surveillance security, improving video security systems, and
upgrading the capabilities of image processing activities. The
TESTING THE AUTOMATION SIMULTANEOUSLY TO SEE IF
other related study focuses on the home security system using
IT IDENTIFIES ANY FLAWS OR BUGS
android. So, the researchers come up with an idea to design a
project using the camera module then the raspberry reads the
frames from the camera and begins analyzing them if a
human being is detected. After that, the camera's captured DESIGN AND DEVELOP OF SECURITY SYSTEM MACHINE
objects will be analyzed using the face and object recognition LEARNING WITH IMAGE PROCESSING
algorithm. Raspberry then sends the entire object's
information in JSON format through the server, which is a
Windows application, if that object matches the trained data Objectives
from the database. The application from pc, will add the The study aims to modernize and enhance the security of
information and supplement it to the data set then the Surigao Del Norte State University to guarantee safety and bring
application gets again the most recent information and comfort to everyone in the stated institution.
appears on the screen in a readable format. In addition, to update the security system and keep up with
global technological advancements.
Conceptual Framework 1. To enhance the seSNIcurity of the institution.
The study's design and development of Security System 2. To develop the hardware components:
Machine Learning with Image Processing were described by 2.1. Microcontroller unit
the researchers using a waterfall model. 2.2. Camera
2.3. Buzzer
LOOKING AT SOME 2.4. Installation of the electronic components.
LOOKING FOR SPECIFIC
RELATED TOPICS ABOUT
SOFTWARE FOR THE
3. Test the functionality of the system.
THE SECURITY SYSTEM
WITH IMAGE PROGRAM CODE
PROCESSING

LAYOUTING THE MAKING THE PROGRAM

HARDWARE USING CODE USING RASPBERRY
PROTEUS PI AND C#

MANUAL FOR STAND

ALONE SET UP USB SERIAL AND
MICROCONTROLLER WIFI NETWORK
AND POWER SUPPLY
 3

Conceptual Framework
The researchers used a waterfall model that
described the entire process of the study, the design
and development of automated plant sowing
machine and its implementation as shown in Figure
1.
IDENTIFYING RELATED TOPICS ABOUT THE
AUTOMATED OF PLANT SOWING MACHINE AS
GUIDE UPON CREATION. IDENTIFY SPECIFIC SOFTWARE FOR THE
PROGRAM CODE

HARDWARE AND ELECTRONIC LAYOUT DESIGN

USING AUTOCAD AND EASYEDA
MAKING THE PROGRAM CODE WITH ARDUINO
IDE

MANUAL AND FABRICATED PCB FOR STAND-

ALONE MICROCONTROLLER AND POWER
SUPPLY SET UP THE USB TO SERIAL/TTL ADAPTER

PROPER CONNECTIVITY OF THE CONVERT DATA SIGNAL FROM

WIRES USB TO SERIAL/TTL

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATED PLANT SOWING MACHINE

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

BUILD THE MACHINE COMPILE THE PROGRAM CODE

Objectives INSTALLATION OF ELECTRONIC PARTS ON THE

The study aims to modernize and enhance the BUILT MACHINE
UPLOAD THE PROGRAM CODE
security of Surigao Del Norte State University to
guarantee safety and bring comfort to everyone in SIMULTANEOUS TESTING FOR THE AUTOMATION TO CHECK IF IT ESTABLISH DEFECTS OR BUGS

the stated institution.

In addition, to update the security system and
keep up with global technological advancements.
4. To enhance the security of the institution.
5. To develop the hardware components:
5.1. Microcontroller unit
5.2. Camera
5.3. Buzzer
5.4. Installation of the electronic components.
6. Test the functionality of the system.
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II. METHODOLOGY

Research Design
Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) as a method for finding the
solution was used by the researchers. It is an interactive
problem-solving strategy that helped improve the process of
the project. This method followed the collection of all
knowledge and identifying the problems from various stages
of planning, the researchers would test potential solutions,
evaluate the relevant information and convert it to accurate
data before presuming to generate a practical finished
project. Presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Schema of the Study

