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DEVELOPED NUMERICAL CODE BASED ON THE EFFECTS OF SPACE CHARGE IN

CENTRAL REGION OF 10MEV CYCLOTRON

Conference Paper · September 2016

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 DEVELOPED NUMERICAL CODE BASED ON THE EFFECTS OF SPACE
CHARGE IN CENTRAL REGION OF 10MEV CYCLOTRON
M.M. Afkhami Karaei†, H. Afarideh, R. Solhju, S. Azizpourian, M. Mousavinia,F.Taft
Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT) Department of Physics, Tehran, Iran
J.S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi
Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) School of Information and Communication Engineering, Seoul,
South Korea

Abstract particle. That means effect of electric field of particles on

To study of space charge effects in 10MeV cyclotron of the particle that located near them is considered.
Amirkabir University of Technology the C++ code is de-
veloped. This cyclotron is designed to accelerate H- up
to10MeV energy. The important components of cyclotron THE METHOD OF CALCULATING OF
that effect on calculations of space charge include four sec- THE BEAM TRAJECTORYSPACE
tor magnets, 2 RF cavities with 71 MHz frequency and in- CHARGE
ternal PIG ion source. Equations of motion and effects of
A code for calculation of particle trajectory in the central
charged particles in electromagnetic field of accelerator
region of cyclotron, written by using C ++ language. Elec-
are integrated in C++ code. The conventional method, 4-
tric and magnetic field calculated by OPERA-3D-TOSCA.
order Runge-Kutta, is used to solve the equations. The re-
sults of calculations show space charge effects of beam par-
ticles on each other in accelerating process.

INTRODUCTION
The purpose of manufacturing 10MeV Amirkabir Uni-
versity of Technology produced Fluor-18. The cyclotron
contains some component to produce an electric field,
magnetic field and injection particle. Component of central
region shows in fig-1. Beam injection by an internal ion
source PIG [1] was carried out. H- Beam with zero kinetic Figure 1: geometry of electric field in central region 1)
energy produced by the ion source, these particles by the head of ion source 2) pullers 3) dummy Dee’s 4) central
puller that located at a certain distance from the ion source part of Dee 5) central part of liner
were pulled out due to potential difference between these
two points. The primary particles begin to move and pri- Results of TOSCA extracted and imported in to C++
mary energy particles from this method will be provided code. C++ code calculated equation of motion according to
[2]. Voltage of Dummy Dees and pullers are zero and the electric and magnetic field data’s and initial condition
42keV respectively, particles that accelerated in a first step that determined. Equation of motion that used in C++ code
and don’t have any collection with a body of cyclotron now followed equation 1, 2, 3[3].
again accelerated. Continues acceleration of particles per-
formed by a potential difference between the central part 𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑝⃗ (1)
=
of the liner and central part of Dee’s. Due to the beam dy- 𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝛾
namic depended to the early turns, set of electric and mag- 𝑑𝑝⃗ 𝑑𝑟⃗ (2)
= 𝑞(𝐸⃗⃗ cos 𝜔𝑡 + ⃗⃗)
×𝐵
netic field geometry and initial condition of particle is very 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
important. If the central region was not properly designed, 𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑝⃗ 𝑑𝑟⃗ (3)
= 𝐹⃗ . 𝜗⃗ = .
couldn’t be expected that particles extracted from cyclo- 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
tron. Above equations are used in Cartesian coordinate(x,y,z).
Numerical code was written in C++ program that used Where B(𝐵𝑥 , 𝐵𝑦 , 𝐵𝑧 ), E(𝐸𝑥 , 𝐸𝑦 , 𝐸𝑧 ) are magnetic and elec-
the conventional Rung-Kutta method and initial condition tric fields respectively. In this code magnetic field that cre-
of particles and electric and magnetic distribution to calcu- ated from beam current is not considered but electric field
late the trajectory of space charge effect of particles. of that considered. So the electric field is as follow:
The method that used in this code is of effect of summing
𝑅𝐹 𝑆𝐶
up the Coulomb’s electric field of particles on one 𝐸(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) = 𝜀(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) + 𝜀(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) (4)
___________________________________________

† email address: [email protected]

 𝑅𝐹 𝑆𝐶 Figure 2: geometry magnetic field in central region
Where 𝜀(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) is electric field from cavity and 𝜀(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) is
electric field from space charge between particles. Electric
field of space charge in Cartesian coordinate are as follow:
𝑛=𝑁
𝑞𝑛 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑛 )
𝜀(𝑖)𝑥𝑆𝐶 = ∑
4𝜋𝜀0 [(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑛 )2 + (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑛 )2 + (𝑧𝑖 − 𝑧𝑛 )2 ]3/2 (5)
𝑛=1