Figure 3. Manually Fabricated Microcontroller Schematic Diagram

A. PLAN

Project Design
The Design and Development of Automated Plant
sowing machine has five (5) stages for the processing of the
machine. These stages were sequentially processed through
the conveyor. The first stage was the processing of soil,
when the infrared sensor detected the seed pan, it turned on
the motor and poured the soil on it. The second stage was
the sprinkling of water where the water from the reservoir
was sprayed to the seeds pan through the water pump when
the IR sensor detected the pan. The third stage was the
distribution of the seeds using an injectable planter operated
by a two-servo motor. The fourth stage was the processing
of soil. This stage was the same as the first, it only differs in
the distribution of the soil that was limited to cover the
process. In the fifth stage poured the water as an indication
of the end product. These stages also would not be
completed without the built microcontroller to control the
functionality of the components and the built power supply.
The researchers used an AC Motor for the conveyor.

The researchers used an Atmega328p

microcontroller with 28 pins. It was lower in cost but
appropriate for controlling various automated projects, and
also available and accessible in the market. There were two
designs for the microcontroller, a manually built and Figure 4. Fabricated Microcontroller Schematic Diagram
fabricated one with specified functions on the machine. The
schematic design was depicted in Figures three and four.
 5

The researchers developed a power supply for the Flow chart

microcontroller and water pump. The output voltage of the The machine begins when the operator placed the seeds
power supply taken from 220V to 12V and 5V which suited pan on the conveyor. When the conveyor button was turned
for powering the low voltage components. As shown in on, the pan begins to move indicating the starting process.
Figure five.
When the pan detected by sensors in five stages it poured
the soil, poured the water, poured the seeds, poured the soil,
and poured the water. These stages have motors and water
pumps that runs depending on the process. When the sensor
detected the pan, it performed the five stages at a time. The
process ends when the operator turned off the machine and
unplugs it.

Figure 5. Power Supply Schematic

Diagram

Figure 5. Power Supply Schematic Diagram

Figure 7. Flow Chart

Project Development
The researchers identified the ideas and problems of the
Figure 6. Schematic Diagram of the machine
functionality of the research study through technology
research. Efficient planning and research were applied to the
 6

development of the machine. All the data and information PCB.

gained from research served as the bases. Through this, the - Male/Female Header. It is a type of socket
researchers decided which software and hardware was used in connecting.
suitable for the process of the machine. - Crystal IC. It is a frequency-determining
The drafting of the design played a crucial part in the component, a wafer of quartz crystal or
development of the project since it influenced the ceramic with electrodes connected to it
perspective of the clients. 3D models were presented in this - 2p Terminal Block. A connector terminates a
part. When deciding what materials to use, it was in single wire and connects it to a circuit or other
consideration of angle bars and steel plates as the most system.
appropriate material for building the foundation of the
machine. In the functionality, programming was necessary. Servo Motor. It is an electrical device that can push and
or rotate with great precision. It is used to push the seed
dispenser for seed distribution.
Technology Research
IR sensors. A radiation-sensitive optoelectronic
Data Gathering component with spectral sensitivity in the infrared
wavelength range 780 nm 50 µm. Infrared sensors were
used in detecting the seeds pan.
Drafting Design 12V Water Pump. Used to pump fresh water from the
reservoir to sprinkle seeds.
Deciding what
materials to use 5V One 1 Channel Relay Module Board Shield. An
electromagnet-controlled electrical switch. A separate low-
Programming/Coding power signal from a microcontroller activates the
electromagnet. The electromagnet pulls to open or close an
electrical circuit when activated. It serves as the switch of
Building the Project
the process.

Testing 60KTYZ AC Synchronous Gear Motor. An alternating

current (AC) motor, is a type of electric motor that uses
Figure 8. Block Diagram of the Project Development alternating current to convert electric current into
mechanical power. It runs the conveyor belt and soil roller.

Recipient of the Study Power Supply

The target location for the implementation of the project - Heatsink. A piece of metal dissipates thermal
was in the municipality of Sison, Surigao Del Norte. The energy into the ambient surroundings. To
beneficiary of the project is the Farmers Association assisted prevent overheating.
by LGU-DA in the area. The researchers took a step to help
the target community in terms of new technology for the - 2p Terminal Block. Terminates a single wire
seeding process. The machine was received by the and connects it to a circuit in the power
municipal agriculturist, Mr. Silverio Delicano Jr. supply.
- 1N4007 Diode. A PN junction rectifier diode
Instruments that comes from the 1N400x series, was also
The project was using the following components. used.
- LM7805. Positive 3-terminal voltage
Microcontroller regulators do internal current-limiting, thermal
- Atmega328p. A low-power, CMOS 8- shutdown, and safe-area compensation,
bit microcontroller. By executing instructions making them essentially enduring.
in a single clock cycle, the devices achieve - LM7812T. It ensures a voltage supply is
CPU throughput approaching 1 MIPS per constant with the power supply. 1A Standard
megahertz, allowing its system designed in Positive Voltage Regulator.
optimizing power consumption than - 1000uf 12v Capacitor. Surge suppression /
processing the speed. transient voltages / noise filtering @ 1 KHz or
- 22pf Ceramic Capacitor. Capacitance has a less. The maximum voltage is 12V, which
should always be more than the highest voltage
linear temperature coefficient, capacitance
in the circuit.
high stability, and low loss at a wide range of
- 1000uf 25v Capacitor. This capacitor has a +/-
frequency
20% tolerance and is rated for 1000uF and
1K Resistor. It will give sufficient brightness 25V. This capacitor is polarized and should not
for indication purposes, particularly at the be linked in reverse.
higher end of your voltage range. - Transformer. It converts the incoming voltage
- LED Lights. Power indication. to the required exiting voltage.
- IC Socket. Designed to provide a compressive - Resistor. 220 ohms is used to control current
interconnect between component leads and a flow, manage signal levels, bias active
 7

elements, and end transmission lines, among

other functions.
- LED Light. Use for power indication.
- Fuse. When a power supply's output load is
shorted, it can protect it from damage.

- USB to Serial/TTL adapter – it converts data

signals from the USB on the computer to
serial/TTL for the microcontroller and vice
versa. This would enable the communication
from the microcontroller (serial) with the
Arduino IDE running on the PC (USB).

B. DO
In the development of the study, the researchers used the
following tools and pieces of components.
Figure 11. Manually Fabricated Microcontroller Layout
AutoCAD 3D Model of Machine. The researchers created a
3D model of the Design and Development of Automated
Plant sowing machine using Autocad 2017. The prototype of
the actual machine with a fixed measurement. It has two
boxes for the soil in different stages, two water sprinklers
for each stage, and a box for seed distribution.

Figure 12. Power Supply Layout

Mechanical components. The hardware components; were

angle bars, steel plate, bearing, conveyor belt, PVC pipe,
round bar (shafting), paint, bolts and knots for the machine
building.
The researchers used Arduino IDE for programming
execution, compiling, and uploading of codes to the
Figure 9. Machine Layout
manually fabricated circuit using Atmega328p. The power
supply was manually built and used to supply the
Arduino IDE. Where the program was executed. microcontroller and water pump. The development of the
Electronic components. Consists of sensors, a machine was all built using a welding machine with an
microcontroller, a power supply, AC motors, manually adjuster for the conveyor belt. The 220V AC motor was
design and built PCB, and wires placed in the metal box. used for the operation of the conveyor belt, and soil roller.
Layout design of manual and fabricated PCB, and Power The seed dispenser used a MG996R servo motor to
supply. distribute the seeds. The electronic parts inside the metal
box executes the process when turned on buttons outside the
box with an LCD display.

C. CHECK
The researchers carefully tested each component of the
identified schematic diagram on the breadboard to see if it
has a defect. The built microcontroller was tested and
uploaded its programming code for the execution process.
The motors were tested on a stopwatch directly connected to
a plug. The adjuster was for the conveyor belt’s proper
tension. All of the components were carefully tested before
installing it on the built seeding machine. The functioning
electronics box was seen in Figure 13.