𝑛=𝑁
𝑞𝑛 (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑛 )
𝜀(𝑖)𝑦𝑆𝐶 = ∑ 3 (6)
𝑛=1 4𝜋𝜀0 [(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑛 )2 + (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑛 )2 + (𝑧𝑖 − 𝑧𝑛 )2 ]2
𝑛=𝑁
𝑞𝑛 (𝑧𝑖 − 𝑧𝑛 )
𝜀(𝑖)𝑧𝑆𝐶 = ∑
4𝜋𝜀0 [(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑛 )2 + (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑛 )2 + (𝑧𝑖 − 𝑧𝑛 )2 ]3/2 (7)
𝑛=1

Figure 3: distribution of magnetic field in central region

Where i is characteristic of particle that electric field of of cyclotron [5]
other particle calculated on position of it ; n is number of
other particle that effect on i particle; q is charge of parti- Electric potential data imported to the C++ code and elec-
cle; 𝜀0 = 8.85 ∗ 10−12 𝐹/𝑚 [4] tric field calculated by it. Electric potential distribution of
Initial condition of beam motion in central region of cyclo- this geometry is shown in Figure 4.
tron 10MeV and specification of cyclotron shown in ta-
ble1.
Table 1: initial condition of particle and specification of
cyclotron
Parameter Value
Initial energy of particle 0keV
Dee width 40𝑜
Number of sectors 4
RF frequency 71MHz
The magnetic field in the center of the 1.18T Figure 4: distribution of electric field in central region
cyclotron
Electric and magnetic field and Primary condition of par-
Electric and magnetic fields related to the position deter- ticle including phase, energy and position are determined.
mined by the C++ code and entered into the calculations With frequent changes in the initial condition of the parti-
when the particle is in any position. cle, tested numerical calculation by using C++ code. If we
Fig 2 shows the geometry of the magnetic field and have not received to the appropriate beam dynamic, ge-
poles in the center of the cyclotron. This geometry im- ometry of electric field and distance of poles were
ported to the TOSCA, after calculation and optimization of changed. Finally, with optimized geometry and initial
the geometry, extracted data’s from it. Distribution of mag- condition, horizontal and vertical beam trajectory are
netic field in center of 10 MeV cyclotron shows in fig 3. achieved.
In fig 1 the geometry of electric field and effective com-
ponent in electric field is shown. The effective components RESULT OF SPACE CHARGE EFECT
of the electric field in central region included head of ion (SCE)
source, pullers, dummy Dee’s, central part of Dee and cen-
Beam dynamic calculation carried out for 21 particle by
tral part of liner. Potential of pullers and central part of Dee
ignoring and considering space charge effect. Fig 5 shows
are 42kV and potential of other components are zero. This
the horizontal motion of 21 particles without considering
geometry imported to the TOSCA and calculated electric
the space charge effect of particles in the central region.
potential with electro static solver of Opra3d
Fig 6 and 7 show horizontal motion of 21 particles with-
out considering the space charge effect of particles in the
central region. As seen in figures 5,6 and 7 when ignore
the space charge effect, particles approximately passes
from the same path. But when space charge consider in
calculation of equation of motion, seen particle repel each
other. If our electric and magnetic field are not correct all
of particles will be lost. Figure 7: 21 particles Horizontal motion with space
charge for the first 6 turns with phase 3080 and illustrate
beam losses

In figure 8 and 9 shows the vertical motion of particles

with ignoring and considering space charge respectively

Figure 8: 21 particles vertical motion with space charge

Figure 5: 21 particles Horizontal motion without space for the first 6 turns with phase 3080 illustrate beam losses
charge for the first 6 turns with phase 3080

Figure 9: 21 particles vertical motion with space charge

for the first 6 turns with phase 3080 illustrate beam
losses

CONCLUSION
Previously, beam dynamic calculations carried out to find
Figure 6: 21 particles Horizontal motion with space
correct design geometry of central region and location of
charge for the first 6 turns with phase 3080 without illus-
the tip of ion source [6]. In this paper, the beam dynamic
trate beam losses
calculation has been done with considering space charge
effect of 21 particles by C++ code

REFERENCES
[1] Jidong, L. O. N. G., et al. "Study on a cold-cathode H-
PIG-type ion source." Nuclear Science and Tech-
niques 24.4 (2013): 40201-040201.
[2] Bin, Q. I. N., et al. "Central region design for a
10 MeV internal ion source cyclotron." Chinese
Physics C 33.8 (2009): 682.
[3] Huang, Yunxiang. "A new design of the University of
Manitoba cyclotron for D-ion acceleration and a study
for the beam extraction from the Princeton University
AVF cyclotron." (1988).
[4] Onischenko, L., et al. "Numerical simulation of
space charge effects in the sector cyclo-
tron." Nukleonika 48 (2003): 45-48.
[5] Solhju, R., et al. "Magnet design for the 10MeV AVF
cyclotron accelerator."Journal of the Korean Physical
Society 63.7 (2013): 1347-1350.
[6] Karaei, Afkhami, et al. "Investigation of Central Re
gion Design of 10MeV AVF Cyclotron." 7th Interna-
tional Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC'16),
Busan, Korea, May 8-13, 2016. JACOW, Geneva,
Switzerland, 2016

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