Figure 10. Fabricated Microcontroller Layout

 8

CONVEYOR

POWER
Figure 13. Electronics Components 220V
D. ACT
The actual making of the machine was done in this
section. The series of tests were applied from the conveyor
belt’s motor, soil motors, and servo motor. The installation
process of electronic parts for its automation was checked Figure 14. Pictorial Circuit Diagram
thoroughly for its 90% functionality.
Microcontroller Unit
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This section tackled the discussion of the method

presented in the study and the result was based on the
objectives of the study. It classifies according to its specified
objectives.

3.1 To Identify the Problem of the LGU-DA Sison.

Table 1. Problem Cited

Problem Cited in the Community

1 Manual Process of Sowing

2 Accessibility of New Technology
3 Fewer Production of End Product
Figure 15. Fabricated Microcontroller

The researchers had interviewed the secretary about the

problem of the farmers as observed in the community. The
data gathered was listed and served as the bases in creating
the automated plant sowing machine. The list of farmers
association was viewed for identification. On the other day,
the researchers had sent the letter to the Mayor’s office and
later they marked it has received and approved as the target
community for deployment. The researchers had
successfully answered the first objective.

3.2 To Develop the Hardware Components:

The researchers completely developed the project that does
all the functionality according to its third specific objective.

Figure 16. Manually Fabricated Microcontroller

 9

The manually fabricated microcontroller unit holds the The researchers installed the electronic parts and ensured its
buzzer, LED, and IR sensor that serves as an expansion proper connectivity of the wires.
microcontroller board. The fabricated microcontroller holds
the main function of the ATMEGA328P. Attached is the 3.3 Test the Functionality of the Machine.
loaded program code with all the connections present in the
machine operation. Table 2. Testing Functionality
Test Particulars Functionality
Power Supply
1 Breadboard Testing Functioning
2 Electronics Functioning
3 Stage 1- Soil Functioning
4 Stage 2- Watering Functioning
5 Stage 3- Seed Functioning
6 Stage 4- Soil Functioning
7 Stage 5- Watering Functioning

Figure 17. Power Supply

The developed power supply is used to power the

microcontroller and other components.

Machine
Figure 20. Test 1 Functionality

The researchers performed initial testing through breadboard

to check the functionality of every component before the
installation of the seeding machine.

Figure 18. Machine

The actual machine was built having five stages with

finishing touches and was ready to install the electronic
parts.

Installation of the Electronic Components Figure 21. Fully Functional Machine

The Design and Development of Automated Plant sowing

machine has fully installed its electronics on the machine.
The following showed the five stages of the functional
seeding machine.

Figure 19. Electronic Installation

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Figure 25. Test 5 Functionality

The important part of the machine happened in this stage.

When the infrared sensor detected the incoming seed pan,
the two servo motors would push the seed dispenser to
Figure 22. Test 2 Functionality distribute the seeds to the seed pan.

The box contained electronic parts to ensure its safety and

vulnerability. It has a monitoring LCD display showing how
many end-product. It stated the title and buttons for the
operation.

Figure 26. Test 6 Functionality

This stage repeats the first stage but distributed only smaller
amount of soil than the first.

Figure 23. Test 3 Functionality

The first stage of the machine poured the soil into the seed
pan. When the first infrared sensor detected the seed pan,
the first motor runs which distributes the soil to the running
seed pan.

Figure 27. Test 7 Functionality

The final stage will distribute the water when the final
sensor was triggered. In addition, this stage will trigger the
buzzer as a sign that the process was done.

3.4 To Analyze the Production Rate of Seedlings.

Figure 24. Test 4 Functionality The researchers observed and acquired the result of the
The second stage poured the water through the infrared second specific objective based on the gathered data. The
sensor detection which triggers the water pump to distribute researchers used a stopwatch to monitor the time of the
processing of the product and to measure the amount of time
the water.
it took to produce one unit of seeds pan.
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IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Table 3. Production Rate Data
Conclusions
No. of trials Time (seconds) Seed Pan
The researchers identified the problem of the community after
1 42.20 1 the interview session. The accessibility in the new technology,
2 43.23 1 high costs process, manual sowing, and few products produced
3 45.29 1 were listed. The researchers developed a solution. The project
4 40.85 1 implemented would help them in planting vegetables. It was
5 41.25 1 made easy to use with provided user manual on how to operate
Average 42. 56 1 in vernacular for understanding purposes.
Acquiring the production rate of the end product resulted
4ℎ𝑟𝑠 = 240 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 14,400𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 42.56𝒔√14,400𝒔 in 84.5 units/hour in the allotted 4 hours of machine
= 𝟑𝟑𝟖 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔.
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 338 operation. The data was gathered through stopwatch testing
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 4ℎ𝑟𝑠 before the seed pan produced the end product in 5
consecutive
= 𝟖𝟓 𝒔𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒂𝒏/𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓 trials. The result in the number of grown seeds is 47.8 on
Thus, the acquired data value is 42.56 seconds, it means average by consecutive trials. It produced a mass
that the production rate of the product in unit forms divided production. The fabricated microcontroller unit was
by the time it took from start to the end product is high in working. It executed the main functionality. Sensors, LCD
value for the allotted 4hrs machine operation and produces and other component wires were connected. The manually
423 end products. The production rate indicates a fast fabricated microcontroller unit served as an expansion
production process. board only with Buzzer, IR Sensor, and LED wires were
connected. The current used to supply the electronic parts
was the built power supply. The microcontroller, servo
motor and water pump used the supply to execute the
functionality that performed the automation of sowing
process of the machine. The researchers had fully designed
and developed an automated plant sowing machine. Fixed
electronic parts enclosed in a metal box for safety with a
flexible electronic tube for the wiring. A complete
installation of mechanical and electronic
parts was achieved.
Several tests were performed to finalize its functionality.
The machine was working, sensors detected the seed pan,
the water pump sprinkles the water, the conveyor was
running, the microcontroller was signaling, the power
Figure 28. Grown Seeds supply was operating, the quantity in LCD was counting,
motors were rolling and the entire machine was operating
The size of the seedling tray is 8x8 equivalent to 64 holes in
when plugged in. Each stage was carefully tested as well as
each pan for the production process. The occupied seeds in
the holes obtained the result by the number of a growing the main switch and controller. Therefore, the objectives
plants, the table is presented. were accomplished.

Table 4. Number of Grown Seeds Recommendations

No. of trials No. of Grown Seed Pan The commitment of the researchers to develop the
Pechay Plant machine has also limitations. Therefore, the list of
occupied in holes recommendations is presented for future researchers to
1 80 1 expand and redesign this project. It is stated below.
2 45 1 1. Light materials like Aluminum for the machine
3 40 1 design.
4 49 1
2. Vacuum seed dispersal for accurate distribution of
Average 53.3 1
different types of seeds.
3. Introducing IoT, Solar with other environment-
The photos above were taken as the first trial of how many
pechay seeds occupied the 64 holes of the seed pan. It friendly energy sources.
showed a 47.8 average of growing pechay plants obtained 4. Web-based monitoring system and/or interactive
from consecutive trials until the 5th and proved that the seed mobile applications.
dispenser was working.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The researchers would like to extend their warmth
sincerity and utmost gratitude to all who helped prevail this
study into reality. Firstly, to God Almighty for His unending
love and guidance to the researcherss throughout
 12
difficulties. To J. I. Teleron, the instructor for
being patient and
 13

responsive to queries anytime. The researcherss' adviser L. [15] Pavan Khedkar, Govind Khandare, Akash Gaikwad, Pallavi
A. Corvera, for sharing his valuable knowledge, and Ukirade, Mr. A.Y. Deogade. (2018). Design and Development of
extensive effort in guiding them throughout this Vacuum Seed Sowing Robot. International Journal of Research in
Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering (IJRAME). [Online]
development. Finally, to the researcherss' loving and ever- vol: 6, issue 4, pg. 1-12. Available: https://bit.ly/3d74bcN
caring parents for supporting financially, emotionally, and Samy Mohamed Younis, Rehab Samy Mohamed Shedded, Tarek
[16]
spiritually. They were constantly there, assisting them in all Hussein Ali, Mohamed Mahmoud Ibrahim. (2020). Development
their circumstance at some point during the pilot testing. of a Drum Seeding Metering Unit for Sowing Vegetable Plug Tray
Seedling. Plant Archives. [Online] vol: 20, Supplement 1, pg.
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